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This issue of Volume 34, Issue 1 contains 5 papers, 3 original articles, 2 review articles, and 0 case report. By subject, there were 0 papers on Aerospace Medicine, 5 on Aviation Human Factors, and 0 on Aviation Nursing. The first paper investigated the effect of self-management competence on social anxiety among students in an aviation program at a college, based on a survey of 90 students. Conducted with careful consideration of student anonymity, this study found that higher self-management competence are associated with lower social anxiety. The second paper explored the introduction of a pre-safety assessment and consulting system in the aviation industry, gathering and analyzing opinions from professionals through an online survey. The third study analyzed air traffic control threats and their impact, using data collected from Line Operations Safety Audits, and presented statistically significant findings. The fourth paper focused on fatigue management strategies for shift workers in air traffic control, reviewing related domestic and international laws and regulations and emphasizing the need for effective fatigue management. Lastly, the fifth paper discussed the characteristics of low-cost carriers and their ripple effects on the air transport market, examining both positive and negative aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air travel market has changed significantly by the emergence of a lowcost carrier (LCC). The LCCs offer lower fares and fewer frills than the traditional full service carriers (FSCs). The key competitive advantage of the LCCs is their ability to offer significantly lower fares, or at least to create the image of offering lower fares, while being able to generate profits by having low unit costs. LCCs have reshaped the competitive environment within air travel markets and have made significant impacts in the domestic passenger markets, which had previously been largely controlled by FSCs. The new demand for air travel experience through the low fares of low-cost airlines increases the likelihood of choosing not only low-cost airlines but also existing large airlines when choosing air travel. This generally equates to the intention of customers to move to more advanced products as their experience with new products increases. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to theoretically discuss the operating characteristics and market ripple effects of low-cost airlines, and to explore the theoretical implications of existing papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This issue of Volume 33, Issue 4 contains 4 papers, 2 review articles, 1 letter, 1 case report focusing on aerospace medicine and human factors. The first paper discusses the implementation of lightning warning systems in domestic airports, emphasizing safety enhancements and efficient communication. The second uses Analytic Hierarchy Process to assess community acceptance and human factors in Urban Air Mobility, highlighting the importance of medical transport, speed, and flight safety. The third letter-style paper examines the increase in panic attacks during air travel, suggesting better crew training and passenger screening. The fourth investigates the risk of recurrent stroke among passengers with ischemic stroke history, concluding that further research is needed for clearer results. This issue addresses vital topics in aerospace medicine and human factors, with no reported conflicts of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This issue of Volume 33, Issue 3 contains 6 papers, 4 original and 2 review articles. The first paper analyzes communication errors between domestic air traffic controllers and pilots and highlights the importance of adhering to the International Civil Aviation Organization standard language. The second paper analyzes trends in bacterial dysentery outbreaks in South Korea and Japan from 2016 to 2020, highlighting the need for robust information systems. The third paper analyzes human papillomavirus vaccination trends and shows a gradual recovery in vaccination rates after the COVID-19 pandemic. The fourth paper analyzes 24 years of trends in aviation medical examinations, highlighting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in the proportion of female pilots. The fifth paper explores the potential applications of blockchain technology in the aviation industry, presenting several use cases. The final paper analyzes medical error cases using the SHELL model and highlights the systemic problems of medical institutions in Korea. The journal covers a wide range of topics related to aerospace and human factors, and each paper presents important issues and suggestions for improvement in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the epidemiologic series of Tsutsugamushi disease (TD), also known as scrub typhus in the Republic of Korea (Korea) and Japan. Methods: We investigated raw data of TD outbreaks from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System of the Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency in Korea, and the National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan, 2016 to 2020. Results: There were 36,785 cases of TD with a cumulative infectious rate (CIR) of 14.3 per 100,000 populations in Korea from 2016 to 2020. During the same period in Japan, there were 2,350 cases with a CIR of 0.4. When compared, Korea was much higher than that in Japan (P<0.01). In Korea, more females (60.2% of total cases) were infected than males (39.8%), while there was a significant difference between males (58.8%) and females (41.2%) in Japan, respectively (P<0.01). Conclusion: These differences in TD risk factors reflect differences of vectors/hosts, climate, and geographical and cultural characteristics between the two countries. The surveillance of TD, primarily a zoonotic disease, should be continued in order to obtain a better understanding of its current status. Moreover, guidelines for the prevention of TD, and its control measures should be more established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of passengers using aircraft increases around the world, there may be more medical measures needed within the aircraft. These medical measures may also include measures against serious situations such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, since the environment is different from the hospital in the aircraft, it may be difficult to cope with such a situation. Moreover, such in-flight CPR may become more difficult at a time when the proportion of out-ofhospital CPR is decreasing due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, I would like to summarize how in-flight CPR is performed and review the main discussions on CPR in the COVID-19 pandemic, and finally suggest how to perform a safe CPR in the COVID-19 situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine is expected to play an important role in stopping the pandemic. Studies show that COVID-19 vaccines are effective at keeping you from getting COVID-19. Getting a COVID-19 vaccine will also help keep you from getting seriously ill even if you do get COVID-19. Efforts to find an effective vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have progressed unprecedentedly through active support from public research grants and private-public partnership programs. Clinical studies have been actively conducted, and some vaccines are being vaccinated with approval for urgent use. The WHO has approved and supplied the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. In Korea, the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was approved for urgent use, and vaccination began on February 26, 2021. In this paper, the efficacy and side effects of each vaccines and the effect on pilots and air traffic controllers related to COVID-19 vaccination were investigated in terms of aviation medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircraft accidents caused by dizziness of aviation workers are so common that they account for 5% to 10% of the total, and in most cases, have fatal consequences. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose and treat the dizziness of aviation workers properly. Common diseases caused by abnormal vestibular function include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere's disease, and vestibular neuritis. In this paper, we first proposed an overview of these diseases' pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Also, we evaluated the importance of these diseases in aerospace medicine and presented aerospace medical dispositions for aviation medical examiners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on our society as a whole. The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a health crisis, it is also an economic, social and humanitarian crisis. Considering the dramatic global economic and social impact that the crisis has engendered, the aviation system is standing on the doorstep of rapid transformation. In particular, the impact on the aviation and travel industries is enormous. Air travel to most countries has been suspended and blocked. Looking at Korea's current situation, COVID-19 has wholly changed the aviation industry. As COVID-19 spreads around the world, countries have come up with aviation safety measures. Infectious disease safety measures were established to protect passengers and crew members, and countries with collapsed medical systems extended the validity period for aviation medical examinations. In Korea, on August 11, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport provided guidance on medical measures related to COVID-19 through an official letter of "Notification of cautions for pilots and air traffic control officers (ATCO) when COVID-19 is confirmed". Overseas countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have announced regulations for aviation medical examination regulations in relation to COVID-19, and have set standards for returning to aviation after COVID-19 is confirmed. In this paper, we would like to investigate the regulations for aviation medical examination related to COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that communicates data between devices, which are things, using an embedded sensor connected through network backbone such as the internet. Here, data communication technology, sensor technology, and actuator (interface) technology are fused into IoT and it turns devices into smart things. As a result, vast sized data are being generated and that data is being processed into useful actions that can control the things that are devices to make our lives much fruitful. Nowadays, the IoT, early defined as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) connection, becomes a key technology powered by growing innovation of wireless communication trends in the internet connectivity through mobile networking. This paper gives an overview of Internet of Things and brief information about major technologies and its applications in various fields focusing aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on the aviation industry. In order to overcome this crisis, airlines have made their efforts in various fields. Therefore, we tried to summarize these efforts of airlines. It is also essential to keep aircraft that have been in landing for a long time in optimal condition. In this paper, we tried to find out about efforts to maintain landing aircraft and maintenance of personnel. Through such constant care, airlines will be able to quickly respond to increasing aviation demand when the infectious disease situation is stabilized in the future. Finally, airlines and passengers must make several efforts to ensure that passengers are free from COVID-19 while traveling by air. These include general precautions to prevent infection, separation of airline personnel and passengers, changes in seat assignments and in-flight services, periodic aircraft disinfection, and prevention of in-flight infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Vol. 31, No. 3, our journal prepared three review articles, an original paper, and two case reports. First, as COVID-19 continues for a long time, aviation workers, including pilots, are also experiencing mental problems such as depression. Therefore, we have compiled the basic principles for improving the mental health of pilots. Next, it is difficult to properly perform cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when a cardiac arrest situation occurs in an aircraft. Moreover, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, CPR is more difficult because medical staff and other passengers may also be exposed to infections. Therefore, we have summarized the principles of CPR on board and ways to perform CPR while keeping the safety of medical staff and other passengers in the COVID-19 situation. The sudden change of gravity caused by space travel has various effects on the human body, and among them, the effect on the immune system is profound. Therefore, we reviewed the research methods to study the effect of gravity on the immune system and the results. In addition, we analyzed the demographic characteristics and health status of immigrant visa applicants who intended to immigrate to the United States over the past five years. Next, through two case reports, we reported cases of determining physical fitness for aviation service in patients who recovered after receiving appropriate treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia or renal cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since allergic rhinitis is a disease with a very high prevalence, it is common to find patients with allergic rhinitis among aviation workers. However, they are so afraid that the report of rhinitis will have a negative effect on the evaluation of one's work suitability. Therefore, aviation medical examiners (AMEs) must be able to accurately understand the nature of allergic rhinitis, and confidently explain that appropriate treatment of rhinitis has a positive effect on their performance. In the treatment of allergic rhinitis, there are some medications that may cause drowsiness, which may impair the accuracy and safety of the aviation service. Therefore, AMEs should accurately know safe drugs that do not cause drowsiness and prescribe them to patients. In addition, it is necessary to know exactly whether air workers may receive the latest treatments for allergic rhinitis, such as surgical treatment and immunotherapy, and be able to recommend these treatments appropriately. Therefore, in this paper, we first briefly describe the pathophysiology, genetics, causative antigen, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic rhinitis. We also aimed to discuss safe medication and other treatment modalities for allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Korea is rapidly entering an aging society. With the aging of society, the overseas travel of the elderly is increasing rapidly. According to the Korea Tourism Organization, the number of overseas tourists aged 61 or older last year exceeded 2.5 million, of which over 80 were over 200,000. Age is no longer a limiting factor for traveling abroad, but traveling to unfamiliar places is certainly a challenge. Old people may experience a variety of problems, so special care should be taken. In particular, the aircraft cabin environment is different from the ground, so elderly travelers with respiratory or heart disease require special attention. In this paper, we want to know the precautions and how to prepare for the safe air travel for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Vol. 31, No. 1, our journal prepared four review articles and two original papers. First, in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of our journal, the first review article described the history, development, and recent efforts for the qualitative improvement of the journal. For aviation workers, dizziness is an important disease that can interfere with their work. So, in the second review, we introduced guidelines that aviation medical examiners should be aware of in evaluating aviation workers who complain of dizziness. In the era of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is very important for aviation workers to get the vaccination safely and return to their work. So, Kwon introduced the latest updated guidelines for vaccination for aviation workers. In addition, Kim described the relationship between COVID-19 infection and respiratory allergic disease, and appropriate treatment guidelines. Lim investigated the recent trend of human papillomavirus vaccination for foreigners during the COVID-19 period, and investigated its implications. Finally, Ra developed various programs to strengthen students' global competencies and analyzed their satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In commemoration of Vol. 30, Issue 3, our journal prepared five review articles and one original paper. The global outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has impacted our society, and especially the aviation and travel industries have been severely damaged. Kwon presented the aviation medical examination regulations related to COVID-19 announced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of the Republic of Korea. Lim summarized various efforts of airlines to overcome the crisis in the aviation industry. He also discussed the management of these aircraft as the number of airplanes landing for long periods increased. Finally, he suggested various quarantine guidelines at airports and onboard aircraft. COVID-19 has had a profound impact on mental health as well as physical effects. Kim investigated the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and suggested ways to manage the stress caused by it. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a technology in which devices communicate with each other through wired or wireless communication. Hyun explained the current state of the technology of the IoT and how it could be used, especially in the aviation field. In the area of airline service, various situations arise between passengers and crew. Therefore, role-playing is useful in performing education to prepare and respond to passengers' different needs appropriately. Ra introduced the conceptual background and general concepts of role-playing and presented the actual role-play's preparation process, implementation, evaluation, and feedback process. For a fighter to fly for a long time and perform a rapid air attack, air refueling is essential, which serves refueling from the air rather than from the aircraft base. Koo developed a questionnaire based on the HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System) model and used it to conduct a fighter pilot survey and analyze the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In commemoration of Vol. 30, Issue 2, our journal prepared three review articles, two original papers, and a case report. The first review analyzed aircraft accidents caused by pilots' fatigue and presented a protocol to measure their fatigue, such as primary background survey, subjective drowsiness/arousal evaluation, sleep and activity log, sleep data, and performance measurement. The second review analyzed shift work patterns and work characteristics that may affect the fatigue of aviation mechanics. Also, desirable work principles for aviation mechanics (restrictions on working hours, appropriate rest hours, and night shift restrictions) were presented. The third review discussed the effects that allergic rhinitis can have on pilots (drowsiness and decreased arousal) and introduced a safe treatment method that can prevent these adverse effects. In the first original article, the ratio of 'incompatible (non-fit)' result in aerospace medical examination among Korean aircraft pilots for the past five years was investigated by age group and the common causes of nonconformity were analyzed. In the second original article, the prevalence, mortality, prevalence according to age groups, and regional characteristics of severe febrile thrombocytopenia syndrome were compared and analyzed in Korea and Japan for the past five years. Finally, in the case report, the cases of a patient diagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumors who received surgical treatment and chemotherapy were discussed, and the results of the judgment were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Vol. 31, No. 2, our journal prepared a review article, two original papers, and three case reports. First, autonomous systems are increasingly being introduced in aircraft systems. Therefore, it is crucial that flight crews are trained to adapt and handle these autonomous systems better. Consequently, we discussed crew resource management for handling autonomous systems. The fatigue of aviation workers is one of the biggest threats to aviation safety. Therefore, we analyzed the degree of fatigue in commercial aircraft pilots and evaluated the relationship between fatigue and their workload and the effect of fatigue on sleep. Since obesity has a significant impact on the health of aviation workers, we also comparatively analyzed the prevalence of obesity in Korea and Japan based on the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We defined cases that are difficult for aviation medical examiners to evaluate. This issue included cases of peripheral dizziness and tinnitus, cases of atopic dermatitis treated with biological agents, and cases of malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In commemoration of Vol. 30, Issue 1, our journal prepares four review articles and two original papers. The first review article provides guidelines for medical treatment for emergencies in an aircraft furing flight. This guideline addresses the resources and medical equipment available to physicians on board, common medical conditions, how to deal with them, including legal issues. The second review article covers historically meaningful animals that have contributed to aerospace research and the role of a veterinarian. The third one describes cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and vestibular physiological effects of microgravity on the human body. As we are about to enter an aging society, the fourth review article introduces guidelines for safe overseas travel for senior passengers. The role of the aviation medical examiner is to maintain aircrew's health and to help them work long and healthy. In this regard, Choi et al. analyzed the physical examination data and sick leave data of an airline. Han et al. investigated the aerospace medical examination data of the Republic of Korea and suggested a solution to some common health problems of the crew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]