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Descriptive bibliometric analysis seeks to present the characteristics of published scientific papers that examine the phenomena of "women", "entrepreneurship" and "education". Using standard bibliographic and bibliometrics indicators, the specifics of publications from the point of publishing dynamics, belonging to different scientific areas, characteristics of a publication source, individual or joint authorship, geographical distribution, published content and citation metrics are presented. The research results rely on analytical tools provided by Scopus and BibExcel, while a Wordcloud text generator was used to create some of the graphical presentations. A total of 330 papers dated in the period from 1976 to 2020, were published in a total of 198 journals indexed in the SCOPUS database. Created as a result of individual research work or in collaboration with 811 different authors, the content of these works falls into one of 22 categories of research areas. The observed papers were cited by 4976 other documents indexed in the Scopus database. This study should be considered as a systematization of articles published in eminent scientific journals and should motivate other authors to conduct further researches in the field of bibliometrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to study whether entrepreneurial performance can be explained by entrepreneurial orientation among female entrepreneurs in Kenya. This empirical research is based on the data from 301 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in Kenya. A linear multiple regression analysis on the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on entrepreneurial performance among female entrepreneurs was conducted. The paper focused on the five aspects of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovativeness, pro-activeness, competitive aggressiveness, and, autonomy) and their ability to prompt entrepreneurial performance which was defined as firm performance, development of personal wealth, and social performance. Social performance was rather well predicted by entrepreneurial orientation (by 4 out of 5 aspects), whereas firm performance was only limitedly predicted by entrepreneurial orientation (only by 2 out of 5 aspects) and development of personal wealth was not predicted by entrepreneurial orientation at all (by 0 out of 5 aspects). On the other hand, we see that the entrepreneurial orientation aspects of innovativeness and pro-activeness have the most predictive value (for 2 out of 3 entrepreneurial performance indicators), whereas risk-taking and autonomy have only limited predictive value (for only 1 out of 3 entrepreneurial performance indicators) and competitive aggressiveness has no predictive value at all (for 0 out of 3 entrepreneurial performance indicators). The paper is based on own-collected empirical data. The paper indicates that the benefits of aligning high levels of entrepreneurial orientation are not unanimous but vary across the different aspects of entrepreneurial orientation and the different entrepreneurial performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identify the sources of work-family conflict among Iranian women entrepreneurs and bridge the academic gap in this area. In this regard, the paper tries to employ opportunity- and necessity-driven entrepreneurship theory. The qualitative approach was used by conducting 15 in-depth interviews with Iranian women entrepreneurs in the Semnan province. According to the results, Sources of work-family conflict for Iranian women entrepreneurs were categorized into: social, cultural, family, and personal categories. These sources are different from opportunity- and necessity-driven Iranian women entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of female entrepreneurship in Serbia is the main topic of this paper. The analysis of entrepreneurship takes into account the underrepresentation of women in the self-employed population. Studies analyzing entrepreneurial intention, self-efficacy, and self-perceived employability similarly show a lower representation of women choosing the professional path of entrepreneurs. Studies on institutional support for women who participate in entrepreneurship programs are rare. Therefore, determining how participation in institutionally sponsored active labor market policy programs influences the growth of female entrepreneurship in Serbia is the purpose of this paper. According to the results of this research, Serbia has a substantial gender difference in self-employment. Less than one-third of business owners are women. Women made up almost half of those taking part in entrepreneurship training. In 2021 and 2022, they received more than half of all subsidies for entrepreneurs. However, these findings do not significantly affect the trend of self-employment in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a study of women entrepreneurs running MSMEs in South Wales, a region characterised as having a weak entrepreneurial culture compared to other parts of the UK (Fotopoulos and Storey, 2017). One reason for this weakness is perceived to be a lack of entrepreneurship education and in this paper we investigate the hypothesis behind this - that more entrepreneurship education has a positive effect on business success. The investigation consisted of three parts; a set of 59 questions (n=150), followed by a series of face-to-face interviews (n=37), and finally some detailed discussions (n=5). The main finding is that the hypothesis that entrepreneurship education makes a positive contribution to the success of women entrepreneurs needs to be modified to reflect the fact that it is entrepreneurial learning through technologically enabled networks that has such an effect, as it no longer makes sense in the age of social media to separate education from asynchronous networked learning, or to separate the technology from the networking within that learning. The practical implication of this research is that enterprise education courses and programmes designed to support female entrepreneurs need to take better account of the way such women learn. The limitation of the research is that the sample is from a relatively technologically enabled population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female entrepreneurship is still a limited phenomenon in European countries and its promotion ranks high on the EU policy agenda. Various frameworks have been offered to explain the main structural differences in entrepreneurship between men and women, emphasizing a variety of underlying factors. With a novel approach, this paper argues that due to a process of generation renewal the numerical difference between male and female entrepreneurship will diminish. Generation replacement is seen by sociologists and other social scientists as the motor behind cultural renewal. Our core interest in this paper in developing such a dynamic interpretation within the European context is the role of different generations (Silent Generation, Babyboomers, Generation X, Millennials). Younger cohorts of females are hypothesized to be more pro entrepreneurship and pro self-employment both in terms of attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, compared to older cohorts. They are furthermore assumed to converge with their male generation members in this regard. This paper empirically tests these two hypotheses by analyzing multi cross-sectional European data from the Eurobarometer over a span of thirty-five years (1980-2015). Results show that this generational approach sheds new light on explaining trends in female entrepreneurship. We find evidence of an increased growth in female entrepreneurship that can be attributed to generation replacement. This rise in total female entrepreneurship is characterized by diversity among European countries in the study. Positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship are essential to considering future self-employment. Education is a key factor. Female entrepreneurship, it is predicted, will become more prominent in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the average level of matching the self-assessment and real-life scenario digital competences questions of Serbian female entrepreneurs using an online survey. The authors focused on the questions which belong to the first two areas of the Digital Competence Framework (DigComp). The online survey consisted of four general, and 71 self-assessment and lifescenario combined questions. The survey was distributed and used from the 5th February until the 5th March 2021. Results showed that the average matching levels of both areas were higher than 50% (medium). On the other side, according to the authors, they were not on a satisfactory level. The females' best performances in matching (above 80%) were in the "Browsing, searching, and filtering data, information and digital content" (segment of the first area) and "Interacting through digital technologies" (segment of the second area). Opposite, respondents' lowest matching level performances were in the "Managing data, information and digital content" (part of the first area) and "Sharing through digital technologies", and "Engaging in citizenship through digital technologies" (part of the second area). The results of the conducted research show that female entrepreneurs should pay more attention to required competences for organizing data in digital environments and on competences directed to digital society services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general accounts of black soap production, it is traced to West Africa. And prominent across, Ghana, Benin Republic, Cote de Ivoire and Nigeria. However, this paper examines the nature of entrepreneurship associated with black soap production and trade in Ibadan of the twentieth century. The work analyses how women dominated the industry and its interface between the village and Ibadan city markets. The work locates the characteristics of innovation and market development imaged by women to earn livelihoods in black soap trade in Ibadan city and village. The paper uses the Asuwada sociation theory to explain the entrepreneurial resilience of women in Olode village. The work uses the historical approach to examine the city-village interface. Oral interviews were conducted with women involved in production and trade since the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the evaluation of the position of women entrepreneurs in Serbia in the aftermath of COVID19 outbreak. The research aims to shed light on the main threats and constraints which women entrepreneurs in Serbia are currently facing due to the global pandemic. We hypothesize that women entrepreneurs in Serbia are particularly affected by the negative effects of COVID19 health crisis. With that regard, the standard desk-research method - the analysis and comparison of secondary data was combined with the case study method that included ten in-depth interviews with selected women entrepreneurs in Serbia during the period January - February 2021. The main conclusions are that empowering women entrepreneurs through various support programs as well as financial assistance provided by the state should be in the focus of decision-makers in the years to come. Furthermore, women entrepreneurs in Serbia should consider regional networking as well as entering the new markets as alternative survival strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's modern society, entrepreneurship is considered to be the driver of economic and social development and the important source of competitive advantage. With that regard and taking into account the empirically proven positive relationship between the gender equality and the level of sustainable economic and social development, the subject of this paper is the assessment of the position of women entrepreneurs in Serbia. The main objective is to identify business and environmental barriers with which female entrepreneurs are confronted. The results of conducted research suggest that there exists a huge potential for the development of women entrepreneurship in Serbia. The women entrepreneurs in Serbia are confronted to significant barriers in their everyday business activities especially taking into account the difficulties in accessing the necessary information about potential markets and technology and even the potential sources for their financing. At the same time they are facing with family care activities and other social norms within the community in which they live. The results are useable for creating supportive and encouraging environment for entrepreneurship in Serbia, especially for women-owned enterprises during business development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional myths such as the poor are misfit to manage smart technologies or that women-led rural enterprises generally fall through faster than men managed ones - have since been broken as evidenced by various empirical studies. However, the research on solar energy enterprises managed by women, particularly in rural or peri-urban areas, has remained largely elusive while the impact of such womenled entrepreneurial energy-based start-ups has significant personal, social and community level consequential impacts. A range of institutional arrangements that support these entrepreneurs starting from identifying, training to building and sustaining of such start-ups are explored and evaluated in this paper. This paper shows that not only do women collectively run these enterprises but they also successfully incubate others in the community. The context of solar energy in rural communities has become all the more important for both a practitioner as well as a theoretical understanding of women entrepreneurship. This research deploys a qualitative method approach that uses both primary and secondary data; this is then put through a lens of systematic thematic analysis for discussion. The work contributes to policy discussions as well as build an empirical knowledge of how women-led solar technology-based enterprises are built, managed, sustained and scaled in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business excellence model has a key role in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of European organizations in enhancing the importance of quality in all aspects of its activities and stimulating and assisting in the development of quality improvement. This paper represents part of research of quality and human resources impact on EFQM among 70 organizations on the territory of Republic of Serbia. Woman entrepreneurs as respondents contributed to this research by telling their subjective attitude and rating offered claims. The analysis proves that variable Quality significantly influences EFQM model unlike variable Human resources which has lower impact. Purpose of this research lays in creating a sustainable model of success for future female entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing number of women participating in entrepreneurship, it has become an area of interest for most researchers. This paper is designed to evaluate the factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among female students of business colleges under the Royal University of Bhutan based on the TPB model. The data were collected from 230 final year female students through an online survey. Regression analysis was applied to test the study's hypotheses. The result revealed that all the three dimensions of the TPB model have an influence on entrepreneurial intention among female business students. Of the three dimensions, the perceived behavioral control has a strong influence, whereas subjective norms with least influence on entrepreneurial intention (EI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For entrepreneurial organizations to be able to successfully develop the business strategy, it is necessary to provide optimal resources for unhindered growth, internal coherence, stability of organizational culture, and competitiveness in the market. At the heart of these processes are employees, who directly influence organizational outcomes with their daily efforts, ability, and thinking. Also, the improvement of business functions is necessary for the organization to be competitive with other organizations in the market. In this context, the effectiveness of knowledge management is one of the key aspects in ensuring the development of both individual and group performance. In today's time of great challenges for entrepreneurs, managing the processes that provide knowledge to both employees and organizations can be a key aspect of business sustainability that is imperative in turbulent circumstances. The purpose of the study was to examine how organizational culture and gender aspects of employees should be put in the function of knowledge management system (KMS). In line with this, this paper attempts to examine the extent to which the processes of improving the knowledge of employees from a gender perspective in entrepreneurial organizations in Serbia are effectively managed. In order for women to realize a greater contribution in entrepreneurial organizations, it is imperative to stimulate the educational process by empowering both women and men to improve their well-being and participate actively in entrepreneurial organizations building. Authors pointed out that when technology and organizational culture are coupled with educational assistance and training, however, adoption improves, and benefits are greater. Finally, they concluded that statistical parameters explicitly show that there are no significant differences on any tested issue, between males and females. This means that their perspective is identical when it comes to the development and use of knowledge management in entrepreneurial organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the institutional and other funding sources available for women entrepreneurs in Nigeria and the challenges faced by them in accessing these funds.The paper reveals various policies from previous governments that were aimed at exposing women entrepreneurs in Nigeria to funds through establishment of micro credit institutions in realization of the pivotal role women have in economic development most especially in small scale enterprises within ruler communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is an essential commodity everywhere in the world, for people who use it mainly as a source of livelihood, either for farming or other subsistence purposes... Women who are the primary users of land for farming faces challenges on owning landed properties as a result of their gender. Women entrepreneurs frequently and systematically lack access to land rights in many developing countries. Yet, land rights are keys for a life with dignity; for adequate standard of living, for economic independence and for personal freedom. This study therefore examined land ownership patterns and livelihoods of women entrepreneurs in Ado-odo local government of Ogun state. The paper was hinged on Social exclusion and feminist theory. Method of data collections was triangulated. Five hundred questionnaires were distributed to participants through multistage sampling technique, while 20 indepth interviewed were conducted for respondents that were purposively picked. Quantitative data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency distribution. Hypothesis was tested with chi-square method. Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and ethnographic summaries. Findings from the study revealed that patterns of land ownership in Ado-Odo local government affects women entrepreneurs livelihoods and that majority of women respondents want change, as they narrated their challenges as regards patterns of land ownership. The paper recommends that for women entrepreneurs to have full access and rights to ownership of lands, there is need to deconstruct, re-construct, and reconceptualize customary law notions as they pertain to issues of land inheritance by women. This is important for sustainable development in Ogun state, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to try to highlight the importance of women entrepreneurship in function of longer stay of tourists in tourist destinations, that is, to answer the question - to what extent does women entrepreneurship participate in the tourist offer of Serbian tourist destinations? In this paper, we will identify some of the women entrepreneurs that direct their business activities, among other things, towards the tourist market. Also in this paper, we will try to determine the level of engagement of women entrepreneurs in the tourism industry and the ability to focus their activities more on the tourist market. One of the main problems of tourism in Serbia is a modest tourist offer to domestic and especially foreign tourists. This problem is evident on the basis of the number of days that tourists spend in our tourist destinations. The data from the Republic Bureau of Statistics show that tourists stayed in tourist areas by an average of 2.74 days, which is relatively small in comparison with the stay of tourists within the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a research aiming to examine the development of women entrepreneurs in Indonesia by exploring their main personal motivations or initial reasons to do own businesses and identifying their main constraints in running businesses. The research was based on a desk study, secondary data analysis, and a small field survey of 108 women owning micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the Great Jakarta area. Findings from the survey show that many of them run their own businesses as a means to survive, and limited access to finance is the most serious constraint faced by the respondents, caused by their lack of valuable assets as collateral. The paper concludes that the growth of number of women-led businesses, especially MSEs, in Indonesia should not be regarded only as the rise of entrepreneurship among women in the country. Unemployment or poverty may have also played a role in pushing many women to conduct own small businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern business conditions, entrepreneurship, as a significant driver of economic growth and development, is also an important facilitator of women's empowerment in developed and developing countries. Taking into account the significant contribution of female entrepreneurship to economic development and, on the other hand, its contribution to the empowerment of women, the paper examines the factors that influence the success of female entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia. The effects of many factors on the success of women entrepreneurs have been the subject of numerous studies, but this study focused on internal and external factors, which are still largely unexplored, particularly in the Republic of Serbia. In this sense, the aim of this work is to determine whether internal and external factors have direct, positive, and significant effects on women entrepreneurs' success. The specific research aims are: 1) determining whether internal factors have a positive effect on women entrepreneurs' success and 2) determining whether external factors have a positive effect on women entrepreneurs' success. The causal relationships between observed variables were assessed using the Structural Equation Modeling method. The obtained results showed that both internal and external factors are significant determinants of women entrepreneurs' success. The results emphasize the need to motivate women to start their own businesses by organizing various educational courses and workshops and women's support programs by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's involvement in entrepreneurial activities in developing countrieshas been a source of concern to organizational psychologies and researchers. Womenowned businesses form a larger percentage of small businesses in Nigeria in recent times but the continuity and survival of such enterprises posed serious challenges. Most women-owned businesses hardly survive beyond a few years of incorporation. Thus, this paper evaluated the relevance of innovation on the survival of womenowned businesses. Specifically, the study seeks to: determine the effect of product/service innovation on the market share; and examine the influence of process innovation on business reputation. The study adopted a survey design. Multistage sampling was employed in deriving the sample size. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the women business owners in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Ordinary least square regression was used to analyze the data and it was found that; products/services innovation affects the market share with R2-value of 0.541 and process innovation influences business reputation with R2-value of 0.517. Hence, the study concluded that innovative behaviours are statistically significant on the survival of women-owned businesses since all the variables used in the study are statistically significant. It was therefore recommended among others that innovative behaviour is required by women entrepreneurs to adapt, grow, and survive in their dynamic business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's main objective is to assess the current level of eHealth skills of female entrepreneurs in Serbia and their respective associations with selected sociodemographic characteristics. To this end, we use a dataset from the 2018 survey on ICT usage in Serbia. In particular, the analysis covers three eHealth skills: seeking health-related information online, scheduling medical appointments online or via applications, and online purchase of pharmaceutical products. The analysis shows that female entrepreneurs in Serbia, on average utilized eHealth opportunities more frequently than other women or male entrepreneurs. Level of education and average monthly income appears as the socio-demographic characteristics associated with eHealth skills related to familiarity with online services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic management is a comprehensive approach to managing a company with the aim of its high positioning in the market. Regardless of the level of development, market share and business scope, all aspiring businesses should have a defined strategy. With the help of it, they will be able to plan and organize their activities, and the business moves they make on the "market chessboard" will be tactical, purposeful and, in the final instance, successful. The smallest "figures" in the market competition - entrepreneurs, can gain the most out of this management process. In today's market conditions, male entrepreneurial businesses dominate over women, and this is partly due to the numerous stereotypes that the public, investors, and other market participants have about women's ability to successfully manage entrepreneurial businesses. The conducted research aims to provide insight into the strategic management process in women's entrepreneurship and to increase the awareness of women entrepreneurs about the importance of conducting strategic management activities. The descriptive method, analysis, and synthesis techniques, and a detailed analysis of the content of the available literature by reference authors were used for the preparation of this paper. The result of the research confirmed the attitude that women entrepreneurs who promptly incorporate elements of strategic management into their business have a better chance of gaining a competitive advantage over those who do not do the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explain the factors which make an impact on the success of female CEOs. This paper takes a broad look as to what it takes to gain substantial promotions leading to executive positions, and therefore the rise in numbers. This is then followed by an interview with the Sr. Vice President of Sales at ESPN.Lastly is a look at suggestions as to why there is a sudden decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategic contributions of digital technology in the operations and performance of entrepreneurial ventures are a profound phenomenon, involving continual adaptation to a constantly evolving business environment. This paper examines the influence of digital technology on female-owned enterprises based on customers' satisfaction in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Survey research was employed to derive primary data through the use of structured closed-ended questionnaires from 113 selected female-owned enterprises registered with NECA's Network of Entrepreneurial Women (NNEW). Adopting digital orientation, digital capability and digital transformation as dimensions of the digital technology which is the independent variable, multiple regression was used to measure its impact on customer satisfaction as the dependent variable. Findings revealed that the awareness of digitalisation does not suffice to influence business performance, but adopting and adapting to new technology is crucial in creating value addition to meet and exceed customers' expectations. Conclusively, this research establishes the requisite for female-owned enterprises to embrace and exploit the vast potential and significant role that digital technology plays in the enhancement of business performance, for improved strategic competitive advantage and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine whether business friendly states attract more female entrepreneurs compared to non-business friendly states. In the survey that we employ, business-friendliness has four components. These are the "ease of hire", "ease of start", "training/networking programs", and "regulations". Besides looking at how each of these business friendliness components affects the concentration of female entrepreneurs in a state, we also examine how each component affects other entrepreneur characteristics including "previous entrepreneurial experience", "age", "political view", "education level", and "race". Our results for "overall business friendliness" show that, in businessfriendly states, there are more female owners and experienced owners when compared to the other states. In these states, there are more conservatives but fewer liberals and independents. Also, in these states, we are seeing more technical college and high school graduates and fewer community college graduates and master's graduates. Finally, in these states, we see fewer Asian or Hispanic owners when compared to the other states. With regard to the components of business friendliness, we find that the states with higher scores in "ease of start" or "training/networking programs" have significantly more female entrepreneurs when compared to the other states. Our results show that "ease of hire" and "regulations" do not significantly affect the concentration of female entrepreneurs in a state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women entrepreneurs are promoted to adopt digital technology as a means of enhancing business performance. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the impact of human, social, financial, physical, and intellectual capital on digital technology adoption among women entrepreneurs. A quantitative method is used with an associative type across various business sectors in East Java Province, Indonesia. Furthermore, the sample is selected by purposive sampling with a total of 268 individuals. Data collection is carried out through a questionnaire, while the analysis is performed using PLS-SEM. The results show that human, financial, physical, and intellectual capital have a positive and significant influence on the adoption of digital technology among women entrepreneurs. However, only social capital reports an insignificant influence. Among the examined variables, intellectual capital plays the most crucial role in adopting digital technology. This research provides theoretical and practical implications for women entrepreneurs and the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research attention has been drawn to the negative versus positive effects of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on women-led enterprises. The Nigerian context that focuses on women of the most renowned entrepreneurial ethnic group in SubSaharan Africa has not been explored in the academic literature. This study explores the perceived effects of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurship development in Nigeria by focusing on Igbo women entrepreneurs. A qualitative survey involving in-depth interviews of 28 nascent and established Igbo women entrepreneurs was conducted. Leveraging the Framing Effect Theory, thematic analysis was performed on the collected data. Findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic had both negative (loss of revenues, difficulty in repaying ongoing loans, damage of goods in the store, and inability to meet set growth targets) and positive (innovativeness, entrepreneurship opportunities, fulfilling entrepreneurship ambition, and digitization of entrepreneurship) effects on Igbo women-owned enterprises in Southeast Nigeria. However, contrary to previous research, nascent entrepreneurs are more positively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic than experienced/established entrepreneurs. The study, thus, contributes to theory and practice by providing insightful directions for policymaking on women entrepreneurship development during economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological capital is a central notion that has emerged in entrepreneurial behavior. This study looks at how psychological empowerment plays a mediating role in the relationship between psychological capital (PsyCap) and women's entrepreneurial spirit. Data were collected from 203 women-owned manufacturing industries. Through the Smart PLS software, the hypothesis is tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), which uses algorithms and bootstrapping to measure the association. Data analysis concluded that PsyCap has a significant positive relationship with entrepreneurial spirit and psychological empowerment. The association between psychological empowerment and entrepreneurial spirit is also significant and positive. Correspondingly, mediation of psychological empowerment exists between PsyCap and psychological empowerment. In a precise form, PsyCap and psychological empowerment can develop entrepreneurial spirits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's entrepreneurs require a comprehensive stock of knowledge and skills that are both related to their type of business and adaptable for change of their local and international environment .Rapid changes in the Southern African region in general and the country of Zimbabwe in particular, in the socio-economic structures are propelling entrepreneurs especially women towards the search for a competitive edge away from the "crowd", in order to survive. The competitive edge strategies are essential for all visionary women entrepreneurs of the twenty-first century. This paper gives an insight on how various women entrepreneurs managed to adapt to the Zimbabwean unfamiliar business environment during 2007-2009. These women state the different challenges that they faced and the strategies they used to win over and be successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to describe gender gap in a field of research and development (abbr. R&D) and to investigate the changes after entry to EU. The research on gender gap is mainly focused on business enterprise sector. The paper presents comparative and descriptive statistics by using a secondary data and information across a period between 2004 and 2007. First part presents an overview of R&D personnel and R&D expenditures in each country. Consequently it compares three groups of countries. Next part investigates the honeypot indicators and the correlations between personnel and expenses on R&D. Due to using different base for calculation of personnel, diverse results of correlation were achieved. The results confirmed that statement mentioned in introduction is still valid after 6 years and entry to EU. The last part deals with the main findings regarding women researchers in business enterprise sector across European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is differentiated by decision-making ability, competition, economic gains, autonomy, and socioeconomic settings that provide a foundation for an individual to strive and run a venture in a highly competitive environment. In the present context, this study examines the relationship between empowerment and the psychological well-being of women entrepreneurs. This study attempted to analyze the various aspects of psychological well-being responsible for women's entrepreneurship. Exploratory design and regression analysis were used for the study. The study found that only purpose in life, personal growth and positive societal relations are significant psychological factors that influence women empowerment amongst women entrepreneurs in India. The results confirm a significant relationship between empowerment and the psychological well-being of women entrepreneurs in India. This research is apt in the present time as entrepreneurial ventures are considered to be the most critical factors that would help both urban and rural populations through the creation of jobs, rescue them from unemployment and poverty, and thereby have an impact on the development of skills, self-esteem, and self-sufficiency of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women entrepreneurs have played significant role in the worldwide pursuit for sustained economic development and social progress. Despite all the hurdles, women stood tall and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. In this context the current study was taken up to (1) review the relevance of women entrepreneurship, (2) examine the contribution made by the women entrepreneurs' in the social and regional development and (3) explore the role played by the women entrepreneurs' in economic development. The aim was to investigate the working of eighteen women entrepreneurs working in Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of the Republic of India, who have provided employment to hundreds of illiterate, un-skilled, unemployable and under privileged women living in poverty conditions in their local community. The objective was to analyze their contribution towards the society, region and economy. It will also motivate and inspire others to replicate such businesses in their regions. The study aims to provide useful insights to the potential entrepreneurs, policy makers and other stakeholders to evolve mechanism to promote employment generation, poverty alleviation, and socio-economic empowerment at the grass root level, to stimulate inclusive growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, women are widely recognized as successful entrepreneurs because of their strong desire, qualities, and abilities in order to drive robust economic development in their respective countries. In light of women's significant contribution to economic development in India, the study investigated factors that affect women entrepreneurs' success. As part of the data collection process, 181 SME Chambers of India were contacted, and structured questionnaires were distributed to them. It consists of the development of a conceptual model and the use of SPSS and AMOS software for the analysis of the data. A number of factors contribute to the success of women-owned enterprises on the international market, including internal factors such as achievement, risk-taking, and technology adaptation and external factors such as economics and socio-culture. The study recommends that the Small and Medium Enterprises Chamber of India, policymakers, and practitioners support women entrepreneurs by providing an array of incentives and supports related to those internal and external factors. We investigated some internal factors like technology adaptation that are still almost untouched in India after the post-pandemic pandemic. Numerous studies have examined different factors' effects on women's entrepreneurial success. In addition to adding empirical evidence to the existing literature, the current study contributes to the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women entrepreneurs are those who, alone or with partnership or inheritance, started a business with creativity and innovation and, by accepting social, administrative, financial responsibilities and financial risks, offered new products to dominate the competitors in the market. The purpose of this study was to take a qualitative approach to the success of Iranian women entrepreneurs. The study is descriptive qualitative, with an inductive approach. The statistical population of the study included women entrepreneurs in Iran who have faced a crisis in the last 5 years and managed to succeed, and the research sample was drawn from a pool of 11 people using the purposive sampling method. The interview tool was used to collect the qualitative data, and the thematic analysis technique was used to analyze the interview data. The results of the data analysis showed that seven factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurs in Iran's country are strategic thinking, social capital, ethical characteristics, personality traits, brand management, comprehensive quality, and human resource management procedures. Also, the results showed that women share a high degree of future orientation and do not act opportunistically in order to maintain mutual relationships. Therefore, committed women play an important role in the survival and success of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on female MSME practitioners' use of digital technology and what it means to them. The feminist intersectional approach is used to answer how gender, religion, social class, daily activities, and place of residence shape the characteristics of women entrepreneurs. This study is guided by this research question 'How do women interpret the business they are running, and what is the urgency of digitization in running their business?' Participants were female MSME practitioners from Kangean and Paciran sub-districts selected using snowball sampling. Data analysis was carried out interpretively using a feminist standpoint by including the researcher's knowledge as a reference. The feminist intersectional approach helps identify female MSME practitioners' religiosity and life orientation in the two regions in running their businesses. Furthermore, unlike other studies that find digitalization a necessity in business, this study finds that digitalization is not urgent for women. Religiosity and life orientation formed from the intersection of many factors around them make female MSME practitioners embrace their gender role. They accept and even believe that developing an MSME business is not the main purpose of their life. Even they believe that they need to avoid digital technology due to its negative impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide an overview of an effective entrepreneurship learning model for female students in vocational schools. The previous research related to the characteristics and needs of female entrepreneurs becomes the basis for building the model. The method used in this research was Research & Development with a 3-step design, preliminary study stage, development stage, and model validation stage. This research involved 32 research informants. At the initial stage, this study used a literature review related to the characteristics and needs of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia for designing learning content. The next stage is the design of learning methods based on the needs and characteristics of Indonesian women. The results of this study are an effective learning model for female students in Vocational Schools. Then, at the model testing stage, the study illustrates that the effectiveness of the learning model was based on the characteristics and needs of Indonesian women based on learning outcomes. This study concludes that the particular learning model for women in Indonesia is very appropriate to be developed based on the needs and characteristics of women. This study suggests the need for support from various parties in optimizing the particular learning model for women based on the needs and characteristics of female entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is critical to have an understanding of the societal, economic, cultural, technological, and mental hurdles that are placed on women graduates in emerging markets and to devise strategies to overcome these obstacles. Individuals who engage in entrepreneurial self-assessment not only find it easier to stay on the right track, but it also enables them to determine the ideal size and scope of their venture prior to even getting started. The instrument and model that were utilized in this research could be a first step in identifying women who have entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intent. According to the findings, an entrepreneurial self-assessment has a favourable correlation with an entrepreneurial purpose. In order for any endeavor to be successful, the first step should be to engage in some form of self-cognition or self-understanding. A favorable evaluation of one's own capacity for self-employment tends to result in an individual's enhanced intention to engage in entrepreneurial behavior. According to the second hypothesis, entrepreneurial passion can be derived by doing an honest evaluation of one's own entrepreneurial abilities. The findings demonstrate that a positive self-assessment has a relationship with entrepreneurial passion. The mediating hypothesis contends that the connection between selfassessment and entrepreneurial intention is mediated by a person's level of entrepreneurial passion. A partial mediation validates the significance that passion plays in the relationship. This study makes a contribution to the existing body of research on factors that lead individuals to have entrepreneurial inclinations based on a self-assessment of their own capabilities. This study is in line with the growing interest in the field of research into the factors that motivate women to pursue business opportunities on their own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study is to understand the role of SHGs in business growth of nascent women entrepreneurs in the Indian context during the pandemic period. It is a primary study of 220 Indian SHG women entrepreneurs using a structured questionnaire-based survey using 12 well-defined variables extracted from the literature to explain the construct's 'role' and 'business growth in the context of Indian SHG women entrepreneurs. A quantitative research methodology has been adopted in the study, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Major findings of the study state that the pandemic had caused both hindrances as well as opportunities for businesses of Indian SHG women, in this context, the role of SHGs in supporting business growth of their women entrepreneurs has been insufficient as per the respondents, SHGs need to focus upon technology-driven roles and adopt training modules for enabling online marketing platforms along with financial access, help to diversify and revive the business with a modified approach. Based on the results of the study, suggestions for SHGs and policymakers in the Indian context have been put forth in order to match with the changing dynamics of the market and consumers during the pandemic. The study has increased the understanding of the needs of SHG women entrepreneurs and appropriate policy measures required for their business growth in the Indian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the opinions of the retail small business women entrepreneurs to develop an entry model for women entrepreneurship in an emerging economy. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews among the 20 small business women entrepreneurs. The sample was purposefully selected. For data sources triangulation the study also added participants and industry observation. The data coding and analysis were conducted based on the method of (Gioia et al., 2013). The study constructs an entry model regarding retail-based women entrepreneurship from an emerging economy perspective. The grounded entry model of women entrepreneurship identified three crucial factors such as motives, challenges, and supports. All the components encompass the entrepreneur, society, and government. Hence the authors believe the grounded model is a 360 degree model for the people who are engaged in women entrepreneurship. The outcomes of this research would play a great role in future research into the field of SBO and women entrepreneurship for emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We complement this research by addressing the question of how entrepreneurial ventures can be resilient in the face of adversity in Times of Crisis. First, we conducted a comprehensive web search to find women's entrepreneurial ventures. Based on web search results, we conducted Online interviews with 90 women entrepreneurs working in many types of ventures. Second, we surveyed innovative actions that help women's entrepreneurial ventures resilience. Building on these insights, we identified a variety of innovative actions to help women's entrepreneurial ventures resilience in times of crisis. We identify five specific types of innovative actions to address venture resilience: Preventive and Supportive, Analytical, Financial risk management, Collaborative competition, and Effectual entrepreneurship. We aim to further nuance our understanding of the COVID-19 crisis results as a challenge for women's entrepreneurial ventures. We suggest key insights on ventures resilience for entrepreneurship Policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using comparable micro-level data from three countries, we ask what type of person works in the informal sector and whether informal workers earn lower wages than observationally equivalent workers in the formal sector. The characteristics of informal workers are similar across countries. Surprisingly, when we control for these personal characteristics, we find a significant wage premium associated with formal employment. A model of endogenous selection offers little help in explaining the differences in wage patterns. The research casts doubt on the received wisdom that the informal sector, always and everywhere, is a poorly-paid but easily-entered refuge for those who have no other employment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short study, an analysis of the position of women's entrepreneurship in the field of organic food production in Serbia was performed, with an indication of the general relationship in employment and permanent gender inequality, both in our country and in the world. Considering digitalization and automation in many spheres of life in the modern world, a review of trends and competitiveness of women in the labour market is given and the analysis of data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water of the Republic of Serbia (Annual Reports) shows the number of female entrepreneurs in organic production as a promising branch of economy, with an overview of all aspects that have slowed down, reduced, or prevented better results in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an artist presents a challenge in a modern world, where more and more activities are happening online and where an entrepreneurial spirit is necessary for success. Artists, being a specific species, often without an entrepreneurial spirit, find this situation discouraging and difficult. This especially goes to the female artists, because living in patriarchal societies such as ones in Western Balkans, they are expected to conduct numerous household chores in addition to the professional life - often on their own. In this article, the author will try to present the situation of a female artpreneur in a digital age first by defining the artpreneur, placing the female entrepreneur in the appropriate digital age and social context, and finally, offering a potential solution or at least ideas that can contribute to the empowerment of female artpreneurs in Serbia. Since the first step in women empowerment is the economic one, providing additional revenue streams, particularly ones that can be generated from home is one of the key benefits of the digital art market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of online social networks on women's entrepreneurship in Hungary and Iran in a comparative study. The statistical population of the present study consists of women entrepreneurs active in the field of online businesses in Iran and Hungary. The questionnaire was distributed via online links on social networks (on the online business website, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram), and respondents were asked to answer questions if they were women entrepreneurs. ANOVA test was used to examine the variable of online social networks on different platforms in Iran and Hungary. The results indicate that Facebook media in Hungary in women entrepreneurship is significantly different from other online social networks. Based on the data collected, more than 95% of women entrepreneurs in Hungary use Facebook. Conversely, in Iran, Instagram has a significant difference in women's entrepreneurship from other online social networks and is the most popular media in women's entrepreneurship. So that more than 92% of female respondents in Iran have a channel related to their online business in Instagram media. These important findings emphasize the importance and impact of social networks as entrepreneurial channels according to the atmosphere of each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic presents multiple challenges for sustainable development, particularly for female entrepreneurship in the renewable segment. Solar energy is the most prospective segment of renewable energy resources. The share of global female inventors in energy technologies is less than 30%. This article is devoted to prospects of the development of female entrepreneurship in the solar energy market. We analyzed the global impact of the pandemic on the solar energy markets, and assessed the prospects for their development in the postpandemic period. We used data from leading international analytical agencies, such as IAE and Bloomberg for 2000-2020. We also used results of international case study analyses of the International Energy Agency from 2019 on female entrepreneurship in solar energy. In addition, we investigated the Russian-French case study of female entrepreneurship in the solar energy segment. Based on the results of the analysis, we concluded that the solar energy sector will continue to develop in the future. According to the research results, negative pandemic trends, such as the reduction in the number of commissioned projects and investments in the solar power industry persist in the short term. So far, the pandemic has not had a significant negative impact on the strategic and long-term period, and female entrepreneurship will continue to evolve. We argue that it is important to minimize financial barriers currently existing in special funding and grant programs for supporting this trend and increasing the number of women in solar energy entrepreneurship. It is crucial to focus future financial programs for female entrepreneurs in the solar energy sector on rural regions as they are more prospective in terms of solar energy development. In addition, a range of educational programs in soft skills should be developed to strengthen engineering specialists' background in business and negotiations. The research results can be used in future research in the field of sustainable development, renewables, and female employment in the renewable and solar energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study entails in-depth interviews with women entrepreneurs who own beauty parlors in Dhaka, to understand whether they perceive their entrepreneurship as a social change activity entailing empowerment and social inclusion for ethnic women workers. In other words, this study tries to understand why a large proportion of ethnic women are employed in beauty parlors of Dhaka by examining the perspective of women beauty parlor owners who employ them. Only Dhaka is considered in this study as most high-end beauty parlors are located in Dhaka. The interviews indicate that the owners perceive their entrepreneurship as a social change activity entailing empowerment that positively impacts the lives of their women workers regardless of ethnicity. According to the respondents, the motivation for creating employment for ethnic women workers is driven by the need to empower them; social inclusion plays no role in generating employment for ethnic women workers. The findings also show that women beauty parlor owners are countering patriarchal structuring by employing ethnic women workers. The study was conducted post Covid-19 so it takes into account the impact of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to explore the conditions of empowerment among women entrepreneurs in the beauty salon sector in Sri Lanka by shedding light on the specific challenges faced by women when initiating and developing an enterprise. Focus group discussions were used to create a collabourative platform for businesswomen to meet and exchange experiences on being entrepreneurial women. Twelve women entrepreneurs who own beauty salons in the outskirts of the capital city of Sri Lanka participated in the workshop. Sen's capability approach and Kabeer's empowerment framework was used to interpret the findings. The women in the study face many challenges such as difficulties in maintaining a healthy work-life balance, double burden and tiresome multi-tasking. Research suggests that women's choice to become an entrepreneur enables them to achieve their practical and strategic gender needs. Nevertheless, too much focus on fulfilling practical gender needs limits the ability of women to fulfil their strategic gender needs. However, entrepreneurial agency has changed their status through improving the wellbeing of women, increasing the actual economic contribution, strengthening the economic security, through the ability to exercise purchasing power to invest on children, sense of self-worth, value within their families and family welfare. The study will increase our understanding of women and their family ties and the challenges women face in multiple roles they play in a developing context like Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender equality in Azerbaijani society and strengthening women's participation in governance, promoting women as entrepreneurial entities and developing their socio-economic activities are some of the issues covered. When these issues are resolved in combination democratic values and transparency, women will be able to participate in governance. Within the framework of the study, the opportunity to find a place to suit women's abilities, as equal members of the society, was explored. Moreover, the role of women's entrepreneurial activities in society has also been analyzed as well as the relationship between women in postindustrial society, Azerbaijan state policy towards women, what spherical factors prevent the development of women entrepreneurship and the causes of gender-based issue. Propositions concerning gender equality in business activity and women entrepreneurs in the country have been put forward as the scientific novelty of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains the results of the research, the aim of which is to study the value system of businesswomen and women-supervisors and also to identify the connection between socio-professional and gender identities. The questions about top-priority values, the connection of values with the socio-professional identity and self-estimation of the global success as well as the success of the professional experience were discovered on the basis of the research among the entrepreneurs and supervisors. Comparative analysis has shown the gender specificities of the entrepreneurs' value system, the perception of life and the business success and also the peculiarities of gender and socio-professional identities. On the basis of a large amount of entrepreneurs and supervisors' data, the matrix of values was created, including innovative-cultural, family-conservative, educationalauthoritative, hedonistic-prestigious and professional components. Besides, there were five clusters of values identified, among them were multivaluable (with the dominance of innovative-cultural component), monovaluable (family), professional-balanced, conservative-instrumental, conservative-ambitious. The values of the favorite work, the harmony with yourself and the communication are the most common values for the entrepreneurs. As for the supervisors well-being, authority in the community are the common values. Gender has a small influence on the dominant value clusters among the entrepreneurs, while among the supervisors there is no such influence at all. Females' values have some particularities in the circumstances of the pandemic. Socio-professional identity slightly depends on the dominant value cluster of the individual, and the considered cluster itself is usually connected with the professional work experience. High estimation of life and professional success of the entrepreneurs, depends on the dominant values and is different among the representatives of the genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the contribution of women to household sustainability was limited to reproduction, raising of children and carrying out domestic chores, while men solely take up the economic responsibilities. Due to changes in the family institution, gender-based roles were becoming blurred as couples tend to share both domestic and economic responsibilities. Although, many studies have been done on women entrepreneurs but little has been done on low-income ones in border communities. This study, therefore, was designed to examine the means by which low-income women entrepreneurs sustain their households and trades in Badagry area of Lagos state, Nigeria. Gender Role Ideology, and Role Resilience Theory provided theoretical orientation while descriptive design was adopted using both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. Agbalata market was purposely selected owing to its size and commercial activities involving both local and cross border women traders. Two hundred and fifty women were selected for the survey, while twenty were selected for in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, while interviews were content analysed. However, most women engaged in trade to support their household economically which negatively affected the expansion of their business. Majority of the elderly women engaged in trades to cater for their grandchildren. Family size was a determinant of the sustainability of the business, also engagement of women in multiple trades depending on the season. The study recommends that governmental intervention in terms of loan provision is essential to the survival of low-income women traders in border communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]