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Purpose: Parathyroidectomy for ectopic mediastinal hyperfunctioning glands could be performed by transcervical approach, sternotomy, thoracotomy, and recently by thoracoscopic and mediastinoscopic approaches. This study was aimed to analyze the results of traditional and video-assisted parathyroidectomy for mediastinal benign hyperfunctioning glands., Methods: Fifty-one upper mediastinal exploration by a conventional cervicotomy, 12 by video-assisted approaches (two thoracoscopy and 10 transcervical mediastinoscopy) and six by sternotomy were performed in 63 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism., Results: Video-assisted and sternotomic parathyroid explorations achieved biochemical cure in all cases; following conventional transcervical mediastinal exploration, a persistent hyperparathyroidism occurred in 11.8% of patients, who were subsequently cured by sternotomic approach. No complications occurred after video-assisted parathyroidectomy, while an overall morbidity rate of 50% and 10% was found after sternotomic and conventional cervicotomic approaches. Postoperative pain and hospital stay were significantly increased following sternotomy; patient's subjective cosmetic satisfaction was significantly higher after video-assisted and conventional cervicotomic approaches., Conclusions: Conventional cervicotomic parathyroidectomy may achieve satisfactory results, especially for upper mediastinal glands. Sternotomic approaches are effective, but should be limited because of invasiveness and increased morbidity. In case of deep and lower hyperfunctioning mediastinal parathyroids, video-assisted approaches represent a less invasive, effective, and safe alternative and might be the technique of choice.

Backgrounds and Aims: Nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN) represents a risk factor for injury during neck surgery. It is associated to arterial abnormalities (absence of the brachiocephalic trunk and arteria lusoria) that can be identified by ultrasonography. The aim of the study was to verify the usefulness of preoperative ultrasonography in the research of nonrecurrent ILN by the means of identification of arterial abnormalities and the impact on ILN morbidity., Patients and Methods: The study included 750 patients who underwent neck surgery with right-side ILN dissection. A preoperative ultrasonography aimed to identify arterial abnormalities associated to nonrecurrent ILN was performed in 400 patients (Group A) while no preoperative attempts were performed in the remaining patients (Group B). Patients' characteristics, time for intraoperative identification of the ILN, and morbidity were compared., Results: Five and four nonrecurrent ILN were identified in groups A and B, respectively (p = NS). Preoperative ultrasonography correctly predicted nonrecurrent ILN in all cases (accuracy 100%). Nonrecurrent ILN palsy never occurred in group A, while three cases occurred in group B (p < 0.05). The mean time for intraoperative identification of both nonrecurrent and normally recurrent ILN was significantly shorter in group A (p < 0.01)., Conclusions: Preoperative ultrasonography can correctly identify nonrecurrent ILN, allowing earlier nerve identification and prevention of injuries.

Background and Aims: The aim of this prospective study was to validate a variant in the loop ileostomy construction to reduce peristomal pressure ulcers and, subsequently, the need of stoma therapist assistance and the frequency of changing the stoma appliance., Patients and Methods: We have enrolled 33 consecutive patients who underwent two stage restorative proctocolectomies. The first consecutive 13 patients operated on had their ileostomies constructed with a standard rod. In the following 20 patients, we placed a 5.3-mm suction catheter tube closed with a stitch to form a "ring" and without any stitches fixing it to the skin., Results: In the "ring" rod group 40% of patients did not report any complication compared to the 8% of patients in the standard rod group (p = 0.046). Pressure ulcers were absent in this group, while it affected 61% of the patients in the standard rod group (p < 0.001). Patients in the "ring" rod group needed significantly less assistance time by the stoma therapist (p < 0.01) and required significantly fewer stoma appliance changes (p < 0.01). In our institution, the overall cost for the complete management of a standard rod ileostomy was 73.16 (29.83-130.49) euro compared to 46.65 (23.15-93.48) euro for a "ring" rod ileostomy (p = 0.002)., Conclusions: The adoption of a "ring" rod configuration led to an elimination of pressure ulcers due to the rigid rod, a shorter time requirement for stoma care and a decreased number of appliances required and was subsequently associated with lower costs of assistance. A tighter fitting around the ileostomy that avoided stool infiltration improved the practical management of the stoma with a "ring" rod.