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The purpose of this literature review is to discuss PEEP (Positive End Ekspiratory Pressure) and CVP (Central Venous Pressure) in patients who have ventilators. Adequate interpretation is needed by nurses who make direct observations about the patient's actual volume status without the influence of expiratory end pressure due to the administration of PEEP to patients who are attached to a ventilator. Study of this literature through a search of scientific publications using the database Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct. Pubmed. Criteria for inclusion of this research article on PEEP and CVP in patients who are ventilators with publications between 2010-2017. This study shows that the effect of changing CVP values greatly influences hemodynamics and fluid status in the patient's body and determines the next interventions that will be given to patients so that changes in CVP values with PEEP in patients who are fitted with mechanical ventilators are needed in order to determine a meaningful CVP value. Based on this description, it is recommended that research studies related to changes in the conversion of CVP values with PEEP.

Hemodialysis is a therapy in patients with kidney failure associated with inflammatory processes and malnutrition. This systematic review aims to identify and assess the effectiveness of nursing interventions that have an impact on the nutritional status of patients with hemodialysis. A systematic search was carried out in several international data bases, namely: PuBMED, ProQUEST, and Science Direct. We included 9 studies related to intervention to improve the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients who have been tested for quality with CASP and JBI. There are 3 studies evaluating educational and information interventions, 3 studies evaluating enriched food supplementation, 2 studies evaluating dietary interventions, and 1 studi evaluating physical exercise interventions. The studi included significant results on positive changes in the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients, ie there was an increase in food intake, nutritional laboratory markers, anthropometrics and there was a decrease in serum trigleserid levels, IDGW lines and dry weight, and no PEM condition was found after the intervention was given in time certain. The choice of education and information interventions, the provision of enriched food supplements, diet and physical exercise can provide a good effect on improving the nutritional status of patients with hemodialysis, but resources and cost effectiveness need to be taken into consideration.

Background: Application of low salt diet interventions to reduce health complaints and the risk of heart disease in hemodialysis patients. Method: Search related articles through scientific publications by entering keywords in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases Results: From the 6 articles reviewed, the low salt diet intervention gave changes to systolic and diastolic blood pressure, provided a change in the level of sodium excretion, changes in quality of life and had self efficacy against salt reduction. Conclusion: It is important for nurses, especially hemodialysis nurses, to optimize education regarding the importance of a low-salt diet of less than 2 grams per day through food and beverages consumed, or in the process of preparing and cooking food.

Background: Self-management programs are very important in the care of patients with COPD as an independent intervention in an effort to improve health status. Aim: Of this systematic review is to find out the form of self-management intervention in COPD patients, an instrument to measure the outcomes of self-management and the effects of self-management programs in COPD patients. Methods : Used are electronic data bases from journals published through ProQuest, PubMed., And ScienceDirect. Results: Of a review of 9 selected journals stated that self-management programs had an influence on increasing lung capacity, exercise capacity and health-related quality of life compared to patients who experienced standard care. The research instrument was used to measure lung capacity using spirometry, Exercise capacity used a six-minute walking distance (6MWD), Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) and the Endurance Shuttle Walk Test (ESWT), and health-related quality of life measured by St George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). The results showed that the effects of self-management programs benefited in the quality of care, reduced the number of days of hospital care and did not increase the number of deaths. Conclusion: Self-management programs in COPD patients provide the ability to manage disease so that it can increase lung capacity, exercise capacity and quality of life related to health. Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exercise capasity, lung capacity self management program, quality of life

Background : Critical thinking of nursing students have to be increased considering the importance of these things in making decisions, problem solving and clinical judgment and supported by self confidence. Although critical thinking and self confidence are important, but all of students are not able to do that. For this reason, clinical instructor have to make innovation through learning methods to achieve this. The purpose of this literature review is to identify the clinical learning method affecting the critical thinking and self confidence of nursing students. Method : the data base used in making this review of literature are Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar published in 2007-2018. Result : From the 12 articles used in this literature review , it was found that in order to improve the critical thinking and self confidence of nursing students in a clinical environment, the clinical supervisor can use student-centered learning methods and can even involve patients. The learning methods include simulation, nursing round method, demonstration models , clinical conference , and concept map pimg . Conclusion : the learning method affected the critical thinking and self confidence of nursing students including clinical conference, simulations, demonstration models, concept mapping and nursing rounds. Therefore the supervisor must be able to know and choose what method is appropriate for clinical guidance .

Background: Stress is one of the problems in the nursing profession. The incidence of stress in nurses is quite high due to various factors. Pediatric nursing is a specialization unit that focuses on stress. Stress on nurses in addition to health, also affects freedom to stop work and turnover, patient care becomes ineffective, indifference to patients and colleagues and medical errors. The purpose of this literature is to discuss stress, stressors, and stress that can be used to treat stress. Methods: search for scientific articles using a database including, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and searches in 2009-2018 with keywords "stress nurses", child nurses "" child nurses "," stress "and" stress management "Get 15 fulltext articles. Results: Child nurses who use stress by working in special units and some stress management that can be used to overcome stress experienced by nurses. Conclusion: Some literature has said that pediatric nurses discuss stress caused by various factors. Therefore, stress management is needed that can be used to reduce stress in patients.Keywords: stress nurses, pediatric nurses, and stress management