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Global Value Chain (GVC) has been a global phenomenon since 1980s when export values no longer represented the actual benefit of a country’ economic measure. Furthermore, GVC measurement applying input-output table approach has quite rapidly developed. Given the fact that the role of Indonesian pulp and paper industry is increasingly important in the country’s economy, this study aimed at measuring the pulp and paper industry GVC in 1995 and 2011 as well as its position and participation in the global GVC using Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO). The results show that GVC of Indonesia's pulp and paper industry is generally in the form of value-added exports in intermediate absorption by direct importers and indirect final exports and also in the form of foreign value-added return in foreign countries in intermediate exports and also value-added exports in intermediate goods exports to the third countries. GVC Indonesia is also still dominated by domestic value-added compared to foreign value-added and remains in a “downstream” position and has decreased its GVC participation globally. In the future, it is important to strengthen GVC participation by maintaining greater ownership of domestic value- added in Indonesia's pulp and paper industry.Keywords: global value chain, pulp and paper, Intercountry input-output, GVC position and participation

The pulp and paper industry contributes to the Indonesian economy, especially to the non-oil and gas processing industry. Empirical research shows that pulp and paper companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) indicated financial distress. This study aims to find the effect of liquidity, leverage, profitability, and efficiency on pulp & paper companies' financial distress listed on the IDX. Using the Altman Z-score as a measure of financial distress, it was found that profitability, efficiency, and liquidity had a significant adverse effect on financial distress. In contrast, leverage had a significant positive effect on financial distress. Profitability has the greatest influence on financial distress, so it needs the primary intention of management. Keywords: financial distress, liquidity, profitability, leverage, efficiency

Volatility can be measured, but in fact, there is still frequent debate over the selection of precise measurements in describing volatility. In Indonesia, the commodity market is known for its volatile prices, which can impact the livelihood of farmers, traders, and the wider economy. The existence of possible asymmetry in the behavior of food commodity price volatility in the Indonesian market is not yet known. This paper aims to determine the best model to describe the volatility and to investigates the presence of the asymmetric effect on the volatility of food prices in Indonesia, over the period 2009-2019, on a monthly basis. Modeling of volatility uses the GARCH family model, both symmetric and asymmetric. The results showed that the GARCH asymmetric model produces better performance than the symmetric GARCH. Through the best GARCH asymmetric model, the food commodities used in this study showed a statistically significant asymmetrical effect on volatility. Nevertheless, policymakers and market players need to be aware of the impact of market volatility and implement measures such as real-time price information systems to mitigate its effects. The government can increase food production by providing support to farmers in managing supply efficiency and improving agricultural infrastructure. Keywords: agricultural commodity, asymmetric effect, asymmetric GARCH, modeling volatility

This paper attempts to investigate the price volatility of fruits with higher economic values, which are avocado, apple, guava, banana, and jackfruit, and analyzes the long-term and short-term period relationship between production and prices of these fruits. The data used are the quarterly productions and prices of avocado, apple, guava, banana, and jackfruit on the producer level for 2012 to 2020 obtained from Agriculture office of Batu Municipality. The volatility evaluation was using the ARCH/GARCH. The long-term relationship was analyzed using the Johansen cointegration test, and the short-term relationship used the Error Corection Mechanism (ECM). The results of the volatility analysis confirmed that every fruit studied had a low volatility rate. In addition, the productions and prices of the commodities studied had been cointegrated in the long-run; however only avocado, guava, and apple have a short-run relationship. The government is suggested to provide price and production information systems to ensure farmers' market access. Keywords: price volatility, fruits, ARCH/GARCH, cointegration, ECM

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is typically endemic and commonly found as a recurring issue in many developing countries, including Indonesia. In 2022, FMD has massively spread to 62 districts and cities so that it was declared an outbreak which caused significant economic losses. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impacts of FMD on the Indonesian economy by using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach. The results show that the FMD outbreak caused negative pressure on national economic growth, reducing the real wage and consumption, as well as exacerbating trade deficit. The outbreak also induced higher prices of beef and dairy sectors as well as their related sectors. Based on the regional perspective, the main production regions of beef and dairy are expected to suffer higher economic loss than that of other regions. Meanwhile, at the household level, the outbreak caused considerable effect in lowering income and consumption, particularly for rural farm households. Some necessary policies to overcome the outbreak, consisting of establishing a FMD handling post, promoting vaccination, extending financial supports, and maintaining communication and transparency with other countries regarding the outbreak status. Keywords: Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), livestock, macroeconomy, regional

Many new positions in palm oil plantations and mills are for casual laborers who are particularly vulnerable to poor earnings, lack of social security, and limited legal support. This study purpose is to identify the alternative strategy that can be taken by BPJS Ketenagakerjaan to increase the number of casual laborers in oil palm plantations who enroll in the labor social security program. Purposive sampling is utilized to collect primary data for this study. Respondents are interviewed and given paper-based questionnaires. The respondents are five experts involved in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan's planning and strategy decision-making processes, specifically the Investigating Supervisory Officer (Petugas Pengawas Pemeriksa), Head of Branch Office, Deputy Director of DKI Jakarta Region, Deputy Director for Corporate and Institutional Membership, and Deputy Director for Special Membership. The results of the questionnaire were processed using Expert Choice 11, based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the analytical tool for this study. The results of this study suggest that BPJS Ketenagakerjaan can employ a law enforcement strategy to increase company compliance as an alternative strategy so that casual laborers are able to enroll in the labor social security program. Keywords: AHP, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, casual laborers, labor social security, oil palm plantation

It is expected that the COVID-19 pandemic provides a significant impact on food price volatility in many products including sugar. The paper aims to analyze the price dynamic of sugar before covid (1st August – 2nd March 2020) and during the covid outbreak (3rd March – 31th August 2021) in all provinces in Indonesia by using the t-test and ARCH GARCH model. Based on Augmented Dickey-Fuller analysis before and during covid, the prices of sugar in Indonesia were stationary at the “first difference”. The results reveal that the prices of sugar in all provinces in Indonesia before covid was lower compared to during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to ARCH GARCH results, sugar prices were much more volatile in Riau, Jambi, West Java, East Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and West Papua. As such, the government should focus to reduce the price volatility of sugar in these provinces. Keywords: ARCH GARCH, COVID-19, sugar prices, stationarity, volatility

Pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the most exported spices in Indonesia followed by cinnamon, cloves, and vanilla. Due to its strong dependency on international trade, Indonesian pepper exports are suspected to be prone to exchange rate volatility risks. Traditionally, exchange rate volatility is perceived to discourage exports. However, studies to date remain to provide an open question on whether volatile exchange rates discourage exports. This paper aims to examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on Indonesian pepper exports to its main trading partners from 2005 to 2019. Using gravity model and GARCH (1,1) for volatility measurement, the results reveal that Indonesian pepper exports are not affected significantly by exchange rate volatility. This is because Indonesia has been in the position as a net exporter of pepper where a majority of its production is consumed abroad and pepper only costs a small percentage of the total cost of food productions. Keywords: exchange rate volatility, GARCH (1,1), gravity model, Indonesian pepper trade, Indonesian spice

This paper explores inclusive business practices by focusing on the relationship between investments for-profit and social impact for small-scale farmers. Value chain mapping was used and combined with business model canvas to enable fact-finding and linkage between profit-taking action and social impact in the coffee value chain. The study was performed in two regions: East Java and North Sumatra. The study interviewed 72 farmers from Bondowoso District, East Java, and 30 farmers from Mandailing Natal District, North Sumatra. The qualitative analysis revealed the role of local organization networks in supporting the extension and improving performance in value chain governance. The organization networks supported social issues and provided access to diverse resources and environments for companies to build commitments. Furthermore, the business model canvas modeled value propositions that were practically tackling the dimensions of profit and social impact to the organization's context. The coffee value chains in both regions were differ based on key features and elements of small farmers' inclusion in the coffee value chain. The findings show that the coffee business model in Mandailing Natal encouraged smallholder farmer inclusion better than in Bondowoso. Therefore, the study implies that a shifting from profit into social initiatives in inclusive business is needed. This study provides practical evidence of business model canvas in the coffee value chain cases, showing how to develop a mission social innovation in a profit organization. Keywords: inclusive business models, business model canvas, value chain, coffee

Most learning organization studies have focused on enhancing the organization’s performance. However, learning organization extends beyond knowledge management that makes the organization more adaptable and more responsive to the challenges of a fast-changing business environment. The application of a learning organization is an alternative step for companies to be able to face the challenges of the fast-changing business environment. This paper aims to identify the effect of learning organizations on supply chain performance. This study adds the effect of transformational leadership as a variable that affects the comprehensive understanding of learning organizations to gain a. Structural Equation Modelling – Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) was used to reveal that learning organization has no significant impact on supply chain performance. However, learning organization affected supply chain driver. The Supply chain driver has a positive and significant impact on supply chain performance. Leadership style has a positive and significant impact on learning organization. Organization can make better decisions on choosing facilities more efficiently, managing supplies efficiently and be can use the information itself to increase profits by implementing learning organization. Keywords: learning organization, SEM-PLS, supply chain performance, leadership, supply chain driver

The global demand for seaweed is expected to increase in the coming years due to new product development using seaweed. There are many benefits of seaweed such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food industries, textiles, paper, and bioenergy production. On the other hand, Indonesia, as the archipelago country with the second-longest coastline after Canada, is expected to achieve competitiveness so Indonesia benefit more from the seaweed industry. This study aims to get the landscape of the seaweed industry and to select strategies. The strategies are designed using the Structural Equation Modelling Method – Partial Least Square (SEM – PLS). The findings of this study are the competitive advantage of Indonesia's carrageenan-producing seaweed industry using descriptive statistical methods through the perception model show considered weak. The three main parameters of concern are assessed as low-cost leadership, ability to increase export value and self-sufficiency in meeting the needs of domestic seaweed. The analysis also shows that the influence of innovation and stakeholder support on increasing the competitive advantage of Indonesia's carrageenan-producing seaweed industry is considered significant. Innovation is represented by the latent variable attributes of innovation, communication channels and the role of change agents, which are concluded to have a significant effect both directly and indirectly on the industry's competitive advantage. Keywords: seaweed industry, competitiveness, carrageenan, innovation, SEM-PLS, stakeholder support

The sustainability issue has pushed the food industry, continually looking for new materials to reduce and replace plastics in their packaging. However, the recent development of novel materials is still less satisfactory due to different involvement from different vital players such as government, society, and industry. This paper analyzed the critical success factors of new material development for food packaging based on different key players, involvements, and interests. A survey was conducted by the authors to gather information related to the development factors and the participation factors based on the three key players. This research employed descriptive quantitative design. This design allows research to collect and describe the found clusters and factors. The results revealed that the critical success factors are classified into five clusters, namely technical substitution, technical drivers/barriers, application barriers, cost barriers, and raw material supply barriers. Differently from developed countries, the critical vital players' participation, especially from the government, was essential in developing new material for food packages. Keywords: critical success factor, descriptive quantitative, food industry, food packaging, sustainability development goals

In general, the goal of a policy is to achieve public welfare through regulations made by the government. Regulations are generally made because they are required to regulate the interests of the communities. Salt is an important commodity demanded by the people in Indonesia. In adition, Indonesia is a country with the second longest coastline in the world; therefore, it has a potential to produce salt and achieve self-sufficiency. However, the national salt production has not been able to meet the demand for salt, especially in meeting the needs for industrial salt. To overcome this problem, the government issued a policy of procuring salt through imports with the hope that industrial needs are met and simultaneously domestic salt production can be increased. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the government policies related to salt by adopting the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) approach. Data and information were obtained through focus group discussions with relevant stakeholders and literature studies analyzed using the RIA approach. The results of this study concluded that the salt policies in Indonesia, especially related to the policy of salt imports, has not been effective. Strategies and corrective actions must be taken so that they can be optimally effective. Strategies that can be carried out include improving the import salt trade system through strengthening the data collection system, monitoring the running of local salt businesses and enforcing laws. The combination between improving the quality of salt produced by the local farmers and guaranteeing the salt prices at the farmer level will accelerate the achievement of the policy objectives. Keywords: self-sufficiency, public policy, imports, farmers, regulatory impact analysis

Rejuvenation of oil palm has decreasedcredit growth and savings of PT Bank Riau Kepri Capem Flamboyan which may reduce the income. The paper aims to (1) identify constraints and opportunities of farmers related to the rejuvenation of oil palm plantations, (2) analyze external and internal factors, and (3) manage a development strategy of PT Bank Riau Kepri Capem Flamboyan on the rejuvenation of oil palm plantations. Qualitative analysis was used to identify constraints and opportunities related to replanting oil palm plantations. Furthermore, identification external and internal factors was used to conduct quantitative analysis using IFE and EFE matrix. The result shows that scores of IFE and EFE are 2.652 and 3.100, respectively. A a result the position of PT Bank Riau Kepri Capem Flamboyan in the IE matrix is at the second quadrant namely growth and development strategy. The IE matrix were use to formulate SWOT analysis, and resulted 16 alternative strategies. Strategic design to implement employed strategy architecture approach. the study concluded that the routine strategy of PT Bank Riau Kepri Capem Flamboyan is socialization with KUD, mediation between KUD and the government, appoinment KUD counterparts and improvement services to customers . The strategy was divided into three phases. The first is that the bank compete to get cooperation. The second is that rejuvenation begins, and the third period indicates that the oil palm start harvesting. Keywords: EFE, IFE, replanting, strategy architecture, SWOT

The application of teat dipping to control subclinical mastitis especially in small dairy farms is important; however, the application needs additional activity that has an impact on labor usage. This paper aimed to describe the labor usage to apply teat dipping for subclinical mastitis control in the small dairy farms. The convenience sampling techniques applied to select 34 farmers in Bogor as the respondents. Workload analysis and labor productivity were used in examining the application of dot dipping in various small dairy farms in Bogor City to control subclinical mastitis. This study was based on two types of experiments in small dairy farms in Bogor, West Java, namely teat dipping and without teat dipping. The findings show that the application of teat dipping had an impact on three things, namely an increase in labor usage and its workload, an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in the number of subclinical mastitis prevalence. This study concluded that labor was an important factor to control subclinical mastitis in small dairy farms. An increase in labor productivity had an impact on reducing the costs of mastitis treatment and finally increase farmer’s income. Keywords: mastitis, labor, small dairy farms, teat dipping, workload analysis

Poultry industry is faced with a relatively high risk especially for small scale poultry farmers. Therefore, preparedness is needed to deal with risks. Communication in poultry is s essential. Its shown by one of the strategies of national preparedness for facing influenza pandemic, namely communication, information, and education (risk communication). Communication can improve the level of knowledge of farmers. The perceived needs of farmers that emerged include knowledge for a broader implementation of essential biosecurity. This paper aims to find out the standard form of small scale farmers communication with stakeholder and the impact of communication to improve farmers' risk preparedness. The selection of respondents used convineince sampling techniques to 33 farmers. Data analysis used descriptive analysis to found preparedness and communication that is done to reduce hazards. This study found that access communication farmers are Technical Support and Nucleus with two communication approaches, such as technical guidance and personal explanation. The contents of the communication consist of poultry health management, productivity, medicine, biosecurity, cleanliness the cage, and good farming practice. In general, small-scale farmers' preparedness activities in the Bogor district are limited to cleaning the cage regularly and cleaning cage after harvesting. Farmer with more communication activities has a positive impact on preparedness to face risks, especially related to restricting cage access, awareness of cage hygiene, and vaccination. Keywords: preparedness, hazard, livestock, communication

HPAI H5N1 is considered endemic in Indonesian poultry and poses a major challenge to animal and human health authorities. The complex structure of the Indonesian poultry meat value chain is an important reason for the limited efficacy of HPAI control in Indonesia so far. The paper objective is to describe how to implement a push-and-pull strategy in the poultry supply chain to control HPAI infection in Western Java. More specifically, this study investigates the poultry value chain in Western Java in relation to consumers’ behavior and governance of the value chain. Implementation of biosecurity and HPAI control measures was strongly related to the governance structure of the chain, with interactions that accentuating the risk of HPAI. In conclusion, a push strategy, as an incentive mechanism, should be designed in such a way that it pays attention to the interactions between actors in a value chain and their impact on introduction and transmission of disease. Moreover, a pull strategy as an incentive mechanism for consumers forcing producers to improve their production environment into higher levels of biosecurity is expected to be less effective than a push strategy targeting producers. Keywords: avian influenza, biosecurity, consumer preferences, willingness to pay, a push and pull strategy

Global partnerships based on sustainability standards compiled by international NGOs are needed to achieve social, economic and environmentally sustainable development, as well as to deal with global uncertainty in trade and business of agricultural commodities, including coffee in Indonesia. This paper aims to compare the implementation of global partnership standards in coffee between Indonesia and other producer countries. The Study focused on sustainable standard-compliant in coffee such as 4C and Organic certification standards. Trade and sustainability map tools were described. The findings demonstrate that there were only 8 percent and 9 percent of the Indonesian coffee area certified by 4C and Organic, respectively. Indonesia placed at number fourth of 4C implementation in the worldwide after Brazil, Colombia, and Viet Nam. Indonesia is also placed at number fourth of Organic implementation in the worldwide after Mexico, Ethiopia, and Peru. To compete in the potential market, Indonesia’s commitment to implement sustainable standard-compliant in coffee is needed. Therefore, Indonesia has to increase the coverage of sustainability standards certified area to meet the global market demand. The government also should implement the right policies and programs to enhance the sustainability compliance of national coffee stakeholders. Keywords: coffee, global trade partnership, sustainability standards, global value chain

Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) Maju Bersama was formed 3 years ago. SPR Maju Bersama still has some weaknesses in terms of human resource and supply chain performance. Learning organizations are needed for organizations to form an organization that can continuously run independent learning process, so that it has a fast thinking and acting to respond any changes. Therefore, SPR has to implement the learning organization. This paper aims to identify the effect of learning organization on supply chain performance in SPR Maju Bersama. A Model was developed and tested with quantitative and qualitative analysis. A total of 99 members of Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat Maju Bersama were used as data in this study. Quantitative data were analyzed using Structural Equation Mode- Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results showed that learning organization had a positive impact on supply chain performance but not significant. Supply chain driver had a positive and significant impact on supply chain performance. Supply chain driver was significantly impacted by learning organization. Leadership style had a positive and significant impact on learning organization. SPR Maju Bersama needs to optimize its facility and information utility as a strategy to improve its supply chain performance.

Global market provides opportunities for business owners to grow their business. However, to what extent farmers – as one of business owners – take benefits from the global markers remains unclear. This paper aims to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on farmers’ involvement in global supply chain, in turn on farm performance. The data were gathered from a survey of 320 samples of vegetable farmers in three regions in West Java, Indonesia. Using PLS analysis, our findings demonstrate that farmers with higher entrepreneurial orientation (reflected by dimensions of innovativeness, proactiveness, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy), involve more in global supply chain, and gain higher farm performance. Ultimately, the more farmers involve in global supply chain, the higher their farm performance. Our findings provide an empirical support for the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on enabling farmers’ ability to involve in broader supply chains beyond the domestic ones. As a consequence, farmers enjoy better farm performance.

In the perspective of agribusiness, the agricultural commodity has become an economic entity for the actors of businesses to develop the integration of products from upstream to downstream. This paper aimed to analyze any agricultural commodity that had grown into agribusiness commodities in the period 2005 and 2010. The methodology used was to conduct a comparative table of I-O in 2005 and 2010 to identify any agricultural commodity that had: (a) the capability in the creation of high economy through the creation of output; (b) the creation of high added value, and (c) the forward and backward relationships. Growing an agricultural commodity that has been cultivated, the higher the forward and backward linkages with other sectors. Similarly, when the ability of an agricultural commodity in creating added value is higher, the ability in creating economic value is also higher. The results showed that the groups of food commodities had lower capabilities as agricultural commodities compared with the groups of horticulture, plantation, and livestock commodities. The development of primary agricultural commodities into final products can enhance the role of agribusiness commodities. The implication is that the development of downstream industries for the commodities of food, horticulture, plantation and livestock is a strategic step in the creation of output, value added and linkages among the economic sectors.Keywords: agribusiness, agricultural commodities, linkages between sectors, output, added value

Lobsters represent as a valuable commodity to be determined by their length and weight. In Indonesia, the minimum legal size of lobster is 7cm of carapace length and 200 grams of weight, and this is stipulated on regulation of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No.1/2015. Instead of behaving in accordance with the rule, farmers still harvest lobsters as soon as they are of marketable size to reduce the risk of mortality and to generate income instantly. This paper develops a structural equation model partially least square (SEM PLS) to analyze decision making process to harvest lobster in Indonesia. The study established by structural equation modeling partially least square shows that the decision making to harvest lobster is driven by patron-client relationship, time constraint, and working complexity.Keywords: lobster growing activities, decision to harvest, Lombok, SEM PLSABSTRAKLobster sebagai komoditas yang berharga ditentukan oleh ukuran panjang dan berat. Di Indonesia, berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No.1 / 2015, ukuran minimal lobster adalah memiliki panjang karapas 7cm dan berat 200 gram. Pelaku usaha pembesaran lobster justru tidak mentaati aturan yang ada, ukuran lobster yang dipanen justru ditentukan oleh permintaan pasar yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi risiko kematian lobster dan mempercepat waktu dalam memperoleh penghsilan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melakukan analisis keputusan waktu panen lobster di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah model persamaan struktural sebagian least square (SEM PLS). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa keputusan untuk memanen lobster ditentukan oleh hubungan patron dengan klien, keterbatasan waktu, dan kompleksitas pekerjaan.Kata kunci: kegiatan pembesaran lobster, keputusan waktu panen, Lombok, SEM PLS

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper was to formulate institutional transformation strategies for rural economic institutions gapoktan and LKM-A (Micro Finance Institution-Agribusiness) in order to support agribusiness development in the rural areas. The method used is the institutional case study approach on gapoktan and LKM-A in Bojonegoro and Lumajang regencies. The performance of gapoktan and LKM-A’s lending and saving businesses in Bojonegoro and Lumajang regencies indicates a moderate level but open to opportunity on positive and higher trend if there are efforts to transform and improve toward progressive institutions. The performance of gapoktan and LKM-A in creating and assisting businesses in Bojonegoro and Lumajang was indicated at mid-level, but the chance to improve the performance were there if there is an attempt to transform and improve the institutions. Better gapoktan and LKM-A performance could be characterized by the support of complete organizational structure of these institutions along with strong role of each part enabling effective coordination system, the well development of the direct cash support of PUAP, and with the diversity of productive economic activities. The strategies to transform gapoktan and LKM-A institutions could be implemented through: 1) the addition of new structures following the integrated agribusiness system with the reliable support from LKM-A; 2) the focused expansion and/or the strengthening of clear economic objectives to be achieved; 3) the development of horizontal solid bond on economic activities; 4) the addition of new and familiar economic activities to the existing ones. The gapoktan institution is projected to have legal support as farmers-owned business entity, while the LKM-A could be transformed into cooperative institutions, such as lending and saving cooperative or various businesses cooperatives. Keywords: microfinance, gapoktan, LKM-A, rural areas, transformABSTRAKTujuan makalah ini adalah merumuskan strategi transformasi kelembagaan gapoktan dan Lembaga Keuangan Mikro-Agribisnis (LKM-A) mendukung pengembangan agribsinis di perdesaan. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan studi kasus melalui kajian kelembagaan gapoktan dan LKMA di Kabupaten Bojonegoro dan Lumajang. Kelembagaan gapoktan dan unit usaha simpan pinjam/LKM-A di Kabupaten Bojonegoro dan Lumajang menunjukkan kinerja pada level moderat dan berpeluang untuk berkembang jika ditranformasikan ke arah kelembagaan yang lebih maju. Kinerja Gapoktan dan LKM-A dalam menciptakan dan membantu usaha-usaha di Kabupaten Bojonegoro dan Kabupaten Lumajang terindikasi pada level menengah namun ada kesempatan untuk membaik bila ada usaha untuk transformasi dan memperbaiki institusi tersebut. Kinerja kelembagaan gapoktan dan LKM-A yang baik ditunjukkan oleh terbangunnya struktur organisasi gapoktan dan LKM-A secara cukup lengkap, peran masing-masing bagian telah dimainkan dengan baik, sistem koordinasi berjalan cukup efektif, berkembangnya dana BLM PUAP, dan makin beragamnya kegiatan usaha ekonomi produktif. Strategi transformasi kelembagaan gapoktan dan LKM-A dapat dilakukan dengan: 1) penambahan struktur baru, mengikuti sistem dan usaha agribisnis terpadu yang didukung oleh kelembagaan LKM-A yang handal; 2) perluasan dan atau pendalaman tujuan yang ingin dicapai kelembagan gapoktan dan LKM-A; 3) pembentukan ikatan-ikatan horisontal secara lebih kuat; 4) penambahan dan pendalaman aktivitas ekonomi baru pada aktivitas yang telah ada. Perlu dilakukan transformasi kelembagaan gapoktan menjadi kelembagaan yang berbadan hukum dengan akta notaris seperti badan usaha milik petani. Sementara itu, LKM-A dapat ditransformasikan menjadi koperasi simpan pinjam atau koperasi serba usaha. Kata kunci: keuangan mikro, gapoktan, LKM-A, ekonomi perdesaan, transformasi

There has been an increase in demand for organic products in Indonesia along with the incessant slogan of healthy living. In terms of small farmers, organic farming is proven to provide increased income, unfortunately, there is no clear system and strategy in developing organic agriculture in Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to understand the role of key stakeholders in Cisarua Horticulture Organic Farming. Stakeholder analysis used in this research to get knowledge about the actors, their behavior, relationships and their influence on decision - making processes. The information is used to develop the farm strategies, to reach the farm goals and to assess the feasibility of policy directions. The methodology used is the Soft System Methodology (SSM). SSM is an organizational process modeling method that can be used for general problem resolution and change management. Rich picture, Root definitions, and conceptual model were presented in the paper. Data were taken using focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with the farm staffs, farmers of the sustainable horticulture organic farming farm in Cisarua, Indonesia, and national organic farming association. From Stakeholders analysis, four main results were obtained: identifying the relationship among stakeholders; conflicts among them; the stakeholders’ role in farm; and the stakeholders’ interest towards farm program. In conclusion; focusing on one hauler only, investing in seed horticulture products, improving the quality of horticulture products, and mentoring for small-scale farmers were identified as a critical action for the strategy in the organic farming farm in Cisarua, Indonesia. The policy implications of this research are basically to see the contribution of actors in making a strategy.

Consolidation program is expected to solve the problems of land fragmentation and increase the welfare of farmers. This paper described: 1) the concept of farm consolidation, 2) analysis of the implementation of programs based on farm consolidation, and 3) analysis of the determinant factors on the success of the program. The data were obtained by searching for references on: 1) the concept of consolidation in order to obtain relevant concepts which were used to analyze the consolidation program and dynamics of the existing farm; 2) the Governmental consolidation-based program whose implementation was required to be observed and analyzed; 3) analysis of the program that has been implemented to learn factors that affect the success of the program. Based on the search and analysis from forty references, it can be concluded that consolidation program is the incorporation of the individuals involved in farming in focusing towards management of assets in a larger group to achieve higher margins and welfare. Focus of the management asset was addressed in the 8 aspects, namely: 1) Land as the basis of farm-consolidation, 2) Commodities; 3) management of on-farm; 4) Management on off-farm; 5) Vertical management; 6) Horizontal management; 7) environmental management; and 8) Centralized management. The determinant factors on the success of the program were the 6 of the 8 aspects of management indicating that the management aspect is very important in farm-consolidation program. Consolidation program requires actual action during the implementation or operation on what to be done and who is doing what (who does what) to achieve the agreed objectives (blue print) that must be completed with general guidelines, implementation guidelines and technical instructions.Keywords: concept, consolidation, farming, welfare of farmersABSTRAKProgram konsolidasi diharapkan dapat memecahan masalah fragmentasi lahan sekaligus meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani. Makalah ini mengemukakan: 1) konsep konsolidasi usaha tani; 2) menganalisis implementasi program berbasis konsolidasi usaha tani dan 3) Menganalisis faktor-faktor berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan program. Metode yang digunakan adalah melakukan penelusuran referensi terhadap: 1) Konsep konsolidasi agar diperoleh konsep yang relevan untuk menganalisis program konsolidasi usaha tani serta dinamika yang ada. 2) Program-program pemerintah yang berbasis konsolidasi untuk dicermati dan dianalisis implementasinya. 3) Menganalisis program yang telah diimplementasi untuk dikaji kemudian diintisarikan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan program. Hasil penelusuran dan analisa yang dilakukan terhadap 40 pustaka disimpulkan bahwa konsolidasi lahan adalah program penggabungan individu yang terlibat dalam usaha tani dalam memfokuskan aset dan manajemen yang dimiliki ke dalam kelompok yang lebih besar untuk mencapai margin dan kesejahteraan lebih tinggi. Fokus aset manajemen ditujukan dalam delapan hal, yaitu 1) lahan sebagai basis konsolidasi; 2) komoditas; 3) menegemen on-farm/hulu; 4) manajemen off-farm/hilir; 5) manajemen vertikal; 6) manajemen horizontal;7) manajemen lingkungan dan 8) manajemen terpusat. Faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilan program adalah aspek manajemen yang mencapai enam dari delapan aspek yang menunjukkan pentingnya manajemen atau tatalaksana dalam program konsolidasi. Implikasinya, program konsolidasi memerlukan tindakan nyata dalam pelaksanaan atau operasional menyangkut kejelasan apa yang dilakukan dan siapa mengerjakan apa untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah disepakati yang harus dilengkapi dengan pedoman umum, petunjuk pelaksanaan dan petunjuk teknis. Kata kunci: konsep, konsolidasi, usaha tani, kesejahteraan petani