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This paper examines the move towards concepts of active and earned citizenship and its gendered implications. Citizenship is again being used as an instrument both of inclusion and exclusion. The 'culture of citizenship', linked to a narrowly defined culture / politics of belonging. Integration tests and citizenship tests presume and require the pursuit of defined pathways to citizenship. This paper examines those pathways, in the context of recent debates on migration managament and immigration policy in the UK, France and Ireland. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile false confessions are a serious problem throughout the world. In the context of the American criminal justice system, this paper looks at the connections between adolescent psychological development, police interrogation and the juvenile false confession phenomenon. It examines the psychological research on adolescent development and the impact this development can have on an adolescent's decision to waive his or her Miranda rights and on his or her ability to withstand the techniques used by police to obtain confessions. The paper looks briefly at how other Common Law countries such as Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom deal with juvenile interrogation and concludes that in order to minimize juvenile false confessions, states should 1) ensure adequate comprehension of the Miranda warnings, 2) change the police procedures for interrogating juveniles, and 3) videotape all interrogations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright law emerged with the advent of the printing press of mass type and has evolved as newer technologies have emerged. Today it faces considerable challenges, both conceptual and practical, from the onslaught of digital technologies. The legal discourse on such challenges has been primarily theoretical and examined through the lens of technology, history and economics. But any input from the key human player, the author, has remained mostly absent from this discourse. This paper presents the key findings from the author's doctoral research project which takes as it starting point the inclusion of this human element in the discourse by employing socio-legal methodology.The objective of the research was to understand the artists' perception of present copyright law and it's role in their creative practice. As part of the research, a qualitative empirical study was conducted with digital artists based in UK and Ireland. The study uncovered interpretations of the artists as to key concepts in copyright law like author, work and relationship of author with the work; and their motivations and experiences in protecting their work. The findings were then used to take a fresh look at the conceptual challenges faced by copyright and related rights in the digital environment. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]