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Summary: Background: Childhood CNS primitive neuro-ectodermal brain tumours (PNETs) are very aggressive brain tumours for which the molecular features and best treatment approaches are unknown. We assessed a large cohort of these rare tumours to identify molecular markers to enhance clinical management of this disease. Methods: We obtained 142 primary hemispheric CNS PNET samples from 20 institutions in nine countries and examined transcriptional profiles for a subset of 51 samples and copy number profiles for a subset of 77 samples. We used clustering, gene, and pathway enrichment analyses to identify tumour subgroups and group-specific molecular markers, and applied immunohistochemical and gene-expression analyses to validate and assess the clinical significance of the subgroup markers. Findings: We identified three molecular subgroups of CNS PNETs that were distinguished by primitive neural (group 1), oligoneural (group 2), and mesenchymal lineage (group 3) gene-expression signatures with differential expression of cell-lineage markers LIN28 and OLIG2. Patients with group 1 tumours were most often female (male:female ratio 0·61 for group 1 vs 1·25 for group 2 and 1·63 for group 3; p=0·043 [group 1 vs groups 2 and 3]), youngest (median age at diagnosis 2·9 years [95% CI 2·4–5·2] for group 1 vs 7·9 years [6·0–9·7] for group 2 and 5·9 years [4·9–7·8] for group 3; p=0·005), and had poorest survival (median survival 0·8 years [95% CI 0·5–1·2] in group 1, 1·8 years [1·4–2·3] in group 2 and 4·3 years [0·8–7·8] in group 3; p=0·019). Patients with group 3 tumours had the highest incidence of metastases at diagnosis (no distant metastasis:metastasis ratio 0·90 for group 3 vs 2·80 for group 1 and 5·67 for group 2; p=0·037). Interpretation: LIN28 and OLIG2 are promising diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for CNS PNET that warrant further assessment in prospective clinical trials. Funding: Canadian Institute of Health Research, Brainchild/SickKids Foundation, and the Samantha Dickson Brain Tumour Trust. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]