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Background: The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed.Methods: We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).Findings: Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2-25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1-5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8-31·1) and 34·4% (29·4-38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (6·4 million [95% UI 5·7-7·0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52·2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015.Interpretation: The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tobacco industry’s future depends on increasing tobacco use in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face a growing burden of tobacco-related disease, yet have potential to prevent full-scale escalation of this epidemic. To drive up sales the industry markets its products heavily, deliberately targeting non-smokers and keeps prices low until smoking and local economies are sufficiently established to drive prices and profits up. The industry systematically flaunts existing tobacco control legislation and works aggressively to prevent future policies using its resource advantage to present highly misleading economic arguments, rebrand political activities as corporate social responsibility, and establish and use third parties to make its arguments more palatable. Increasingly it is using domestic litigation and international arbitration to bully LMICs from implementing effective policies and hijacking the problem of tobacco smuggling for policy gain, attempting to put itself in control of an illegal trade in which there is overwhelming historical evidence of its complicity. Progress will not be realised until tobacco industry interference is actively addressed as outlined in Article 5.3 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Exemplar LMICs show this action can be achieved and indicate that exposing tobacco industry misconduct is an essential first step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time has come for the world to acknowledge the unacceptability of the damage being done by the tobacco industry and work towards a world essentially free from the sale (legal and illegal) of tobacco products. A tobacco-free world by 2040, where less than 5 % of the world’s adult population use tobacco, is socially desirable, technically feasible, and could become politically practical. Three possible ways forward exist: so-called business-as-usual, with most countries steadily implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) provisions; accelerated implementation of the FCTC by all countries; and a so-called turbo-charged approach that complements FCTC actions with strengthened UN leadership, full engagement of all sectors, and increased investment in tobacco control. Only the turbo-charged approach will achieve a tobacco-free world by 2040 where tobacco is out of sight, out of mind, and out of fashion--yet not prohibited. The first and most urgent priority is the inclusion of an ambitious tobacco target in the post-2015 sustainable development health goal. The second priority is accelerated implementation of the FCTC policies in all countries, with full engagement from all sectors including the private sector--from workplaces to pharmacies--and with increased national and global investment. The third priority is an amendment of the FCTC to include an ambitious global tobacco reduction goal. The fourth priority is a UN high-level meeting on tobacco use to galvanise global action towards the 2040 tobacco-free world goal on the basis of new strategies, new resources, and new players. Decisive and strategic action on this bold vision will prevent hundreds of millions of unnecessary deaths during the remainder of this century and safeguard future generations from the ravages of tobacco use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Countries have agreed on reduction targets for tobacco smoking stipulated in the WHO global monitoring framework, for achievement by 2025. In an analysis of data for tobacco smoking prevalence from nationally representative survey data, we aimed to provide comprehensive estimates of recent trends in tobacco smoking, projections for future tobacco smoking, and country-level estimates of probabilities of achieving tobacco smoking targets. Methods We used a Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression modelling approach using data from the WHO Comprehensive Information Systems for Tobacco Control to assess trends from 1990 to 2010 and made projections up to 2025 for current tobacco smoking, daily tobacco smoking, current cigarette smoking, and daily cigarette smoking for 173 countries for men and 178 countries for women. Modelling was implemented in Python with DisMod-MR and PyMC. We estimated trends in country-specific prevalence of tobacco use, projections for future tobacco use, and probabilities for decreased tobacco use, increased tobacco use, and achievement of targets for tobacco control from posterior distributions. Findings During the most recent decade (2000-10), the prevalence of tobacco smoking in men fell in 125 (72%) countries, and in women fell in 156 (88%) countries. If these trends continue, only 37 (21%) countries are on track to achieve their targets for men and 88 (49%) are on track for women, and there would be an estimated 1-1 billion current tobacco smokers (95% credible interval 700 million to 1 • 6 billion) in 2025. Rapid increases are predicted in Africa for men and in the eastern Mediterranean for both men and women, suggesting the need for enhanced measures for tobacco control in these regions. Interpretation Our findings show that striking between-country disparities in tobacco use would persist in 2025, with many countries not on track to achieve tobacco control targets and several low-income and middle-income countries at risk of worsening tobacco epidemics if these trends remain unchanged. Immediate, effective, and sustained action is necessary to attain and maintain desirable trajectories for tobacco control and achieve global convergence towards elimination of tobacco use. Funding Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology, Japan; Department of Health, Australia; Bloomberg Philanthropies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-communicable disease burden in China is enormous, with tobacco use a leading risk factor for the major non-communicable diseases. The prevalence of tobacco use in men is one of the highest in the world, with more than 300 million smokers and 740 million non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. In the past decade public awareness of the health hazards of tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke has grown, social customs and habits have changed, aggressive tactics used by the tobacco industry have been revealed, and serious tobacco control policies have been actively promoted. In 2014, national legislators in China began actively considering national bans on smoking in public and work places and tobacco advertising. However, tobacco control in China has remained particularly difficult because of interference by the tobacco industry. Changes to the interministerial coordinating mechanism for implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control are now crucial. Progress towards a tobacco-free world will be dependent on more rapid action in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a study that assessed the effects of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) antismoking campaign called Tips From Former Smokers (TIPS) which started in March 2012. The study noted a 12 percent increased in quit attempts among smokers at follow-up. It concluded that the antismoking media campaign was effective at increasing population-level quit attempts. INSET: Panel: Research in context.

The article discusses a study that analyzed the global trends in tobacco use. It references a research by Ver Bilano and colleagues, published in "The Lancet" journal. Topics discussed include the extrapolation of trends in national data for smoking prevalence to determine the likelihood that individual countries will achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) target of reducing adult smoking prevalence by 2025 and the influence of demographic changes in developing countries on smoking trend.

The article looks at the progress on global tobacco control 10 years after the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Topics discussed include the smoking cessation trend among adults in high-income countries but not in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC), the increase in global annual cigarette sales in 1990 to 2015, epidemiological studies showing the high risk of death to regular smokers and increase in tobacco excise taxes in LMICs.

The article discusses the results of a study that examined the effectiveness of "Tips from Former Smokers" (Tips), a national antismoking campaign funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It references a research by Timothy McAfee and colleagues, published in the journal "The Lancet." The study of showed that over 100,000 smokers become sustained quitters because of the public-health education programme.

The author reflects on the findings from Winston Abascal, public health representative from Uruguay and his colleagues which show a decrease in the prevalence of smoking in Uruguay from 2005 to 2011. She states that the decrease is associated with the tobacco control campaign launched in the country in 2005. She mentions that the findings have recorded a decrease in all the three indicators including per-person tobacco consumption, adolescent smoking and adult tobacco use.

The article discusses the health impact of the global tobacco epidemic, focusing on in low-income and middle-income countries. A report using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study which estimates the death and disability from smoking is noted. It is the author's view that the epidemic of tobacco deaths will advance unless tobacco control is acknowledged as priority for development, investment, and research.

The article reports on the call of India's federal health ministry to stop the sale or import of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco devices. It notes that the ministry has made an advisory to state government, claiming that such devices were a health risk. The strict laws implemented by India to deter tobacco use are noted, along with the support expressed by the public health community to the advisory.

The article discusses the global progress on tobacco control. Topics discussed include cigarette use as the leading preventable cause of death, the annual increase in global smoking, statistics showing the progress against tobacco in wealthy countries including the cigarette use in the U.S., the health effects of sugar in tobaccos and the efforts of cigarette manufacturers to refute the negative effects of cigarette use.

The article discusses a law that prohibits smoking in all restaurants and bars in Austria starting summer 2015. Topics discussed include the country's previous tobacco control efforts to improve public health, the effects of comprehensive smoking bans including reduction of second-hand smoke and smoking prevalence and results of the Eurobarometer survey on tobacco.

The article reflects on the updates provided by the Cancer Research UK for smoking prevalence at indoor public places in Great Britain since its implementation in 2007. These include a reduction in the number of smokers which could reflect a lifestyle switch from tobacco to e-cigarette industry among younger people, the introduced control measures such as standardised plain packaging and larger tax hikes to increase the price of tobacco products, and call for a strategic tobacco reduction plan.

The article focuses on the "Smoking--Non-Smoking" campaign launched by the Norwegian Directorate of Health in January 2013. It provides an overview of a survey conducted by the directorate before the launch of the campaign. The campaign runs in television, radio and digital channels for even weeks. It notes on a free smartphone application designed to motivate and help people quit both snus and cigarettes being promoted by the directorate.

The article profiles Dame Tariana Turia, a recipient of the American Cancer Society Luther L. Terry Awards for leadership in tobacco control. Topics discussed include her role in tobacco control in New Zealand, her Maori upbringing and its influence on her anti-tobacco campaigning, highlights of her political career, her birth in 1944, educational background and life after retiring from politics in 2014.

The article discusses "The Lancet" magazine's campaign for a tobacco-free world by 2040. Topics discussed include the publication of a three-paper series to mark the 10-year anniversary of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), results of the British American Tobacco's 2014 preliminary results showing a growth in the group's revenue and the series' call for a summit on tobacco use to boost global and national efforts to achieve a tobacco-free world by 2040.

The article discusses the Indian government's imposition of higher taxes on tobacco products and unmanufactured tobacco in a bid to lower tobacco consumption. Topics addressed include Indian Health Minister Harsh Vardhan's anti-tobacco campaign, the number of annual deaths in India that are attributable to tobacco-related diseases, and factors on which Indian cigarette tax rates are based. Also mentioned are cigarette excise duty levels and the expected number of people who will quit smoking.

The author discusses a report from the World Health Organization (WHO), Tobacco Health Warnings in China: Evidence of Effectiveness and Implications for Action which summarises evidence on the effectiveness of China's written health warnings on tobacco packaging. He cites China's failure to comply with Article 11 of the WHO Frmework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) as he calls on policy makers to increase the implementation of pictorial warnings in the packaging of tobacco products.

The author discusses smoking and metal health issue. The author says smoking rates in Great Britain decline, but Health Survey revealed that three million of people have evidence of mental health disorder due to unmet needs. The author says that people with mental health disorder are likely to be addicted to cigarettes and less to quit, that is why effective anti-smoking advice and smoking cessation services added to the package of mental health care.