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An employment relationship is a relationship that occurs between workers/laborers and employers who bind themselves through an employment agreement. An employment agreement is the basis for an employment relationship, whether it is carried out for a certain period or an indefinite period. There has been a change in the Law regarding limiting the period of implementation of a contract work agreement, so that it causes injustice to workers. It is feared that the change in regulation will provide the status of lifelong contract workers/laborers. The methodology used in this study is normative legal research, using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The purpose of this study is to see the difference in legal protection for contract workers before and after the change in the Manpower Law. After seeing the difference in legal protection for contract workers. The results of the study indicate that changes in the unlimited work period of contract workers provide legal protection for the normative rights of contract workers that are not good, so it is necessary to conduct a material test at the Constitutional Court as a form of repressive legal protection for all levels of society, especially contract workers. How to cite item: Soba, Giovani Marco Tarani, Sunarjo, and Ariyanti. “Legal Protection for Contract Workers Post Changes to Labor Laws.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 14 no. 3 (2023):265-278. DOI: 10.26905/idjch.v14i3.11216.

This study aims to analyze the legal regulations regarding the adoption of children of Indonesian citizens by foreign nationals through a court decision process because in this case, the adoption is not a dispute which is then made into a decision, in accordance with the HIR stating that the decision was taken because of a lawsuit. This means that there must be a dispute between the disputing parties. Government Regulation 54 of 2007 concerning the Adoption of Children, contradicts article 184 HIR and needs to be reviewed because this regulation conflicts with the Criminal Procedure Code. Civil evidence is determined by very restrictive evidence, namely the judge in considering his decision is very fixated on the existing evidence. In this case, formal evidence is an authentic letter, namely a letter issued by an authorized agency made by an official who has been sworn in for an act. However, the letter may become inauthentic if a court decision overturns it; as long as there is no cancellation, the judge is bound by an authentic letter because the evidence is perfect evidence, so if the decision to adopt a child becomes void if there is a court decision that cancels it. How to cite item: Aisyiah, C., Wisnuwardhani, D. (2022). Notary, public official or public official: implications for the position of notary. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 13(3), 242-252. DOI:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v13i3.9012.

Social control is a form of monitoring whether or not a public policy is made from the planning and implementation stages in the community. Social control aims to prevent or treat so that the government does not set deviant actions or rules that can harm the community. So it is fitting for community groups to control and supervise the policies made by the government. However, it cannot be denied that there are still many policies that are made detrimental to the community and violate the public interest. This study analyzes inappropriate government policies in the community, using the empirical juridical method with a concept approach, a case approach, and a law approach. The results of this study indicate that several violations occurred due to government policies, so total control from the community is needed that can be carried out using a citizen lawsuit mechanism. The citizen lawsuit is the suitable lawsuit model to demand the Government evaluate and improve all efforts and policies to overcome problems detrimental to the community. How to cite item: Sinaga, P., Wiratama, F., Indriati, F., Rahayu, D., Sunarjo, S. (2022). Social control of government policy through the citizen lawsuit mechanism. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 13(2), 123-134. DOI:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v13i2.7875.

International trademark regulation is based on the Paris Convention and The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) while in Indonesia the regulation regarding trademark has undergone several changes, most recently Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indication. A trademark can be said to be a well-known trademark if it meets the criteria for a well-known trademark, but the latest Indonesia trademark law does not clearly explain the criteria for it. This study uses a normative juridical approach. This approach focuses on examining literature materials such as legislation and other relevant sources. This study examines the criteria for a well-known trademark by making comparisons between existing laws in Indonesia and countries and examines what legal remedies can be taken if a violation occurs. The results of this study indicate that there are several criteria for a well-known trademark that can be applied in Indonesia from the regulations of other countries to provide legal certainty. Some of these criteria are records of successful use of marks, trademarks that have been registered in various countries and those that are not yet in the Indonesian legal system, namely special registration of a well-known trademark. For legal measures against infringement of the well-known trademark, it can be done in court (litigation) or outside the court (non-litigation) such as dispute resolution through arbitration. How to cite item: Aldison, K. D. Sunarjo., Djaja, Hendra. (2021). Kajian yuridis tentang merek terkenal dan upaya hukum terhadap pelanggarannya. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 12(1), 41-50.doi:10.26905/idjch.v12i1.5723.

This demurrage problem has an impact on business operators or companies owning coal because it usually has to be burdened by the payment of demurrage fines that could have resulted in increased costs incurred by businesses in transporting coal. In fact, these legal issues arise due to the lack of caution of business actors when agreeing on an agreement. Then only comes legal awareness when an agreed agreement is problematic. This type of research is empirical legal research with interview and observation data collection methods. The conclusion of the research is that the application of the demurrage clause in the coal purchase agreement at PT. Sinar Rejeki Ekonomi starts with an agreement in the agreement regarding the party's burden in the event of demurrage. In the event of a demurrage, the buyer imposes compensation costs to the seller which is deemed to be late based on the total number of days anchored minus the agreed laytime days so that the amount of delay is found. The length of day the laytime is determined by the buyer is calculated based on the total capacity of the mother vessel load and the daily target set by the buyer and the legal consequences of the demurrage clause in the coal purchase agreement at PT. Sinar Rejeki Ekonomi is when a demurrage occurs, the seller is obliged to pay compensation arising from the duration of the demurrage. How to cite item: Sunarjo, S., Darmanto, T. (2020). Klausula demurrage dalam perjanjian jual beli batubara dan akibat hukumnya. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 11(2), 231-239. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v11i2.4408

Go-Jek is present in Indonesia as one of the application-based online transportation. GO-JEK Indonesia which provides various service features, one of which is Go-Food. Go-Food is a food delivery service for consumers who want certain foods in a restaurant. In practice, there are obstacles in the form of orders by irresponsible consumers with cash payments, namely fictitious orders and cancellation of orders when food has been paid by Mitra to restaurants. This study uses empirical research methods that will examine 3 (three) problems, namely the legal relationship between the parties in the Go-Food feature, GO-JEK Indonesia's responsibilities, and legal protection against the Go-Jek driver who suffered losses in terms of using features Go-Food by irresponsible consumers. In the use of the Go-Jek application, the parties are subject to an electronic partnership agreement. This agreement is classified as a standard agreement and contains several standard clauses which are prohibited by law which result in the agreement being declared null and void. So it is hoped that this research can help the parties to review the clause on the agreement made and the losses experienced by the Go-Jek driver in using the Go-Food feature by irresponsible consumers can be reduced. How to cite item: Putri Augustti, V., Sunarjo, S. (2018). Tanggung Jawab PT Go-Jek Indonesia terhadap Kerugian yang Diderita Pengemudi Go-Jek Melalui Fitur Go-Food. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 9(1), 89-98. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v9i1.2119

Law protection became a basic element in law relation which had justice dimension. Without law protection, law relation got imbalance which would make conflict inter party. On philosophy dimension, law protection included 3 aspects. The dimensions were ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontology contemplated the essence and the meaning of something. Epistemology contemplated the way or the method to reach something, and axiologyelaborated the benefit or the use of something. Law protection had a meaning as a protection using law as the medium or a protection which was accommodated by law. It was directed to a certain interest relating to the law. Technically it was by making an interest which was needed to protect into a law right. In law relation of business transaction payment using credit card, it involved 3 parties, namely issuing bank (the bank which issued the card), card holder (the one who held the card) andmerchant (the places which accepted the payment using credit card). The three parties had a different law relation. The parties, especially the card holder, had to be protected legally so they did not suffer financial loss when they did transaction and when they did payment using credit card. Perlindungan hukum menjadi elemen mendasar dalam hubungan hukum yang berdimensi keadilan. Tanpa perlindungan hukum, hubungan hukum diwarnai ketimpangan yang akan menimbulkan pertentangan antar pihak. Pada dimensi filsafat, perlindungan hukum itu menyangkut tiga aspek. Dimensi dimaksud adalah ontologi, epistimologi, dan aksiologi. Ontologi berkontemplasi tentang hakekat atau makna sesuatu. Epistimologi berkontemplasi tentang cara atau metode mencapai sesuatu, dan aksiologi mengelaborasi manfaat atau kegunaan sesuatu hal. Perlindungan hukum mempunyai makna sebagai perlindungan dengan menggunakan sarana hukum atau perlindungan yang diakomodasikan oleh hukum, ditujukan kepada perlindungan terhadap kepentingan tertentu dalam hubungan hukum. Teknisnya adalah dengan cara menjadikan kepentingan yang perlu dilindungi tersebut ke dalam sebuah hak hukum. Pada hubungan hukum berupa pembayaran transaksi bisnis dengan kartu kredit, melibatkan tiga pihak, yaitu issuing bank (bank yang mengeluarkan kartu), card holder (pemegang kartu) dan merchant (tempat-tempat yang mau menerima pembayaran dengan kartu kredit). Antara ketiga pihak tersebut mempunyai hubungan hukum yang berbeda. Para pihak tersebut terutama pemegang kartu kredit harus dilindungi secara hukum sehingga tidak mengalami kerugian ketika bertransaksi dan melakukan pembayaran dengan kartu kredit.

Indonesia was constitutional state based on Pancasila. Thus, it was called Pancasila constitutional state.It wasdifferent from Rechtsstaat or the rule of law. All regulations in Indonesia might not contradict Pancasila as thesource of all constitution. Pancasila constitutional state had a special characteristic namely the harmonyrelation between government and people based on harmony principle: functional relation which was proportionalamong the powers; the balance between right and obligation; the guarantee to the freedom of religion inpositive connotation; good relation between religion and state; and the solution principle of disagreementthrough discussion and judicature as the last medium. Based on the last characteristic, it could be known thatthe solution for every quarrel or disagreement that happened was discussion to reach an agreement. If it did notwork, then the judicature as the last way was taken fairly based on value of Pancasila. Besides, judicature alsohad to be done as the principles of good judicature.

An analysis to the comparison between Indonesian law and Malaysian law toward the imbalance of standard agreement shows that in Indonesia, every agreement or contract must fulfill the requirement of agreement legality as it is arranged in article 1320 KUHP civil. If the requirement is not fulfilled, the agreement law can be cancelled, even the agreement is cancelled for the sake of law. Standard agreement is made unilaterally. The content is more beneficial to the party that makes it (dominant party) and it inflicts a loss upon the party that accepts the agreement (debtor). In Malaysia, agreement and contract are the two different things. Every contract is agreement but not every agreement is as valuable as contract. Contract causes a law implication while agreement does not cause a law implication. Every contract must fulfill a contract character: there is an offer, receipt, reply, intention to realize the legal relation and to be protected by law; ability to make a contract; requirement certainty; and free wish (not being asked or insisted). Standard agreement is arranged in goods selling certificate 1957; it is legally permitted there is a standard article in the standard agreement consisting the limitation of charge guarantee for business doer that inflicts a loss upon the party receiving the contract. Analisis terhadap perbandingan hukum Indonesia dan Malaysia terhadap ketakseimbangan dalam perjanjian baku menunjukkan bahwa di Indonesia setiap perjanjian atau kontrak harus memenuhi syarat sahnya perjanjian sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Tidak dipenuhinya syarat tersebut berakibat hukum perjanjian dapat dibatalkan, bahkan perjanjian batal demi hukum. Perjanjian baku dibuat secara sepihak. Isinya lebih menguntungkan pihak yang membuat (pihak yang dominan) dan merugikan bagi pihak yang menerima perjanjian (debitur). Di Malaysia antara perjanjian dengan kontrak merupakan dua hal yang berbeda. Setiap kontrak adalah perjanjian tetapi tidak setiap perjanjian bernilai kontrak. Kontrak menimbulkan implikasi hukum sedangkan perjanjian tidak menimbulkan implikasi hukum. Setiap kontrak harus memenuhi karakter kontrak, yaitu ada tawaran, ada penerimaan, ada balasan, niat mewujudkan hubungan yang sah dan dilindungi hukum; kebolehan membuat perjanjian kontrak; kepastian syarat dan terma kontrak; dan kehendak bebas (bukan disuruh atau dipaksa). Perjanjian baku diatur dalam Akta Jualan Barangan 1957 diperkenankan adanya klausula baku dalam perjanjian baku yang berisi pembatasan tanggung gugat pelaku usaha, yang sangat merugikan bagi pihak yang menerima kontrak.

Profession ethics was a dimensional concept, not only in perspective philosophy that became a principle ofmethodical and systematical elaboration about norm and value which provided the basis of human act. Ethicsas a normative science was dealing with norm or value which decided to evaluate someone whether (s) he is agood or bad human. Profession as a lawyer adhered to someone after doing some steps: having a title as masterof law, joining Training Special for Lawyer Profession (PKPA), passing the examination of Lawyer Professiontest (UPA), being an apprentice at least 2 years in a lawyer office, and being inaugurated in an open or publiccourt in an appellate court. The realization of noble profession (Officium Nobile) was that every lawyer inimplementing their professions had to obey to the profession ethics (code of ethics) and regulation of legislation.One of the most important things was fully obeying the lawyer oath. The thesis was when every lawyerobeyed the three things and it would have good effect for the lawyer and also for the clients and for the nationtoo.

Sistem perdagangan yang sedang berkembang di dunia saat ini adalah E-banking, yaitu sistem perdagangansecara elektronik (E-Commerce) yang telah mengubah interaksi antara nasabah dengan bank dari interaksilangsung menjadi interaksi tidak langsung. Salah satu penerapan E-banking yang telah dimanfaatkan olehmasyarakat luas adalah transaksi pengambilan atau transfer dana lewat Automatic Teller Machine (ATM).Kemudahan pembayaran ini di satu sisi menguntungkan bagi nasabah bank karena pembayaran dapat dilakukandengan praktis dan cepat, tetapi di sisi lain juga dapat menimbulkan masalah hukum. Banyaknya kasuskasuspembobolan ATM dengan berbagai modus operandi akan menimbulkan kerugian yang diderita olehnasabah bank pengguna transaksi E-banking melalui ATM.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa banyak peraturan yang memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadapnasabah pengguna transaksi E-banking melalui ATM, seperti UU Perbankan, UU Bank Indonesia, UUPerlindungan Konsumen, UU Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa, maupun beberapa Peraturan Bank Indonesiatentang Penyelesaian Pengaduan Nasabah dan Mediasi Perbankan. Sedangkan bagi nasabah pengguna transaksiE-banking melalui ATM yang dirugikan dapat melakukan upaya hukum baik melalui jalur di luar pengadilanmaupun jalur pengadilan. Jalur di luar pengadilan dapat melalui mediasi, konsiliasi, atau arbitrase. Sedangkanjalur pengadilan dapat dilakukan dengan mengajukan gugatan dengan alas hak wanprestasi ataupun perbuatanmelawan hukum.