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The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) is one of the most frequently used tools on the international level for assessing sexual addiction. This study aimed to translate the English version of the SAST, and adapt and test the psychometric properties of its French version (the SAST-Fr) by establishing its factor structure, internal consistency and convergent validity.Three hundred ninety eight voluntary participants were recruited online through specialized forums. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the SAST-Fr and the diagnostic criteria of sexual addiction proposed by Goodman. We tested the psychometric properties of SAST-Fr through an exploratory factorial analysis, especially its internal consistency, using the Kuder-Richardson alpha (KR-20) given that the items were dichotomous. We also performed correlation analyses of Bravais-Pearson on numerical variables. Finally, we studied the predictive validity of Goodman's score in predicting SAST-Fr criteria using a ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) analysis.Mean age of participants was 29.08 years (±11.30) and included 54% of women (n=215). Statistical analysis had shown that SAST-Fr had a one-factor structure explaining 31% of the variance, an excellent internal consistency (KR-20=0.90). We found significant correlation between SAST-Fr item scores and PEACCE scores (r=0.87; P0.001) and Goodman's criteria (r=0.79; P0.001).Our results indicate that the psychometric properties of the French version of the SAST are comparable to its original English version with a one-factor structure. The SAST-Fr is a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess symptoms of sexual addiction.

Since their first appearance in 1992 smartphones have improved constantly, and their use, combined with the rapid spread of the Internet, has increased dramatically. The recent emergence of this technology raises new issues, at both individual and societal levels. Several studies have investigated the physical and psychological harm that may be caused by smartphones. The issue of excessive smartphone use as an addictive disorder is frequently raised and debated, although it is not acknowledged in international classifications. In France, there is no validated assessment tool for smartphone addiction. Therefore, the aims of this research were: to validate a French translation of the Internet Addiction Test-smartphone version (IAT-smartphone); to study the links between smartphone addiction, Internet addiction, depression, anxiety and impulsivity.Two hundred and sixteen participants from the general population were included in the study (January to February 2016), which was available online using Sphinx software. We assessed smartphone addiction (French version of the Internet Addiction Scale - smartphone version, IAT-smartphone), specificity of smartphone use (time spent, types of activity), Internet addiction (Internet Addiction Test, IAT), impulsivity (UPPS Impulsiveness Behavior Scale), and anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, HAD). We tested the construct validity of the IAT-smartphone (exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, non-parametric correlation tests for convergent validity). We also carried out multiple linear regressions to determine the factors associated with IAT-smartphone.Mean age was 32.4±12.2 years; 75.5% of the participants were women. The IAT-smartphone had a one-factor structure (explaining 42 % of the variance), excellent internal consistency (α=0.93) and satisfactory convergent validity. Smartphone addiction was associated with Internet addiction (ρ=0.85), depression (ρ=0.31), anxiety (ρ=0.14), and some impulsivity subscales, including "negative urgency" (ρ=0.20; P0.01), "positive urgency" (ρ=0.20; P0.01), and "lack of perseverance" (ρ=0.16; P0.05). Age was negatively associated with the IAT-S total score (ρ=-0.25; P0.001), and there was a non-significant difference between the IAT-S total scores of men and women (29.3±10.2 vs. 32.7±12.4; P=0.06). Multiple linear regression showed that age, anxiety, depression, average time spent on the smartphone, impulsivity and Internet addiction explained 71.4 % of the variance of IAT-smartphone scores. However, this score dropped to 13.2 % when Internet addiction was removed from the model. This variable alone explained 70.8 % of the IAT-smartphone scores.The French version of the IAT-smartphone is a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess smartphone addiction. This addiction appears to be strongly linked to anxiety, depression and impulsivity. The strong association between smartphone addiction and Internet addiction suggests that smartphone addiction is one of the many forms of Internet addiction. In fact, smartphones may not be the object of the addiction but rather a medium facilitating Internet access as it makes it possible to connect anywhere anytime. This raises the issue of the potential role of smartphones in speeding up and facilitating the development of Internet addiction.

The rapidly expanding gambling offline and online have resulted in an increasing number of gamblers and the problem is likely to get worse in the future. However, online pathological gambling is a not well known. This rapidly developing modality of gambling, which requires to be studied, notably in its links with regular pathological gambling and Internet addiction. Depression and personality disorders are known to be often associated with pathological gambling. Personality disorders have an influence on pathological gambling, increasing its severity. Online gamblers seem to have a particular personality profile, compared to offline gamblers, and could present different personality disorders. Depression is a common comorbidity among online gamblers, as well as offline gamblers. Both types of gamblers have personality disorders, but the nature of these disorders differs: prevalency of personality disorders of cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders) is more important in offline gamblers, whereas cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders) is more present in online pathological gamblers. In France, few studies have specifically examined this subject.The objective of the study is to evaluate scores on depression, personality disorders and internet addiction in online pathological gamblers.The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) is used to assess pathological gambling, Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) to measure depression, the Personality Disorders Questionnaire (PDQ 4) to assess personality disorders and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) to assess internet addiction. Participants completed the self-report scales. Questionnaires were strictly confidential.The participants were recruited in gambling places (cafés) and Internet forums. Two groups of pathological gamblers were formed: online gamblers (N=15) and offline gamblers (N=15). Participants gave their informed consent. Participation was voluntary and anonymous and no payment was made. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA: The data collection was carried out with an anonymous file and then placed in a data bank. The statistical analysis was carried out using traditional techniques: averages, frequency, standard deviations. Differences among groups were tested using the t-test.The results showed that the majority of subjects met diagnostic criteria for at least one personality disorder. The majority of pathological online gamblers evidenced personality of cluster C grouping avoidant, dependant and obsessive-compulsive personalities. Personality disorders differ according to the type of gambling: offline gamblers have more disorders of cluster B, while online gamblers have more disorders of cluster C. Some personality disorders, in particular borderline and narcissistic personality disorders, are often associated with pathological gambling and seem to have an increasing effect on depression and pathological gambling's intensity. Pathological gambling is strongly correlated to depression. Online pathological gambling, Internet addiction and offline pathological gambling appear to be strongly correlated.This study opens new perspectives of questioning and research, in particular for existing links between online and offline pathological gambling and internet addiction, and in existent differences between online and offline pathological gamblers. Online pathological gambling shares common characteristics with pathological gambling and Internet addiction, without being able to be assimilated with one or the other. This type of gambling, therefore, requires to be studied to adapt the actions of prevention and treatment intended for online pathological gamblers.