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Mammals have physiological reprogramming adaptation ability to changing seasonal light and temperature, through their biological clocks maintained by circadian rhythm, photoperiodism and thermoperiodism. Seasonal differences do not only affect vital activities of animals like migration, reproduction, and sleeping, but also cause dramatic changes in their economically important characteristics (e.g. fur quality and fattening level). Mohair is constituted of non-medullary hairs produced by secondary hair follicles in Angora goats and the effects of seasonal differences on mohair structure and related genes are still unknown. We examined the gene expression levels of BMP-2, FGF-5, HOXC13, KAP9.2 and TGFBR2 normalized with GAPDH in skin biopsies taken from Angora goats (n=20) in two different follicle development stages; telogen (in February) and anagen (in June). HOXC13 showed overexpression in anagen phase (P

Infectious sheep abortions caused by bacterial agents such as Brucella melitensis, Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., Chlamydophila abortus etc. lead significant economic losses in sheep enterprises. Many of these bacteria such as C. abortus that causes enzootic sheep abortion are contagious and zoonotic, as well. "Good veterinary practices" performed accurately and timely are extremely important in the management of the outbreak and minimizes the economic losses caused by these infections. This study aimed to diagnose infectious sheep abortions and to manage the outbreaks observed in two enterprises with 850 Hemşin sheep in Şavşat district of Artvin province, Turkey. The disease was diagnosed by conventional and real-time PCRs with detecting C. abortus DNA in five aborted fetal tissues. The diagnosis was confirmed immunohistochemically. In the course of the outbreak management, aborted sheep were weed out, treated with 5 mL/sheep I.M. of oxytetracycline for 5 times 24 h apart and got maintained for 3-4 weeks until disposed of by the owners. Pregnant sheep were administered 5 mL/sheep I.M. of oxytetracycline for 3 times as 3 days after the first application and 5 days after the second application. A mineral-amino acid supplement was also administered to the pregnant sheep by adding 15 mL of the drug to 0.5 L water for each sheep for 3 days. For the prophylactic purpose, tetracycline with a dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day was recommended to add to drinking water once a day for 3-5 days following the initial treatment. For biosafety, aborted materials were covered with quicklime and buried in soil depth of 1.5 m and contaminated areas were disinfected with 0.5% bleach once a day for 3 days. A protective immunization could not be done because of the absence of vaccines in the national market and some concerns about the vaccination of late-pregnant sheep. The sheep enterprises were closely monitored for 4-5 weeks until the birth season ended.

The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of presence or absence of a dominant follicle (DF) estimated by a single ultrasound examination at the time of follicular aspiration (FA) on superstimulatory and superovulatory responses and embryo production in lactating Simmental cows. At random stages of the estrous cycle, the ovaries of cows (n=42) were examined by transrectal ultrasonography (US) and all follicles ≥3 mm were counted. Donors with

Enzootic intranasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) of goats are contagious tumoral disease that characterized occurrence of tumoral masses in nasal cavity of the animals. The etiological agent of the disease is retrovirus and the disease cause high economical loses in goat industry. Retroviruses, respectively inducing lung or nasal adenocarcinomas. The true economic impact of ENA is not known because affected animals are given insights from the herd before actual diagnosis, and suspected disease incidence is rarely reported. Telomerase regulates the proliferative capacity of cells and this enzyme has critical role in tumor progression. The aim of this study is to evaluate telomerase activity in serum and tumoral tissue in goat with ENA. For this aim 11 goat"s serum were analyses for telomerase activity. Tumoral tissue sections of totally 14 death goats were examined by immunohistochemically for telomerase expression. In addition, 10 normal goat"s serum and nasal tissues that belong slaughtered healthy animals used as control. This study showed that increased serum and tissue telomerase activity in goats with ENA comparing to controls. Also our results showed that telomerase activity becomes a useful prediction marker for tumor development in infected but clinically healthy goats in infected flocks.

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Enzootic intranasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) of goats are contagious tumoral disease that characterized occurrence of tumoral masses in nasal cavity of the animals. The etiological agent of the disease is retrovirus and the disease cause high economical loses in goat industry. Retroviruses, respectively inducing lung or nasal adenocarcinomas. The true economic impact of ENA is not known because affected animals are given insights from the herd before actual diagnosis, and suspected disease incidence is rarely reported. Telomerase regulates the proliferative capacity of cells and this enzyme has critical role in tumor progression. The aim of this study is to evaluate telomerase activity in serum and tumoral tissue in goat with ENA. For this aim 11 goat's serum were analyses for telomerase activity. Tumoral tissue sections of totally 14 death goats were examined by immunohistochemically for telomerase expression. In addition, 10 normal goat's serum and nasal tissues that belong slaughtered healthy animals used as control. This study showed that increased serum and tissue telomerase activity in goats with ENA comparing to controls. Also our results showed that telomerase activity becomes a useful prediction marker for tumor development in infected but clinically healthy goats in infected flocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococci can produce enterocins which have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and also Gram-negative pathogenic, toxigenic and food-spoilage bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of Enterococcus spp. isolated from traditional Turkish cheeses such as Kashar, Manyas, Sepet, Kelle, Mihalic, Tulum. The isolates were tested against Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and also detected the presence of enfA and entB genes of these isolates. Total 66 of enterococcal isolates were obtained from 34 of cheese samples and 25 of these isolates showed antimicrobial activity against tested reference bacteria by using agar spotting method. Also it was determined most of Enterococcus spp. carried enterocin encoding enfA and entB genes. We concluded that these isolates or their enterocins may have a potential for food preservation, however they should be evaluated in terms of food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphism of the melatonin receptor 1A gene (MTNR1A) in Chios, White Karaman and Awassi sheep breed. A large fragment of the exon II of the MTNR1A gene was amplified and uniform fragment of 824 bp was obtained in 138 ewes (48 Chios, 40 White Karaman and 50 Awassi) of three breeds. The PCR products was digested with restriction endonuclease MnlI and RsaI , and genetic polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP. Biallelic polymorphism was found with restriction endonuclease MnlI and two genotypes were detected Mm (303bp, 236bp/67bp) and MM (236bp/67bp, 236bp/67bp). Allelic frequency for Chios, White Karaman and Awassi breeds was 0.90, 0.80 and 0.84 respectively for M allele; 0.10, 0.20 and 0.16 respectively for m allele, while genotypic frequency was 0.80, 0.60 and 0.68 for MM and 0.20, 0.40 and 0.32 for Mm respectively. No polymorphism at the RsaI cleavage sites was detected in three sheep breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]