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This is an essay in the field of mining engineering. In the current new energy development strategy under the new situation, lithium is an indispensable key raw material to support the development of the new energy vehicle industry and promote the new energy revolution. It is positioned as one of China's 24 national strategic mineral resources, and its strategic position is extremely important. The safety of lithium resources and the continuous supply of lithium mineral products are related to the healthy and stable development of many industries and the national economy in China. China is rich in lithium resources. However as the world's largest consumer of lithium resources and producer of lithium batteries, lithium is highly dependent on foreign countries, and there are hidden dangers in the supply system. It is urgent to improve the safety and security of China's lithium resources. Based on the combing and research on the distribution of lithium resources at home and abroad and the supply and demand situation of lithium mineral products, this paper analyzes and elaborates on the main problems and causes faced by China's lithium resources. This paper analyzes the main problems faced by China's lithium resources and their causes, and puts forward opinions and suggestions on the development and utilization, scientific and technological research, industrial structure, institutional mechanism, personnel construction, market regulation, overseas strategy and other aspects in order to increase production of lithium resources and maintain supply and stability, which provides useful reference for ensuring the safety and stability of China's lithium resources and the healthy and orderly development of lithium mining industry.

This is an essay in the field of mining engineering. Deep-sea rare earth rich deposit, as a potential rare earth resource, are an important supplement to land rare earth resources and may become one of the first deep-sea minerals to be exploited. In this paper, four deep-sea REE rich deposit (REE rich deposits in the western Pacific Ocean, the southeast Pacific Ocean, the middle and east Pacific Ocean, and the Middle Indian Ocean basin-Wharton Basin.) are analyzed. This paper summarizes the basic resource characteristics of deep-sea rare earth rich deposit (such as large total reserves, large distribution differences, and the main occurrence mineral is biological apatite), and reviews two methods (acid leaching-extraction separation technology and separation-flotation method) used in the separation and extraction of deep-sea REE. The result shows that the acid leaching-extraction separation technology has the disadvantages of low recovery of REE and excessive acid consumption. The separation of sediment samples before flotation operation can achieve efficient enrichment of REE in deposit under the condition of low acid consumption, which is an important development direction to separate and extract REE resources from deep-sea REE rich deposit. Based on this, it is suggested to strengthen the research and development related to efficient classification of deep-sea REE rich deposit resources and in-situ mining and leaching technology in the future.

This is an essay in the field of mining engineering, which takes Panxi vanadium-titanium magnetite associated sulfur resources as the research object, and expounds its comprehensive utilization path and its low-carbon development significance. Sulfur is one of the typical associated elements of Panxi vanadium-titanium magnetite, and it is also a port element of the emerging industrial chain of food-resource-energy in the double carbon era. Based on the endowment conditions of Panxi vanadium-titanium-magnetite associated resources and the occurrence status of sulfur minerals, this paper analyzes the current situation and characteristics of associated sulfur resources, and uses the mining and dressing industry chain of vanadium-titanium magnetite to discuss the possible environmental impact of sulfur in the process of comprehensive utilization. The comprehensive utilization potential analysis is discussed from two aspects of mineral product demand and comprehensive utilization maturity risk assessment. Under the circumstances that associated sulfur resources are facing the challenge of green and low-carbon development, this paper puts forward comprehensive utilization suggestions from the three aspects of planning top-level design, technical research, and production line promotion, aiming to promote the development of the sulfur industry guided by the principle of green and low-carbon, Focus on promoting carbon reduction and pollution reduction through source sulfur selection production line intervention. The research in this paper can provide new ideas and specific suggestions for the comprehensive utilization of sulfur resources associated with vanadium-titanium magnetite, environmental planning and low-carbon development.

This is a paper in the field of metallurgical engineering. High-end titanium products, metallic titanium and chlorinated titanium dioxide, are of great strategic significance to economic development and national security.TiCl4 is an intermediate for the production of high-end titanium products. The main industrial production methods are molten salt chlorination and boiling chlorination. The titanium resources in our country contain high Ca and Mg impurities, which are more suitable for the production of TiCl4 by the molten salt chlorination method.However, there is a large amount of residue of molten salt chlorination generated, which has complex components and is difficult to be recycled. Direct discharge of those residue will pollute the environment and waste resources.This paper systematically analyzes the research status and development trends of comprehensive treatments of residue of molten salt chlorination at home and abroad.It is pointed out thatdeep burial and accumulation after lime neutralization treatment of residue of molten salt chlorination cannot solve the environmental pollution problem.The water solution treatment can specifically recover certain substances in the filtrate, but the amount of wastewater is large, and the removal of impurities is difficult. Additionally, the process flowsof those water solution treatmentsare always complicated, and there is no effective utilization of the filter residue. The non-water-soluble methods have unique development advantages, among which the method of high-temperature phase transformation is a promising treatment, which could recycle and utilize the residue of molten salt chlorination at high temperature without coolingand water dissolution, quite reducing the amount of wastewater, environmental pollution,and resources loss.

This is a paper in the field of metallurgical engineering. In this paper, natural clay mineral serpentine was subjected to mechanochemical activation (MA) for the highly-efficient removal of Ni (Ⅱ) in wastewater and simultaneous recovery of metal nickel as secondary resources. The effectiveness of serpentine for precipitation and recovery of Ni was investigated, with the process mechanism analyzed. The results showed MA of serpentine led to the disordering of the stable crystal structure of serpentine, thereby resulting in the release of large amounts of Mg2+ ions and hydroxyl group in aqueous solution, and the resultant interaction between Ni (Ⅱ) and OH-, with the formation of amorphous Ni(OH)2 as sediments. The maximum processing capacity of activated serpentine for Ni (Ⅱ) reached up to 226.04 mg/g, meanwhile the final Ni (Ⅱ) concentration met up with the national discharging standard, indicating the feasibility of remediation of heavy metal contaminations by a very low dosage of activated serpentine. Concluded from these results, mechanochemical activation can be expected to boost the reactivity of natural serpentine, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of low-cost serpentine for the clean-up of environment pollutions and recovery of metal resources, which is conducive to promoting the green development of mineral-resource-environment cross-fields.

This is a paper in the field of ceramic materials for metallurgy. Magnesia chrome refractory is widely used in copper industry due to its excellent high temperature strength, fine slag corrosion resistance and good performance. In this paper, the research status of corrosion mechanism of magnesia chrome refractories for copper metallurgy is summarized theoretically, and the effect and action mechanism of factors on the service life of metallurgical furnace was clarified, such as slag temperature, grade, Cr2O3 content and additives in magnesia chrome bricks. Finally, according to the research status, the main ways to improve the service life of magnesia chrome refractories are summarized, which will provide guidance and help for the structural design and performance control of magnesia chrome refractories in the future.

This is a paper in the field of mining engineering. With the increasing demands for energy conservation and consumption reduction in mineral processing plants, ball mill load measurement is the key technology to realize mill control and optimize the grinding process. This paper summarizes the measurement methods of mill load in the recent years: differential pressure method, grinding sound method, vibration method, power method, ultrasonic method, indirect detection method based on multi-source signal fusion. Moreover, it summarizes and analyzes the mill load modeling methods that have emerged inrecent years. In the future, the indirect methods of multi-source information fusion will still be the main methods to detect mill load, modeling methods based on improvement of neural network and new online detection methods, as well as the establishment of efficient and accurate load detection models will be the main development direction of mill load detection.

This is a paper in the field of ceramics and composites. High-temperature foaming method has been successfully applied to prepare foamed ceramics material by using steel slag and shale slag as the main raw materials. Silicon carbide and borax were used as the foaming agent and fluxing agent, respectively. This paper focused on the influence of steel slag content, SiC addition, borax addition and foaming temperature on the pore structure and properties of foamed ceramics. The experimental results showed that when the steel slag content is 20%, the shale slag is 80%, SiC of 0.5% and borax of 4% are additionally added, the foaming temperature is 1090 ℃ and the holding time is 40 min, the foamed ceramics material has the best properties. Under optimal conditions, the bulk density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the foamed ceramics are 0.468 g/cm3, 3.265 MPa and 0.121 W/(m·K), which meets the property requirements of building insulation materials. The main crystal phases are augite phase, quartz phase and diopside phase．

This is a paper in the field of metallurgical engineering. As a technical method to effectively improve the permeability of charge column and reduce the coke ratio, mixed charging of ore and coke is widely used to improve the forward process of blast furnace. In this paper, the reduction and migration behavior of vanadium at different temperatures in the mixed charging process of vanadium titanium ore and coke in blast furnace are studied. The results show that when the temperature is lower than 1350℃, the reduction condition of vanadium in the layer loading area is better than that in the mixed loading area; In the melting zone, vanadium is mainly concentrated at the interface between slag and iron; The formation of magnesium ferrite in the soft melt zone can promote the vanadium to gather near the molten iron, and the basic oxide MgO can promote the migration of V to Fe.

This is a paper in the field of mineral materials and environmental engineering. In this paper, cadmium-containing wastewater was used as the research object, and low-grade iron tailings loaded with chitosan was used as the adsorbent to compare the adsorption effect of low-grade iron tailings on Cd2+ before and after loading chitosan. The results showed that the adsorption effect of the composite adsorbent better than low-grade iron tailings adsorbent; At the same time, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface method is used to design the experiment, and the cadmium ion adsorption rate (Q) is used as the response value. The initial pH value, the amount of adsorbent added and the adsorption time are investigated. The three influencing factors have separate and interactive effects on the adsorption and removal of cadmium by chitosan loaded on low-grade iron tailings, and a nonlinear quadratic multiple regression prediction model of the influencing factors of low-grade iron tailings loaded with chitosan and cadmium ions is established: Q=86.16+14.68×A+5.21×B+1.36×C−1.98×A×B−1.54×A×C−0.46×B×C−6.75×A2+0.12×B2+1.25C2, and got the better optimizedexperimental conditions for adsorption. The results show that the primary and secondary order of the influencing factors of the composite adsorbent on the Cd2+ adsorption rate is initial pH value> adsorbent added amount> adsorption time. When the initial pH value is 8.00, the amount of adsorbent added is 25.00 g/L, the adsorption time is 15 min, the initial Cd2+ concentration is 30 mg/L, and the adsorption temperature is about 25 ℃, the predicted value of the maximum adsorption rate of Cd2+ is 99.33%, the experimental value is 99.16%, and the experimental value is basically the same as the predicted value, indicating that the model is reasonable for the Cd2+ adsorption optimization model and its optimization conditions are feasible.

This is a paper in the field of metallurgical engineering. Vanadium is a rare strategic metal resource in China, which is used in many fields and is closely related to the national economy. Nowadays, the comprehensive utilization value of vanadium extraction process is becoming more and more significant, and the solvent extraction method for vanadium extraction has attracted extensive attention because of its advantages of strong selectivity and high product purity. In this paper, the roasting, leaching, purification and enrichment and vanadium precipitation technology were reviewed. The research work and methods of vanadium separation by solvent extraction were summarized, and the extraction of vanadium by tertiary amine extraction agent and its development status at home and abroad were discussed emphatically.

This is a paper in the field of metallurgical engineering. Organophosphorus class extractant D2EHPA (P204) is very widely used in vanadium extraction. Firstly, the form of vanadium present in the leach solution affects the effect of extraction, V(IV) is mainly stable in solution in the form of VO2+ in a strongly acidic solution; when the pH value gradually increases, V(V) mostly exists in the form of H2V10O28 4- and HV10O28 5-. Secondly, based on the research of organophosphorus extractant P204 in recent years, this paper analyzes the conformational relationship of organophosphorus extractant P204 and finds that the spatial site resistance effect is equally important as a secondary factor compared with the type of phosphoryl adjacent groups, based on the hydrogen bonding effect, the extractant molecules will produce dimers or even multimers between them, thus changing the structure and properties of the extractant molecules. Finally, the progress of the development and application of P204 extractive vanadium and the outlook on the future of the related fields are presented, pointing out the future research directions of P204 extractive agents.

This is a paper in the field of process mineralogy. Daqiao gold mine is a super-large gold mine discovered in the Qinling region,but in the process of mining primary ore, it is found that the recovery rate of gold is very low by using the traditional beneficiation process, so the refractory pre-deposit is determined, this paper aims to investigate the occurrence state and refractory factors of gold in the deposit. Through microscopic identification, SEM, EPMA, and chemical analysis, combined with mineral processing tests, it is found that gold mainly exists in siliceous breccia in the form of natural gold and silver gold. The granularity of gold and gold-bearing minerals is very small, so that in the process of beneficiation,the sandal can not be dissociated to a high degree under the condition of very fine grinding granularity, which is the main reason that restricts the beneficiability of the ore deposit, it is also found that the ore contains more carbon, which is another reason restricting the ore beneficiability.

This is a paper in the field of process mineralogy. Dawudian crystalline graphite deposit is a extra large graphite deposit which located in the Langshan Mountain lying in the Bayan obo rift zone. To get some insight into the characteristics of Dawudian crystalline graphite deposit ore and its gangue minerals, this paper systematically studies the ore characteristics of Dawudian crystalline graphite deposit. Some modern analysis and testing methods were used. Such as X-ray diffraction analysis, rock ore identification, spectral semi quantitative analysis. The results show that: (1) The useful mineral of the ore is graphite, and the gangue minerals are mainly quartz, feldspar, muscovite, andalusite, pyrite, etc. (2) The maximum particle size of ore graphite flake is 2.5 ~ 3 mm, and the minimum is 0.001 mm, which is mostly concentrated between 0.01~0.05 mm. It is a fine flake microcrystalline graphite ore. (3) The fixed carbon grade of the main beneficial elements of the ore varies from 2.50% to 11.18%, generally from 3.00% to 7.00%, the average grade is 4.15%, the content of harmful components is 0.16%~4.23%, the content of P2O5 is 0.05%~0.79%, and the content of Fe2O3 is 3.89%~10.38%. The impurity minerals are mainly siliceous minerals and clay minerals. (4) The ore has no other comprehensive utilization value mineral except graphite.

This is a paper in the field of mining environmental engineering. Heavy metal pollution in soil has a long-time impact, with high biological toxicity and serious threat on human health. In order to study the present situation of soil heavy metal pollution in a lead-zinc mining area and assess its risk, a lead-zinc mining area was taken in Jiangxi as the study object, and the speciation contents of heavy metal elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) in the soil samples of a lead-zinc mining area were analyzed by themodified BCR successive extraction, and the correlation of heavy metal elements was studied. The environmental risk of heavy metal elements was evaluated by the method of risk assessment coding (RAC) and ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP). The results showed that: The Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb elements in the soil of the lead-zinc mining area exceeded the standard, and the Cu, Zn and Pb elements were mainly in residual state. Compared with Cu, Zn and Pb, Cd element had a higher content of acid extractable state, and its bioavailability was strong, so the pollution of Cd element was serious. The residual-state contents of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil samples of the mining area were significantly positively correlated with the total contents, while the residual-state contents of Cd were not significantly correlated with the total contents. The contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the acid extractable state were significantly positively correlated, but the contents of acid extractable state was negatively correlated with pH value. The conclusion of risk assessment coding method and ratio method of secondary phase and primary phase was relatively consistent, which showed that the pollution of Cd element was serious with a high environmental risk, while that of Cu, Pb, Zn elements was relatively light with a low environmental risk. This paper is expected to provide reference for the prevention and control of soil heavy metal pollution in the lead-zinc mining area.

Organophosphine compounds have broad application prospects in industrial production and daily life. Their flexible polar and nonpolar groups make them have adjustable properties. There are many kinds of organic phosphine compounds and their derivatives, and their physical and chemical properties are also different, which makes organic phosphine compounds more and more widely used in production and life, especially in beneficiation and metallurgy. This paper lists some organic phosphine agents that have obtained good data in laboratory test or excellent performance in industrial application, and some representative phosphorus compound beneficiation and metallurgy reagents. Referring to some current research results and combined with production practice, this paper makes a specific classification research on them, and looks forward to their future development and application trend.

Coal-based energy structure of China has not only guaranteed energy supply, but also brought a lot of fly ash, because of the low utilization rate of fly ash has caused serious environmental pollution and farmland occupation problems, especially in Northwest China. At present, the extraction of useful components has become a research hotspot of high-value utilization of fly ash, especially the extraction of amorphous silicon in it an important means to improve the value of resource utilization of fly ash. In this paper, two main processes of extracting amorphous silicon from fly a share described, namely alkali leaching and acid leaching. The principle and characteristics of the process are analyzed and the application of products by silicon extraction in the insulation material, silica black, molecular sieve, filling of paper and rubber is discussed. Compared with the products of traditional silicon-based, the various of silicon-based products prepared by fly ash have the advantages of better performance, lower cost and more wider application, which can be regarded as an effective way to realize the high-value, fine and cascade utilization of fly ash.

Rare earth, as an important industrial raw material, has been listed in the strategic materials list by many countries. In recent years, with the development of new energy and other technologies, the demand for rare earth is increasing, so various developed countries have launched a rare earth secondary resources comprehensive utilization research work. In this paper, Based on tracking and analyzing a large number of books and papers, the present situation of comprehensive utilization of rare earth secondary resources at home and abroad and the existing problems in domestic rare earth secondary resources are summarized from three aspects: the present situation of rare earth secondary resources industry in major developed countries, the situation of rare earth secondary resources recovery in China and the existing problems in China. The research direction of rare earth secondary resources in the next step is pointed out.

This is an article in the field of earth sciences. To reveal the mineral chemistry characteristics and metamorphic temperature of garnet in the Liwu Group due to core of Jianglang dome, the major, trace and rare earth elements of garnet were analyzed at different locations in this paper. The results show that the major-element composition of garnet in schist from the Jianglang dome is mainly Alm. ICP-MS (average content 85.82%) and LA-ICP-MS (average content 83.51%) is basically consistent within the error range of the Alm content obtained.The total content of rare earth elements (REE) is high, and show obvious LREE-depleted and HREE-enriched left-declined REE distribution patterns, with unobvious Eu anomalies and negative Ce anomalies, Enriched in large ionic strength elements (U, Ta, Hf)and depleted high field lithophile elements (K, Sr, Ba). In addition, the formation temperature of garnet in schist from the Jianglang dome is 512～583 ℃, and the formed metamorphic pressure is relatively low. It is a negative correlation between the metamorphic temperature and the distance to the Xinhuoshan granite. In conclusion, the Jianglang dome experienced “Barrovian-type” metamorphism of high greenschist facies.

This is an article in the field of earth sciences. Jiulong area is the most concentrated area of Yanshanian granite found in western Sichuan, including Tiechanghe, Qiaopengzi-Landiao and Xinhuoshangranite. In this paper, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating were carried out to determine the formation age of the granite， and its temporal-spatial relationship with the surrounding granites, providing a basis for the comparative study of Liwu copper deposit in the southern margin of Songpan-Ganzi block. The results show thatthe diagenetic age of Huajiaoping granite is (163.1±1.4) Ma, andit underwent magmatic or tectonic thermal events at (146±3) Ma, which is consistent withthe geological events ofTiechanghe, Xinhuoshan and Luomogranite. The magma temperature of Huajiaoping granite is 592～727 ℃ (average temperature 648 ℃), which is significantly lower than that of Qiaopengzi granite (766～804 ℃). Combined with the regional geological background, about 170 ～ 140 Ma, the lithosphere in the southern margin of Songpan Ganzi block is in the extension stage. The granite magma activity dominated in the early stage (163 Ma) by Huajiaoping granite, and in the late stage (146 Ma) by magmatism or tectonic thermal events. This discovery enriched the Yanshannian granitic magmatic thermal events in Jiulong area.

This is an article in the field of earth sciences. The newly discovered Maoping graphite deposit is a super-large crystalline graphite deposit that is located in the middle-northern section of the Kang-Dian fault-uplift belt on the western margin of the Upper Yangtze paleo-continent, and the research on the source of mineralization and its mineralization age is relatively weak. The orebodies occur in the epimetamorphic rocks of Mesoproterozoic Tianbaoshan Formation. In this paper, the geochemical characteristics of major ores, trace amounts and rare earth elements were mainly studied. The results show that the original rock of the ore-bearing rock layer is parametamorphic rock, a set of carbonaceous quartz-bearing siltstone, which is deposited in an oxygen-deficient environment. The characteristics of trace elements indicate that the original rock of the ore body is formed by the deposition of offshore terrigenous clasts. The ores show sedimentary characteristics of coastal tidal flat facies, with an average ΣREE of 158 g/t, average δ Ce value of 0.63 (weak negative anomaly), and an average δ Eu value of 0.69 (negative abnormaly). The graphite ore body has a δ13C value of -28.35‰～-29.08‰, with an average of -28.59‰, indicating that the mineralized carbon is dominated by organic carbon. The LA-MC-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb of amphibole zircon from Xijie hornblende diorite Zircon is (823.4±3.6) Ma, which is later than the formation era of volcanic rocks of the Tianbaoshan Formation (954 Ma), representing the time of superposition metamorphism of graphite. In summary,the genetic type of the ore deposit is sedimentary- metamorphism and its metamorphism may include the regional dynamic metamorphism of Jinning period that is superimposed by contact metamorphism.

This is an article in the field of mineral processing engineering. Barium slag is toxic solid waste, and a large amount of barium slag is piled up to seriously harm the environment and cause huge waste of national land resources. Acid-dissolving barium in acid leaching barium residue is one of the best ways to dispose of barium residue and recover barium. The paper adopts the flotation process to recover the barium sulfate in the acid leaching tailings of the enriched barium slag, in order to realize the comprehensive recovery of barium resources in the barium slag. The experimental research of the flotation recovery of barium residue acid leaching residue shows that. Under the condition that the amount of sodium carbonate is 2000 g/t, the amount of sodium silicate is 500 g/t and the amount of sodium oleate is 3000 g/t, through the flotation closed-circuit process of one roughing, four beneficiation, and two sweeping. Obtained the flotation index of 85.38% barite concentrate grade and 69.35% recovery rate. Concentrate products meet the barite standards used in the industrial production of barium carbonate.

This is an article in the field of mineral processing engineering. Some unavoidable ions commonly present in the slurry solution have an important influence on the flotation separation of lead-zinc sulfide ore. The unavoidable ions in the slurry mainly come from the water used in the processing plant, the dissolution of minerals, the dissociation of activators or depressants, and the primary ions introduced by the release of fluid inclusions and the secondary ions introduced during the grinding process. This article summarizes and analyzes the effects on the flotation separation of lead-zinc sulfide ore which is caused by the primary ions introduced in the slurry and the secondary inevitable ions introduced in the grinding system. It is found that both primary ions and secondary ions have obvious effects on the flotation behavior of lead-zinc sulfide ore. And many scholars have done a lot of research on this phenomenon. In this paper, a great breakthrough has been made through the adjustment and control of reagents and changes in the grinding environment. At the same time, this article provides important research ideas for follow-up researchers. The focus of this article is how to integrate the previous research results with the field process significantly, how to eliminate inevitable ions from the source without affecting the industrial economy, The important direction of future research is still how to reduce the influence of inevitable ions on the flotation index from the field process.

This is an article in the field of earth sciences. Xidamingshan polymetallic ore concentration area is critical mineral prospecting district in Guangxi. With the promotion of the large-scale mineral breakthrough work, the Xidamingshan mineral exploration, the Nongtun large-scale Pb-Zn deposit has been newly discovered. However, the understanding of the metallogenic characteristics of the deposit, especially the genesis of the deposit, is still at the superficial stage. Based on detailed field geological investigations and previous work, this paper systematically summarizes the regional metallogenic geological background, mining area and geological characteristics, and analyzes the genesis of the Nongtun lead-zinc deposit to find out the metallogenic mechanism. The study shows the Nongtun Pb-Zn deposit is related-magmatic hydrothermal deposit, the ore-forming fluids originated from magmatic, and later mixed with meteoric water. The fluids extracted Pb and Zn ore-forming elements from the strata during long-distance transport, and combined with S of magmatic fluids to synthesize [HS]-ligand that converged in the fracture zone and transported to the shallow part, thus forming Pb-Zn ore vein. The above research results have established the metallogenic model of the Nongtun Pb-Zn deposit, which provides a good guidance for prospecting prediction and exploration.

This is an article in the field of earth sciences. Magmatic rocks of the Gondwana Belt are one of the most popular problems in basic geological research on the Xizang-Qinghai Plateau. In this paper, we analyze the physical origin and regional tectonic properties of the Gachatai granite using LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating method, combined with the geochemical characteristics of the rocks and various graphical methods. The rocks are characterized by high alkali (average Na2O+K2O content of 6.26%), potassium (K2O/Na2O=1.03), low TiO2 (average 0.50%) and quasi-aluminous (aluminum saturation index A/CNK=0.933～1.033, average 0.991) high potassium-calcium-alkaline rock system. Rare earth elements show negative anomalies at Eu, which is the Eu-deficient type, and Ce has weak negative anomalies; trace elements show enrichment of large ion-parental elements Rb, Th, Nd, La and K; high field strength elements Nb, Ba, U, Ta, Ce, Sm and Ti are deficient; reflecting the mixed crust-mantle type of magma origin and the presence of subduction oceanic crustal melting. The zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic age is （345.3±1.8） Ma, and its formation age is Early Carboniferous. The analysis of the regional geological data suggests that this magmatic event is a product of the formation of the northern part of the eastern Gondwana continent after the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. The project points go to I-type granite, the discriminant diagrams indicate it’s formed from continental island arc, going through time before plate collision to co-collisional orogenic movement, which indicates a long period time of magmatic evolution; the rock geochemical characteristics show the environment of magmatic evolution changed from the start of island arc(primary island arc)-development(early stage island arc)-maturement(full-grown island arc).

This is an article in the field of earth sciences. Based on the 1∶25000 trench soil geochemical survey carried out in the Yongxi gold polymetallic mining area in Danba County, this paper reveals the element geochemical characteristics and anomaly distribution laws represented by gold, silver, arsenic and antimony in this area, finds a number of valuable geochemical comprehensive anomalies, analyzes the prospecting potential of geochemical anomaly areas, further narrows the prospecting scope, and delimits a prospecting target area. The engineering verification of the target area has achieved good prospecting results, which proves that the trench soil geochemical survey method is effective in the geological exploration work in this area, and provides a scientific basis for further geological work.

This is an article in the field of metallurgical engineering. A copper cobalt ore Congo is an oxide ore with Cu 3.43% and Co 0.42% respectively. In this paper, the five stage cycle leaching process of leaching solution was used for the copper and cobalt leaching. The optimum conditions were as follows: the amount of sulfuric acid was 7.4% of the ore mass, the amount of sodium sulfite was 1.68 times of the theoretical amount, the grinding particle size of -74 μm accounts for 75%, leaching temperature was 45 ℃, the single-stage leaching time was 4 hours, and the liquid-solid volume mass ratio was between 2/1 and 3/1, the results showed that the leaching rate of copper and cobalt were 96.85% and 95.67% respectively. According to this leaching process, the amount of sulfuric acid was reduced by 6 kg/t compared with the primary leaching, and the total solution amount in the leaching process was reduced by about 1/4, which made the amount of subsequent cobalt precipitation and copper extraction solution was reduced.

This is an essay in the field of mineral processing engineering. Lead-zinc mine is one of the important strategic mineral resources in our country, and it is generally poor, fine and complex. Lead-zinc sulfide deposit is about 90% of total reserves. At present, flotation is the most commonly used method for the beneficiation of lead-zinc sulfide ore, and the selection of flotation reagents plays a decisive role in the flotation process index. In this paper, recent research progress of zinc sulfide flotation reagents is summarized, emphatically introduces the collecting agent, inhibitor and activator, analyzes the future the key research direction of zinc sulfide flotation, finally points out that the microbe as flotation reagents zinc sulfide flotation in the broad application prospect in the future, to achieve efficient vulcanization lead-zinc separation to provide technical and theoretical support.

This is an essay in the field of mining engineering. The main minerals of Heishan iron mine are vanadium titanomagnetite and titanomagnetite. Due to the influence of ore properties, the grade of iron concentrate in this type of deposit is generally low and rich in titanium, silicon, magnesium and other elements, which limits the development benefits of this kind of deposit resources. If the grade of iron concentrate can be further improved in the beneficiation process, it will help to improve the mine benefits and reduce the smelting cost of iron concentrate. This paper systematically studies this type of iron ore by means of optical microscope, mineral dissociation analyzer (MLA) and chemical analysis. This type of iron ore was systematically studied by means of optical microscope, mineral dissociation analyzer (MLA) and chemical analysis.

This is an essay in the field of mineral processing engineering. In China, fluorite mainly exists in the form of concomitant deposits. In the flotation process, other useful minerals are usually preferentially floated, and a large amount of fluorite exists in tailings. In this paper, the restrained fluorite and calcite in the floating tungsten tailings are taken as objects, and ultrasonic wave is added to change the floatability of the two, so as to explore a method to optimize the comprehensive utilization level of fluorite in the floating tungsten tailings. After ultrasonic pretreatment of pulp inhibited by sodium humate for 39 min, the flotation recovery of fluorite reached 84.74%, while the flotation recovery of calcite was only 11.47%, with a difference of 73.27%. Exploring the mechanism of ultrasonic pretreatment, it is found that the absorption intensity of sodium humate on the surface of fluorite is lower than that of calcite in the infrared spectrum detection. Ultrasonic pretreatment can desorb the sodium humate on the surface of fluorite, increase the absorption amount of sodium oleate on the surface, and make the zeta potential move forward; In addition, ultrasonic pretreatment mainly affects the content of sodium humate on the mineral surface, but does not affect the content of sodium oleate on the mineral surface. If only sodium humate exists in the slurry system during ultrasonic pretreatment, the sodium humate desorption speed is faster, which is more conducive to adsorbing the sodium oleate added subsequently.

This is an essay in the field of ceramics and composites. For decades, space exploration has been a hot topic. With the launch of Chang'e 5, China officially opened the first extraterrestrial celestial body sampling return journey. The lunar base construction program in China is officially on the agenda. Lunar exploration is the first step for human to conduct deep space exploration, and the utilization of lunar in-situ resources is of great significance for lunar exploration. Additive manufacturing is an effective means to carry out in-situ lunar resource utilization to build a lunar base. This paper describes the basic properties of lunar soil and the characteristics and composition of simulated lunar soil, and focuses on summarizing the current research progress of simulated lunar soil additive manufacturing in China and abroad. Important challenges are presented for the key technology of additive manufacturing for the lunar weathering layer (i.e., lunar soil). The development prospect of additive manufacturing technology and possible ways of implementation are discussed around China's lunar base construction project.

This is an essay in the field of ceramics and composites. To solve the problems of high-cost for cement cementitious material and low strength of cement filling body at the later stage in a lead-zinc mine, abundant slag solid waste resources were adopted and low-cost slag cementitious materials were developed in this paper to meet the quality requirement of mine fillings. After physical and chemical analysis of tailings, slag and cement clinker, the physical and chemical analysis of tailings, slag and cement clinker was carried out. Then, through the filler slurry slump test and the exploration test of the ratio of slag cementitious material, it is determined that the slurry concentration satisfying the fluidity is about 70%, and the ratio of slag to cement clinker is 2~4. The strength, bleeding rate and coagulation characteristics of filling body with different proportions of slag cementitious materials were investigated by comprehensive test. The results show that the ratio of slag cementitious material is 75%~80% slag and 20%~25% cement clinker, the filling body can meet the filling quality requirements of 0.5 ~3.5 MPa compressive strength and the filling slurry bleeding rate is less than 5%.

This is an essay in the field of ceramics and composites. With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the production of power lithium-ion batteries has increased dramatically. However, due to the short service life of power Li-ion batteries and their imminent mass retirement, it is necessary to effectively manage power Li-ion batteries in a resourceful manner. This paper first introduces the main components of power lithium-ion batteries and clarifies the stepwise utilization and pre-treatment process before their cathode materials are recycled. It focuses on an overview of the thermal, wet and biological recycling technologies for used power lithium-ion battery cathode materials, and presents the opportunities and challenges faced by biological recycling in the resourceful disposal of used power lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Our results can provide a certain reference for the green resource-based recycling of power lithium-ion batteries and promote the healthy development of the new energy vehicle industry.

This is an essay in the field of process mineralogy. Deep sea rare earths are the fourth deep-sea mineral resource after polymetallic nodules, cobalt rich crusts and polymetallic sulphides. Taking the mud grade components of deep-sea sediments in the Western Pacific as the research object, this paper finds out that the sediment type of the sample is medium-grade deep-sea clay sediment, and the main elements in the mud grade samples are Al, Si, Fe, Mn, Na, Mg, K, etc, The main mineral phases are amorphous quartz, feldspar, clay minerals (illite (11.4%), montmorillonite (16%), clinoptilolite (20%) and calcium cruciform zeolite. The M/I ratio of the sample is 1.40, suggesting that it may be affected by volcanic materials. The mud fraction is mostly composed of aggregate particles formed by clay minerals and amorphous quartz. The fine apatite particles are embedded in the aggregate in a star shape, and REY may be mainly enriched in apatite particles.

This is an essay in the field of mining engineering. Copper tailings are mainly concentrated in east China, southwest China and central South China, which are stored in dry dumps or wet discharge in tailings pond. The lack of multi-gradient and multi-direction utilization mode, brings great threat to the environment and safety around the mining area. It is an important measure to ensure the safety of resources and environment in mining area to strengthen the technical research on the utilization of domestic copper mine tailings and realize its large-scale consumption. This paper introduces the general situation and distribution of copper mine tailings resources, summarizes the utilization status of copper mine tailings in valuable element recovery, building materials, filling, reclamation and other aspects, and discusses the existing problems in the utilization of copper mine tailings resources and gives a prospect of reasonable development and utilization, providing a reference for further research and application of copper mine tailings resources.

This is an essay in the field of earth science. The southwest section of the Xuefeng arc structure is the most important gold ore mineralization zone in Hunan. The Lower Paleozoic Qingbaikou Formation, including the Coldjiaxi Group, Banxi Group, Gaojian Group, and Nanhua Formation, are the main gold-bearing strata in this area. Based on the study of ore-forming strata, ore-bearing surrounding rock, ore-bearing structure, and orebody structure, the paper forms a comprehensive analysis of tectonic ore-controlling rules and ore-forming models. The results suggest that structural control plays a crucial role in the process of gold mineralization. Guanzhuang-Huaihua-Xinhuang, Xupu-Hongjiang-Jingzhou, Anhua-Xupu-Tongdao, and Xupu-Wuyang-Chengbu are the four main ore-controlling thrust faults controlling the distribution of mineralized areas. The NE-trending secondary faults and associated fold-thrust systems, NW-trending faults, regional anticlines and synclines, brittle-ductile shear zones, and shear fractures and cleavage planes are the main ore-hosting structures that control the final spatial location of the ore bodies. By analyzing the rules of structural control on mineralization, including regional structural control on the distribution of ore deposits, the enrichment of mineralization in the overlapping parts of "three stages and two directions" structural superposition, the control of brittle-ductile structural systems on the vertical distribution of ore bodies, and the enrichment of mineralization in specific structural locations, a composite gold mineralization model has been established for this area.

This is an essay in the field of ceramics and composites. Lithium slag is the solid waste produced in the process of extracting lithium and its compounds from spodumene and lepidolite, in which the content of SiO2 and Al2O3 is as high as 70%. The stacking and landfilling of lithium slag threaten the surrounding environment due to the residual chemicals, and result in the waste of aluminosilicate mineral resources as well. Lithium slag has high specific surface energy and some pozzolanic activity, as enduring high temperature roasting, mechanical grinding and chemical leaching, which make it possible to be used as construction materials. This paper summarizes the latest research results on the application of lithium slag as building materials at home and abroad, focuses on the following aspects: (1) Substituting part of cement as concrete admixture, and the affects on the mechanical properties, carbonization resistance, abrasion resistance, chloride ion penetration and crack resistance of concrete; (2) Substituting clay to produce cement, and its influence on the flexural and compressive strength of cement clinker age; (3) Preparation of architectural ceramics and its impact on mechanical properties and structure; (4) The influence of lithium slag formula on ceramic quality and process performance. Finally, the application research of lithium slag in building materials is summarized and prospected, for the purpose of providing references for the development of lithium slag in building materials with high dosage and good economic benefits.

Study on occurrence states of rare metal elements provides basic date and theoretical basis for prospecting, processing and selecting metallurgical process of the rare metal ore. In this paper, niobium-tantalum ore from a granite-pegmatite in Henan Province was analyzed by means of chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, polarization optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, the occurrence states of rare metal elements was discussed. The results showed that niobium and tantalum occur in niobium-tantalum minerals and microlite, mainly exist as independent minerals. In addition, a small quantity of niobium and tantalum occurs in cassiterite and exists as isomorphism. Beryllium occurs in beryl and exists as independent mineral. The recoverable minerals are niobium-tantalum minerals, microlite and beryl. In this deposit, niobium and tantalum are of low grade and complex occurrence state, so it is suggested to recycle niobium and tantalum by gravity separation, strong magnetic separation and shaking table.

This is an essay in the field of mineral processing engineering. A molybdenum mine in Henan Province belongs to the skarn type molybdenum mine, which has the characteristics of extremely fine embedded particle size and high mud mineral content, and the molybdenum has suffered poor recovery. This paper systematically analyzed the ore properties and production status and analyzed the main problems existing in the production. In order to meet the needs of the 4000 t/d capacity expansion and reconstruction of the ore dressing plant, and to synergistically strengthen the recovery of fine-grained molybdenite particles, a cyclonic-static microbubble flotation column was proposed to add combined with the structural characteristics and separation advantages. The research results show that the molybdenum ore was embedded with micro-fine size, and -0.038 mm and -0.020 mm molybdenite accounted for 75.80% and 38.68%, respectively. Moreover, the ores contained a large amount of epidote, montmorillonite, chlorite and other argillaceous minerals, and the content of argillaceous minerals in some pit mouths was more than 40%. The existing flotation process has suffered poor recovery in the fine-grained particles, and the loss of molybdenum with -0.020 mm size in the tailings accounted for more than 50%. Laboratory flotation test results show that the cyclone-static microbubble flotation column had a good flotation effect on molybdenum recovery in total tailings and rougher tailings, and the concentrate enrichment ratio and molybdenum recovery rate were obviously better than flotation machine. The engineering practice further shows that the cyclone-static microbubble flotation column played a role in regaining better recovery for the existing flotation column, and the molybdenum recovery rate after the expansion was increased by more than 4 percentage points, and the loss of fine-grained molybdenite particles in tailings were significantly reduced, which achieved significant economic benefits.

This is an essay in the field of mineral analysis. In recent years, Chinese geological researchers have discovered a new type of sedimentary rare earth ore in Yunnan and Guizhou regions, which is not only different from bastnaesite and monazite, but also different from ionic rare earth ore in south of China, but a unique rare earth ore in clay rocks. In this paper, the ore dissolution methods of two rare earth samples with different grade from different mineral sites in adjacent areas of Yunnan and Guizhou are compared, and the distribution of key rare earth elements（Pr、Nd、Tb、Dy）, the optimization of instrument parameters and the accuracy and precision of the determination method of key rare earth elements are studied in detail. The results show that the closed digestion system is the best method for the new deposit of rare earth ore, and ICP-MS is an accurate and efficient determination method with good precision and accuracy.

This is an essay in the field of mining engineering. Panzhihua is the largest vanadium-titanium magnetite resource base in China. With the development and utilization of vanadium titanium resources, a large number of tailings have been produced, which not only occupies a lot of lands but also useful ingredients are not fully utilized, resulting in resource waste. At the same time, there are certain safety and environmental risks. This paper selects 22 representative tailings ponds in the Panzhihua area to conduct systematic research on tailings resource potential, valuable element occurrence characteristics, availability, and economic value. Analysis shows that Panzhihua tailings contain a large number of valuable components and have a huge potential resource. The amount of iron metallicity is 52 million tons, with an average grade of 10.87%, titanium metallicity is 29.07 million tons, with an average grade of 6.08%, rare earth metallicity is 130300 tons, with an average grade of 272 g/t, cobalt metallicity is 42300 tons, with an average grade of 88 g/t, scandium metallicity is 122100 tons, with an average grade of 26 g/t, and the Phosphorus pentoxide is 2.49 million tons, with an average grade of 0.52%. There are two main directions for the multipurpose utilization of mineral tailings resources. One is secondary development and utilization, with advanced recovery and utilization of valuable elements such as iron, titanium, sulfur, cobalt, and phosphorus. The second is overall utilization, which is based on secondary recycling and appropriate allocation for the production of insulation building materials, cement, ceramics, glass, refractory materials, soil amendments, concrete, and construction sand. To achieve the overall utilization of tailings and ultimately solve the problems of tailings resource utilization, reduction, and harmless treatment.

This is an essay in the field of mining environmental engineering. In order to evaluate the influence of economic plant planting in the mining area on the rhizosphere soil biological community characteristics and physicochemical properties, 7 typical forest medicine economic plants such as Fallopiamultiflora, Puerarialobata, and 7 typical forest grasses such as Perennial ryegrassand Pennisetum were selected. Taking economic plants as the research object, the experiment of planting potted economic plants under forest was carried out. By measuring plant height, leaf area, aboveground/underground biomass and soil total phosphorus, total potassium, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and microbial community composition, richness, diversity and other indicators, To comprehensively study the effects of economic plant planting under forest on the characteristics and physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil. The results showed that planting Chinese herbal plants would increase microbial diversity, while planting forages would have a certain impact on the composition of microbial communities; planting Chinese herbal understory economic plants had a significant improvement in soil fertility, and the most obvious difference was the control. The total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and organic matter in the group increased by 300.0%, 118.5%, and 825.3%, respectively; planting forages had no obvious effect on soil fertility. The research in this paper shows that planting understory economic plants will have a certain impact on the soil biome and improve soil fertility to a certain extent.

This is an essay in the field of process mineralogy. Rare metals such as lithium, beryllium, niobium and tantalum, as national strategic emerging resources, are mainly used in industrial fields such as national defense, aviation and aerospace, and have attracted the attention of geologists in recent years. A niobium tantalite deposit in Hubei Province is a niobium-bearing trachytic volcanic rock and pyroclastic rock deposit. In this paper, a systematic process mineralogical study is carried out on the ore. It is found that the main niobium-containing minerals in the ore are niobium iron ore, niobium iron rutile, hematite and limonite, ilmenite and pyrite. Niobium iron ore is the main recovered mineral for the separation of niobium concentrate. The embedded particle size of most niobium minerals is less than 0.04 mm, and the particle size of niobium iron ore is fine, mostly 0.5 ~ 8 μm. However, at 90% of -0.037 mm, the monomer dissociation can reach 71.11%. Magnetic separation can be considered to separate niobate and gangue minerals; Gangue minerals in the ore are mainly sericite and plagioclase, which are seriously argillized after grinding. Attention should be paid to the influence of mud grade material agglomeration on beneficiation test.

This is an essay in the field of mineral engineering. This paper summarizes the distribution of vanadium titanium magnetite in the world and its comprehensive utilization progress. vanadium titanium magnetite is a composite ore of iron, titanium and vanadium, which is also associated with chromium, gallium, scandium, cobalt, nickel, copper, platinum group elements and other useful polymetallic elements. vanadium titanium magnetite is rich in reserves and widely distributed in the world, with high comprehensive utilization value. As far as China is concerned, the utilization technology of iron, titanium and vanadium in vanadium titanium magnetite is relatively mature at present, but the comprehensive utilization level is still not high. Under the background that efficient and green development has become an inevitable requirement of today's social development, we should improve the comprehensive utilization process of vanadium titanium magnetite as soon as possible, to achieve efficient and comprehensive utilization of vanadium titanium resources.

This is an essay in the field of mineral processing engineering. In this paper, a rare earth and associated fluorite resource in Henan Province was studied. Based on the results of process mineralogy and small beneficiation experiments, an extended continuous test with a capacity of 60 kg/h was carried out. Through chemical analysis and AMICS microscopic identification, it was found that the content of REO and CaF2 was 1.53% and 18.22%, respectively. The target minerals for REO separation were hamartite and parisite. The process of "mixed flotation - separation flotation of REO and fluorite " was used to recover REO and fluorite from ores. On this basis, the extended continuous test was carried out, and finally obtained the rare earth concentrate with REO grade of 52.54% and recovery rate of 51.15%, and the fluorite concentrate with a CaF2 grade of 94.76% and recovery rate of 60.80%. The concentrate product index was good, and comprehensive recovery and utilization of REE associated fluorite were preliminarily realized. It is helpful to provide technical support for the production of enterprises and provide a basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of the same type of rare earth and co-associated resource deposits.

This is an essay in the field of earth sciences. The lithium belt in West Sichuanis the richest area of hard rock lithium resources in China, but the ecological and geological environment in the belt is fragile, so the coordinated development of resources, environment and economy has been a difficult problem for the deep development of regional resources. This paper systematically compares the natural resources, mineral resources, geological environment characteristics and the main environmental geological problems in the lithium belt, constructs an ecological and geological environment carrying capacity evaluation index system based on three subsystems: geological environment, ecological environment and social environment, selects and obtains 19 basic evaluation index data information, and carries out a region-wide carrying capacity evaluation. The results show that: the geological environment of the west Sichuan lithium belt is relatively safe and stable, the existing mining activities in the belt do not have a significant impact on the regional ecological environment, and the impact of human production and life is limited in scope. The proportion of the country area with medium and above carrying capacity reaches 79.16%, the ecological and geological environment carrying capacity in the lithium resource concentration area is high, and the overall ecological and geological environment is in good condition.

This is an essay in the field of mineral processing engineering. Barite is an important non-metallic mineral with the characteristics of large proportion, non-toxic, non-magnetic, easy to absorb rays, etc. It is mainly used for oil and gas drilling mud weighting agent, preparation of barium-containing chemical products and barium alloys. China is a major exporter of barite. This paper conducts beneficiation test research on low-grade barite ore from Guizhou, China. After the closed-circuit test of “one roughing, one scavenging and two cleaning”, sodium carbonate as regulator, water glass as inhibitor and sodium dodecyl sulfate as collector, a barite concentrate with a BaSO4 grade of 90.38% and a recovery of 91.78% has been obtained. The test technical indicators are good, and the concentrate meets the requirements of the first grade chemical barite. The research results can provide important technical support and reference for the development and utilization of barite resources.

This is a paper in the field of mineral processing engineering. Phosphogypsum is a by-product produced during the production of wet process phosphoric acid. At present, China's phosphogypsum has a large annual new emissions, environmental and safety risks, which seriously restrict the sustainable and healthy development of phosphorus chemical enterprises.In order to solve the problem of high silica content in Sichuan phosphogypsum, the desilication tests werecarried by reverse flotation process.The test results showed that through reverse flotation process of "one roughing, one cleaning, one scavenging, middling returning in sequence", gypsum concentrate was obtained with yield of 89.63%, grading 1.85% SiO2, grading 96.85% calcium sulfate dihydrate with recovery of 96.72%, under conditions of pulp pH valuewith 5.3, BK421B as collector. The research provides technical support for resource utilization of phosphogypsum.

This is a paper in the field of ceramics and composites. Ultra-lean iron ore was processed, and the ultra-lean iron ore with a good gradation was used as aggregate to prepare a new type of autoclaved aerated concrete block. Furthermore, the effects of different aggregate content, water-cement ratio and autoclave time on the performance and microstructure of autoclaved aerated concrete were studied. The results showed that with the increase of water-cement ratio, lime content, aggregate replacement rate and autoclave time, the compressive strength of concrete showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the replacement rate of ultra-lean iron ore aggregate was 40%, the amount of fly ash was 10%, the amount of lime was 18%, the amount of cement was 60%, the water-cement ratio was 0.45 and the autoclave time was 5h,the performance of concrete was at its best. At the same time, the incorporation of ultra-lean iron ore had a great impact on the generation of new phases, the concrete itself and the pore structure.

This is a paper in the field of mining engineering. Gallium has broad application prospects in high-tech fields such as semiconductors and photovoltaic power generation. Especially with the rapid development of the semiconductor industry, people's demand for gallium is growing rapidly. There is no independent deposit of gallium in nature. Recovering gallium resources from China's huge resources and output of coal can not only greatly alleviate the shortage of gallium supply, but also improve the efficiency of comprehensive utilization of resources and reduce environmental pollution. This article reviews the occurrence and distribution characteristics of gallium in coal measures, and analyzes the comprehensive utilization characteristics of gallium resources in coal measures in combination with the current status of coal development and utilization in China. Based on the challenges and problems faced by the research, some suggestions on the comprehensive utilization of coal-based gallium resources have been put forward in order to improve the reference for the comprehensive utilization of coal-based gallium resources in China.