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Symbolic competence is integral to intercultural teaching and learning, but limited research and teaching guidance exist in foreign language classrooms. This paper explores the use of critical incidents in developing the symbolic competence of advanced-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners at a Chinese university. Mixed methods analyses of critical incidents written by students reveal all dimensions of symbolic competence, with prominent themes of diversified intercultural understanding, effective narrative control depicting a positive self-image, and growing perspective-taking awareness though limited evidence of exercising symbolic power. The study thus highlights the symbolic value of intercultural language teaching and suggests the potential benefits of critical incident writing for developing the symbolic dimension of intercultural competence.

The COVID-19 pandemic brings to the fore language's primacy in crisis communication. Given our diverse world, how effectively vital information is conveyed multilingually may make or break a place's anti-COVID battle. In the study, a locale's COVID-related multilingual landscape (multilingual Covidscape) is conceptualised as a prime multilingual/mediated site of epidemiological and public health knowledge (re)construction, where pandemic-related information is (re)contextualised and communicated multilingually by various agents (including translators). A former British colony and global financial centre, China's Hong Kong SAR represents a most cosmopolitan and diverse place in Asia, constituting a fertile ground for linguistic landscape (LL) research. Drawing on real-world data, this study explores the multilingual practices enacted in Hong Kong's multilingual Covidscape. This interdisciplinary study illustrates how multilingual resources and repertoires are brought to bear in a global city's pandemic communication. Beyond the traditionally 'choreographed' LL in Chinese and English, various multilingual practices are discussed at multiple levels.

This paper uncovers L1 Chinese speakers' online intercultural communication where they deploy English as a lingua franca and other spatial repertoires to co-construct translanguaging practices with their interlocutors and present three-fold identities--translingual, L1 Chinese, and legitimate users of English, leading to the argument that non-native English speakers and spatial repertoires play agentive roles in shaping English in the trends of globalisation and digitalisation.

Mainland Chinese students' (MCSs') cross-cultural adaptation experiences in Hong Kong have remained under-researched. Our study investigates this phenomenon with a language and social psychology approach and explores the role of Cantonese ability and communication with locals. We invoked Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) to investigate the intergroup communication between MCSs and locals. Thematic analysis of ten semi-structured interviews revealed that MCSs considered self-perceived Cantonese abilities and communication with locals critical for their adaptation. Invoking CAT to investigate this intercultural context provided valuable insights into the importance MCSs place on locals' communicative behaviours when deciding whether to communicate in the local language.

Power relations and change have become two of the most important foci of intercultural communication education and research. This paper contributes to these two elements by problematising and operating an analytical framework from outside the "West," the Chinese notion of Zhongyong (the "Golden Mean"). Based on a dialogical analysis of focus groups collected during an art course, the paper shows that Zhongyong can expand and complexify our understanding of interculturality, looking into how e.g. the students balance otherness with otherness (or not), as well as make use of reflectivity and criticality (or not) to implement potential change when cooperating.

To facilitate intercultural communicative competence, language learners are invited into the triadic capacity of Thirdness, where the social and critical interpretations of intercultural dialogue are explored. Little is known of the specific pedagogical stages to create such a terrain for the development of students' sustainable intercultural competence. Situated within a tertiary-level English classroom in China, this study reveals how teachers can employ five pedagogical stages and humanised pedagogy to decentre cultural imperialism and promote plural values, behaviours and ways of knowing, and how students relativise their own beliefs to those of the target language culture.

The initial response to COVID-19 exposed widespread racism and Sinophobia across the world, which contributed to a rethinking of equality and diversity in Higher Education (HE) and beyond. Within Modern Languages, much attention has been placed on decolonising the curriculum. The death of George Floyd in 2020 further contributed to an increased awareness of the need to rethink racism and challenge current practice within the curriculum. This paper re-examines the findings of a doctoral study exploring students' development of Intercultural Competence (IC) and criticality in Modern Languages with the aim of revisiting ways in which students' intercultural development can be defined and fostered in Higher Education.

In this article, I use arts methods to explore the concept 'intercultural mindfulness' as performed in students' meaning-making about their intercultural experience at a UK university. The findings identify some less discussed qualities for mindfulness such as affective openness, embodied openness, and ethical-oriented openness, generosity, energy/effort, and liberated freedom. The study addresses a critical, theoretical ground for understanding and applying mindfulness in intercultural studies. Moving beyond the common focuses on cognitive skills or competence, it enriches the existing understanding of intercultural mindfulness by being attentive to the humanistic, affective, ethical, and ideological dimensions of mindfulness.

Intercultural communicative competence has been offered as an open-minded replacement for ego-centric biases stemming from dogmatic national prejudice and its associated self-aggrandisement. While being a commendable proposal, its implementation in foreign language education has not been a widespread success story. Recent attempts to theorise intercultural communicative competence seem to emphasise negotiability in communication at the expense of some persistent issues, such as (cultural/national) identity. This article examines the prospects of intercultural communication in Iranian language policy as a country with a history of troubled encounters with foreign powers, culminating in protectionist approaches to nationalism, identity and the treatment of Others.

English language learners should become successful intercultural speakers and global citizens promoting qualities that go beyond national boundaries. Supposed to be globally appropriate, global course books from Global North publishing houses reproduce coloniality and are neither neutral nor free of nationalism. Local(ised) teaching materials allow contextualised content but fall short, with negligible adaptions. Interviews with lecturers at Savannakhet University show: the global course books barely leave room for Lao students to express their experiences. In a return to the nation and to decolonise education, I argue for local(ised) material including pluralistic and multicultural forms of nationalism, building on the learners' diverse backgrounds.

This article considers the potential of language-focused online teaching platforms (OTPs) for fostering intercultural communication among their users. Drawing on interviews alongside an analysis of two OTPs websites, I argue that OTPs' webpages (re)produce banal nationalism grounded in nation-language congruence and instrumentalist language ideologies that conceive of language learning in terms of potential socioeconomic gains. However, I also find that: (1) learners' experiences can result in them questioning essentialist language ideologies; and (2) many users embrace a language ideology of conversational cosmopolitanism, which is premised on open-minded interaction with others and is consistent with the goals of intercultural communication educators.

The article examines the transnational mobility experienced by two language teachers of Mexican origin, one who migrated to the United States and the other to the UK. Drawing on autobiographies and in-depth interview data, the analysis shows the complex relationship of different factors in shaping how the participants experienced their transnational mobility processes. These factors include differences in their sense of agency, the link between their bilingualism and their professional identities, and the emergence of different positionings regarding their previous and current work contexts. The article concludes by outlining the implications that the findings have for policy and practice.

Although contexts of learning abroad have traditionally been conceived as optimal settings for language and intercultural learning, Researchers advocate the implementation of pedagogical interventions that promote qualitative intercultural dialogue and guidance in language and intercultural learning process. Yet, studies are needed that carefully document and critically examine these interventions. This qualitative interview study explores how guided reflection efforts influence sojourners' intercultural learning by means of critical reflection. We analyse students' narratives collected during the intervention and draw conclusions regarding their ability to engage in critical reflection and the role of the instructor in fostering their reflection processes and intercultural learning development abroad.

Based on an ethnographic research study, in an Ecuadorian Amazonian Kichwa territory, I use the notion of 'translation as controlled equivocation' as an analytical tool to explore the making sense of difference. Occurring in the same territory, I analyse these encounters with difference, read in relation to a classroom dialogue between teacher and students, with that of a historical encounter with the 'other' in a Dominican missionary's diary of 1887/1888. I propose that exploring the processes of equivocation centring differing subjective positions and situated dialogues, provides a reflective tool against reproducing epistemic violence whilst making space to recognize difference.

This paper investigates the role of interpreters in addressing cultural differences in the context of a cross-cultural collaborative teacher professional development project. Based on positioning theory, this study employed interpreter-mediated interactions and interviews to reveal the complex roles that interpreters played when interpreting culture-related terms. Findings revealed that interpreters' roles were shifting between those of transmitters of information, cultural insiders and constructors of shared understandings between interlocutors. Notably, the lack of training in this specialised field obliged interpreters to rely mainly on their personal experiences to judge which role they should play in the face of cultural differences.

The inclusion of intercultural communication and intercultural competence in English language education in Chinese Higher Education is now firmly established in the 'National Standards' (2020). In a post-project reflection, we explore the opportunities and challenges in co-constructing an interpretive (non-essentialist) approach to interculturality and the emergent pedagogic framework (theory, methodology, teaching materials) within a Chinese-European research project. While partners shared an enthusiasm to make the project successful, power relations, academic and professional expertise, and certain theoretical and methodological preferences challenged the co-construction of the framework. Thus, our reflections highlight tensions, challenges, and lessons learned which will inform future international collaborations.

With rising nationalism across the world, and increased tension between East and West, internationalisation of tertiary education is arguably more important than ever before. This paper reports on a study of international and local students' experiences of intercultural encounters in two Hong Kong universities. More than 100 students from all over the world participated in small-group sharing sessions about the challenges and positive experiences they had encountered during their studies in the City. Using a discourse analytic approach, the article analyses some negative and some positive examples of intercultural encounters. The examples of 'unsuccessful' encounters show that students use their own cultural frame of reference to judge the behaviour of the other. An unexpected finding was that students with lesser perceived cultural differences struggled the most overcoming intergroup differences and animosities. The essence in the examples of 'successful' intercultural encounters is that students engaged in genuine intercultural dialogue and created a third space together and this changed them. They realised that you can accept cultural differences without understanding them, and this is arguably what internationalisation should be about.

Intercultural teaching often emphasizes exposure to and understanding of cultural differences. Although it acknowledges the importance of cultural self-awareness, little research has been done to explore how such a goal is achieved. This article adopts collaborative autoethnography (CAE) to explore the creation, development, and use of variations of the 'Cultural Stories' exercise to enhance cultural self-awareness in intercultural education. Three culturally diverse instructors (in background, generations, contact/integrated cultures) narrate developments of this process for foreign language teaching in China as creators, teachers, and researchers. Analysis focuses on: (1) transformative learning process and experience of using the 'Cultural Stories' exercise; and (2) enhanced pedagogical understanding of intercultural teaching in China gained through developing and using this exercise. Results indicate that: (1) cultural stories have the potential to shape or start transforming students' originally essentialized understanding of culture and identity; and (2) contextualized pedagogical implementation and reflective professional commitment help inspire and bring greater reflection or transformation to the teachers' understanding of intercultural teaching. Implications of this instructional intervention and the research process are also discussed.

This study examines the acculturation characteristics of Chinese students in the context of a multicultural classroom. The Chinese yin-yang philosophy is used to provide another dimension of interpretation and analysis in addition to Berry's acculturation strategy framework. Qualitative data over a five-year period reveal their changing psychological states in a multicultural classroom. Four stages of acculturation were identified: initial, contact, reflection, and change. At each stage, Chinese students dynamically react and change in the acculturation process, which is similar to the intertwining process of "yin" and "yang," a metaphorical image seen in the Chinese yin-yang philosophy.

This paper reports the use of critical incidents in three rounds of purpose-designed training events for 87 staff in three Chinese universities. To develop intercultural communicative competence (ICC), we present a possible framework of six intercultural approaches, combinations of which yield relevant principles as a rationale for ways of teaching ICC and for using critical incidents. Feedback through questionnaires and interviews, plus observer comments are analysed for combined evaluations of the training events. The data analysis, with caveats, demonstrates the perceived effectiveness of the training which includes reflexivity towards participants' developed ICC.

This paper explores the role of a series of intercultural dialogues deployed as an intercultural intervention in scaffolding the development of interculturality of Chinese international students and Belgian undergraduates. The data highlight the fundamentally dynamic dialogic nature and process of intercultural engagement whereby the individuals actively seek to relate and construct meanings collaboratively. Drawing on a constructivist approach to interculturality and employing ethnographic methods, we contend that the efforts to connect play a pivotal role in mediating the process of developing the knowledge of cultural practices and that of becoming willing and prepared to challenge the self and familiar tropes.

This paper presents a study focused on how English language students and teachers in Chinese higher education experienced a set of interculturality-oriented teaching materials developed by the European RICH-Ed project. The investigation involved 2,267 students and 41 teachers, who had tested one of the teaching modules put forward by RICH-Ed to stimulate intercultural development in a non-essentialist perspective. They were involved either by means of interviews or questionnaires. Findings indicate that participants resisted the idea that there are no right and wrong answers when talking about cultural groups, and that learning is contextual, since it depends on situated emerging meanings.

This study investigates how critical intercultural pedagogy, creative arts methods, inspired by new materialism, can support new forms of language and intercultural learning in contexts of conflict. Columbian university scholarship recipients in pre-service English language education from disadvantaged backgrounds, co-research alongside the researcher/educator to develop drama games for language and intercultural learning directed at teachers and learners in the students' home communities. The transformative, collaborative research approach, drawing on critical pedagogy and 'Theatre of the Oppressed', aims to decentre language and intercultural communication education, and promote a social activist stance among students in the face of local and global uncertainties.

Like many institutions around the world, Chinese universities have established systems of 'local student buddies' to ensure international students' smooth transition to university life in China. This paper examines this underexplored form of internationalization-at-home by focusing on the experiences of Chinese buddies, who host international students at a 4 week summer school. Focus groups were led with 10 buddies before and after the summer school. Focusing on the key concepts of hospitality and interculturality, and using enunciative pragmatics, the paper examines the kind of interculturality taking place between the buddies and the international students.

Globalization has impacted higher education to an unprecedented degree, resulting in a need for students and teachers to be prepared for interaction in culturally and linguistically diverse environments at home and abroad, in both the university and the workplace. The present case study at a university in Spain collected questionnaire, individual interview, and focus group data from students pursuing academic degree programs with international profiles, to investigate students' level of intercultural communicative competence by looking at their attitudes, knowledge, experience and reflections. Recommendations for improving students' intercultural experience are extrapolated from the results.

The aim of this study is to set out to explore how children living in Polish-English transnational families in the UK develop "symbolic competence" and "symbolic power" in home settings. By focusing on the children's use of metaphor in family discourse when talking about the Moon, from a cognitive discursive perspective, this study explores the children's creative use of language in achieving their social goals. It moves beyond seeing language, cognition and culture as bounded systems but rather powerful meaning-making resources that are part of the children's complex discourse-worlds. The findings show how transnational families provide children rich opportunities to develop intercultural or 'transcultural' competence.

The article discusses an artistic event "Emotions Icelandic Awakes" organized by the Reykjavik City Library as part of the national celebrations for Icelandic Language Day. It examines the potential of affording genuine attention to language as a matter of emotional inquiry for the process of intercultural exchange. We reflect on the role of public institutions in providing an inclusive space that facilitates intercultural communication and where agency and language ownership is discursively determined by the participants. We consider inclusive public spaces as places of 'enacting hospitality' and counterspaces that may help to deconstruct the hegemonic position of Icelandic language in contemporary public discourse regarding immigrants in Iceland.

The issue of representation has polarised public discourse and in recent years the decolonisation of research methodologies has entered the field of interculturality. However, universalistic discourses of dialogue and tolerance can be harnessed to silence certain voices by construing them as 'other'. With this paper I confront this conceptual knot of representation and I recognise the role of epistemic violence in speaking for 'the other'. I employ the idea of minor literature to counteract non-perfomative and tokenistic displays of diversity that appropriate the word intercultural and use it as a form of currency in neo-liberal academia.

Discourses surrounding digital technologies have often foregrounded their capacity to connect people however, in reality, online communication can also result in fragmentation, polarization and modes of exclusion. To address these issues, this paper highlights the need for learners to develop a critical digital literacy (CDL) that contributes to a greater understanding of how power and ideologies operate online. By proposing a two-pronged teaching strategy that integrates inquiry-based learning and digital activism, this paper seeks to demonstrate how the field of language and intercultural communication can help imagine a more equitable and inclusive online world through focused teaching strategies.

This article focuses on a case study of English language teachers, who are asked to teach intercultural communication to mixed classes of local and international students in Chinese Higher Education, although they do not specialize in this complex field. They were interviewed to find out about their experiences and perceptions of this 'improvised' Intercultural Teacherhood. The study shows that their engagement with intercultural communication differs while the presence of international students has a major impact on all the teachers' identity and sense of legitimacy. The paper ends on recommendations for (research on) preparing teachers to teach IC.

Our study draws from discussion board data from a telecollaboration including three teacher education courses in France, Turkey, and the USA. Our data analysis of three groups' conversations (n = 21) addressed this research question: How do participants use translingual negotiation strategies in online contact zones as they construct their cultural, linguistic, and professional identities? The findings indicate that preservice teachers employed: Envoicing and interactional strategies to create a caring teacher identity and resolve conflicts; recontextualizing strategies to maintain the frame of culturally-responsive instruction through their linguistic choices; and entextualizing strategies to locate self in time and space when discussing future teaching and diverse students.

The article examines the problems faced by a group of pre-service teacher students when they are asked to analyze an intercultural situation. We wondered whether the use of video could foster critical reflection which is so difficult to achieve when it comes to observing one's own value judgments. The following research question will be considered: would the use of video make it possible to observe an intercultural situation in teacher training? By intercultural we mean an approach that focuses on the processes of (re)actualization of plural identities in communication. The focus is less on culture as a determinant of ways of doing, speaking and being than on the way people use cultural traits to say/tell and judge each other in verbal and nonverbal communication. The article intends to open doors to new practices for intercultural education based on video annotation.

This study utilises the 'small story' approach to investigate metaphor in mobile students' narratives of intercultural experience. Metaphor in narrative is seen as a dynamic, discursive, and sociocognitive phenomenon. The narrative accounts presented in this paper derive from interviews conducted for mobility project evaluation. The participants were South Korean student teachers, and English was used as a lingua franca. The segments demonstrate how metaphor emerges in the flow of interview talk; for instance, using oppositional image schemas, the exchange students tell how they experienced school education and people's identities in their host and home contexts.

Intercultural pedagogies are increasingly seen as affording opportunities for students to share perspectives, understandings and knowledge. In the shift towards such pedagogies, ways that language is conceptualised and the interrelationship between language, culture and knowing are often underexplored. This paper reports on an auto-ethnographic study that explores our experience as teachers of extending intercultural pedagogies beyond the context of language learning in higher education. Drawing on Bakhtin's (1981) "The dialogic imagination: Four essays" notion of dialogism and Derrida's (1997) "Of grammatology" notion of translation, we describe and explain how our reflexive practice enables us to deepen our focus both on language, culture, and knowing as integral in creating and interpreting meaning, and the self.

This article develops a qualitative, descriptive, and analytical methodological approach, to critically rethink the problems of cultural and linguistic inclusion that indigenous peoples fase. The modern/colonial world-system and the geopolitics of knowledge that hegemonic countries impose upon others are introduced. Then, this study describes the historical and political context that led to the creation of inclusive initiatives in universities. Later, it explains the educational philosophy that intercultural communication adopts in two educational centers. As a result, this work discusses the intercultural communication between indigenous and hegemonic populations.

This article explores how a third space could be constructed in an outdoor setting. It uses at-sea sail-training to substantiate the construction of a third space. It uses Yin-Yang philosophy to enrich existing theories of third space and experiential learning. The finding reveals that the thirdness of the oceanic space has a positive impact on self-other understanding in intercultural contexts. It concludes by presenting a three-dimensional Yin-Yang third space of ocean experiences upon tall ships and suggests nine elements in intercultural programmes should be reflected upon as a basis for creating a learning space of interculturality.

This paper investigates the attitudes towards English of autochthonous and immigrant students in Catalonia (Spain) by focusing on their region of origin and their language competence. The research examines the individual and the joint effect of both variables in the development of language attitudes. A questionnaire was administered to 954 students of Secondary Education. Results reveal that region of origin and language competence are influential in the development of language attitudes, and there is no joint effect when both variables are included in the same model. Attitudes towards English are predominantly favourable with significant differences between local and immigrant participants. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between language and intercultural communication and its implications for education.

Western-centric perceptions of knowledge, behaviors and communication are more dominant and often obscure underrepresented non-western communities. This renders the mission of intercultural communication education (ICE) necessarily encompassing the reconsideration of these hierarchies and differentialisms. This article argues that by de-westernizing ICE, there could be a valid scope for establishing reconciliation between western and non-western ontologies, e.g. Africa, Asia and Latin America, resulting in mutually satisfying intercultural communicative experiences. Throughout this article, I present 'decolonized consciousness' and 'pluri-perspectivality' as postmodern reflections and approaches to the complexity of intercultural communication in socio-politically unbalanced contexts.

This article is an investigation into the characteristics of intercultural competence in a face-to-face tandem language learning context between English and Chinese postgraduate students. It examines idiomatic meaning exchanges through the adoption of a conversation analytical perspective. It is a contribution to the existing body of knowledge on intercultural competence and on tandem language learning. However, unlike previous research in this field, this research uses a micro-analytical account of 'repair', 'turn taking practices', and 'preference organisation' in order to unravel the cultural differences between the participants and the ways in which they orient to them in a face-to-face tandem language learning context.

This article offers a critical intercultural perspective to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education inspired by Freire's conceptualisation of dialogue required in contexts where teachers must comply with hegemonic language policies. Drawing on an ethnographic study with Yusef, a Palestinian-Arab EFL teacher in Israel, I examine how intercultural critical dialogue within EFL education is seen from the margins. Analysis of interviews, classroom interactions, and policy documents underscores the political agency of Yusef and his students and their response to imposed linguistic/educational subjectivities. Undertaking a critical intercultural stance enables marginalised communities to deconstruct their invisibility and contest asymmetrical power divisions.

Studies of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in higher education institutions have focused on students' learning outcomes and intelligibility in ELF, but little attention has been given to local students' resistance to the use of ELF. Utilising the concept of language ideology and interactive regimes, I demonstrate the tensions and dilemma arising from the choice between English and the local language in the international university context where English has been adopted as an official language. This paper focuses on a specific institution in Korea, but the findings have broader implications for higher education's pursuit of internationalisation.

The terms used to designate ordinary relational identities seem easy to learn and translate. However, these interpersonal identities reflect complex mental constructs that are very sensitive to the variables that interact in human communication, particularly cultural variation. This paper describes a pilot project developed at the University of Valencia aimed at exploring the meaning differences in these identities within multicultural university groups, in order to help students improve their social and academic communication skills. The results reveal significant differences in their pragmatic meanings. Therefore, linguistic, intercultural and cognitive adjustment processes become necessary for their adequate understanding and translation.

The incorporation of intercultural competence (IC) in higher education (HE), through the internationalization of the curriculum (IoC) faces challenges associated with policy and programing, levels of support, staff and faculty preparedness, and skill development opportunities for students. The premise is that IC can be better integrated in IoC initiatives by focusing on outcomes instead of outputs, assisting staff and faculty engagement, encouraging multi-perspective contributions, and incorporating a critical approach to IC through self-assessment and enhanced content. Therefore, we first establish a theoretical framework to address difficulties related to IoC, followed by examples of practices and recommendations to enhance IC programing.

The term 'mediation' has become central to intercultural language education, a fact that is evident from the attention given to mediation activities and strategies in the revised descriptors of the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" (North et al. 2017). However, what is meant by 'mediation' is not always clear to language educators, especially given the use of the term in related disciplines and fields, including Translation Studies, Mediated Discourse Studies, Conflict Resolution and Peace-building. This article revisits the concept of 'mediation' as it applies to intercultural language education, tracing the developments in its meanings across different disciplines, and illustrates ways in which different understandings of and approaches to mediation can inform intercultural language pedagogy.

This article discusses the process of negotiating the storyline for videos developed as part of an online Arabic language course. The project was guided by a social-justice-through-education agenda, explicitly aiming to redress the high unemployment rate of language graduates in the Gaza Strip. We illustrate how the international team designing the course gradually moved from "talking" about intercultural communication to "doing" intercultural communication during the process of creating the course materials. We also explore the meanings that the stories of the language course carry from the distinct perspectives of the teams based in Scotland and in the Gaza Strip.

The paper reports on the findings of a PhD study exploring the implications of the separation between language and content in Modern Languages for students' development of intercultural competence and criticality across four universities -- two in the US and two in the UK. In particular, it exposes the diverse views students developed on the relationship between language and culture and the invaluable role of content courses in fostering students' development of critical cultural awareness and criticality. While there was evidence to suggest that all three strands of the curriculum (language, content and the year abroad) contributed to students' development of intercultural competence and criticality, content modules emerged as a key setting to foster critical discussions on interculturality.

In this article, I learn from the Buddhist 'right' ground of mindfulness which provides rich insights about 'good', insights relevant to my thinking regarding what 'good' might entail for the interculturalist. By discussing the 'right' ground of mindfulness and a counter-example of 'McMindfulness', I learnt that the 'good' cannot be separated from 'right' -- a thorough contextualisation and an ethical orientation. I thus suggest that the 'good' interculturalist needs to (a) construct an ethical orientation for their understandings and practices in a particular context, and (b) use an intercultural ethic to deliberately engage with their knowledge-work in the increasingly interconnected world.

This paper evaluates the potential of intercultural contacts portrayed in the content and tasks of a Tunisian EFL textbook for third-year secondary school students to develop the model of the intercultural speaker. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the elements of intercultural contacts reveal that this portrayal is imbalanced in terms of frequency and variety and that their potential to help participants become good intercultural speakers is low. To compete with other sources of intercultural contacts, the textbook should include more frequent and varied contact situations where culturally different characters can interact and apply intercultural skills.

Reflecting upon their intercultural experiences, with a tool like the "Autobiography of intercultural encounters," may help adolescents become better interculturalists. This research investigates how the use of the Autobiography may allow adolescents develop intercultural competence (IC). Using Byram's framework on which this tool is designed, I analysed, both in terms of IC and participants' feelings, the Autobiographies of 20 adolescents participating in a Canadian linguistic student exchange. Analysis revealed a presence of elements of IC, but rather superficially. I propose some improvements so that adolescents engage in deeper reflection and become better interculturalists.

As a consequence of accelerating globalisation there has been an emphasis on developing international students' proficiency to communicate in a foreign language. However, willingness to communicate in a foreign language other than English is an issue less discussed. This case study is an attempt to clarify expats' experience of living in Denmark and their willingness to communicate in Danish. The participants include representatives of different nationalities temporarily living as expats studying and/or working in Denmark. The findings suggest that expats' willingness to communicate in Danish is highly influenced by their position in society, level of socialization with the Danes and knowledge of English.