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This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature and to impart a perspective on the current status and future directions for fundamentals of flow around and heat transfer from a square cylinder with modified corners. The focus is on how rounded, chamfered, recessed, and cut corners of a square cylinder impact the wake structure, flow instability, fluid forces, vortex dynamics, wake width, vortex formation length, boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, transition to turbulence, drag crisis, and heat transfer. A circular cylinder undergoes drag crisis flow while a square cylinder does not. Sufficiently rounded corners can rejuvenate the drag crisis flow. The corner modifications encompassing heat transfer performance from low to high can be sorted out as sharp, cut, rounded, and chamfered, given the same scale of modifications. Based on the review and analysis of data in the literature, the optimal corner modifications are suggested for reduced forces and enhanced heat transfer. The research gap in the literature is identified and put forward for future investigations. [Display omitted] • Flow around and heat transfer from a square cylinder with modified corners are reviewed. • Focus is on how rounded, chamfered, recessed, and cut corners impact the wake structure. • Flow instability, fluid forces, transition, drag crisis, and heat transfer are summarized. • No drag crisis flow for square cylinder, but sufficiently rounded corners can rejuvenate it. • Optimal corner modifications are suggested for reduced forces and enhanced heat transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a novel extension of the two-dimensional Vortex Particle Method which allows complex transient flow features computed by an original simulation to be recreated for use as inflow conditions in other simulations. This is facilitated by recording velocity time signals of the original simulation and computing time traces of vortex particles to be seeded into the secondary simulation near its upstream domain boundary. The proposed Flow Reproduction Method (FRM) thus allows us to re-create the flow field, without the need to simulate the underlying physics responsible for the flow features. A natural field of application is the re-creation of wakes from flows past bluff bodies of arbitrarily complex geometry, the resolution of which is computationally expensive. The recording is performed on a sampling system of the velocity field. Reproduction of the sampled simulation is then performed by inserting vortex particles in defined positions and time intervals into the secondary simulation. This proceeds in a smaller domain with the advantage of significantly reduced computational cost. In the simulations presented here, wake flows of upstream cylinders are reproduced. Convergence studies are performed to validate the FRM. The quality of flow reproduction is assessed and quantified. The computational efficiency of the reproduction simulation is enhanced additionally by using different adaptive numerical techniques. The method is then applied to fluid-structure interaction simulations of a wake buffeting problem. Good agreement is found between the dynamic response quantities when comparing original simulations and those with reproduced flows, whereby the latter are performed up to five times faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Numerical investigation has been performed for flows past an inclined square cylinder in the range of Re≤300 to elucidate the characteristics of the laminar three-dimensional wake behind the cylinder depending upon Reynolds number and angle of incidence (θ). An immersed boundary method was used for implementation of the cylinder on a Cartesian grid system. Both Floquet stability analysis and full three-dimensional simulation were employed to detect the onset of the secondary instability leading to three-dimensional flow, and to provide quantitative flow data. It was revealed that mode A becomes more unstable for “symmetric” flow configuration, while mode C is dominant for asymmetric flows in the range of 10°≤θ≤25°. The most unstable three-dimensional modes predicted by the Floquet stability analysis were well confirmed by the full 3D simulations which were conducted at Re=150, 200, 250, and 300, with varying angle of incidence. The full 3D simulations also provided the key flow characteristics such as mean flow-induced force/moment coefficients and Strouhal number of vortex shedding. It was seen that they are sensitive to slight inclination of the square cylinder, and the Re effects are insignificant except for mean lift coefficient. Vortical structures in the wake, taken from the results of the Floquet stability analysis and the full 3D simulations, respectively, were visualized by Q-contours, revealing good agreement between the two. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Experimental results on the unsteady behaviour of the wake of a modelled wind turbine in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind tunnel are presented. Tests were performed by modelling in the wind tunnel an ABL above a neutral moderately rough terrain at a geometric scale of 1:400, and a wind turbine with the help of the actuator disk concept. In order to characterise the meandering properties of its wake, velocity spectra and space–time correlations were measured through hot wire anemometry, both in the wake of the modelled wind turbine and in the wake of a solid disk. Comparing these two configurations allowed the examination of the differences between the random motion of the whole wind turbine wake characterising the meandering in the first case, and the periodic oscillations of the well-known vortex shedding, which appears behind a bluff-body, in the second case. Finally, the same experiments were performed in homogeneous and isotropic turbulent flows to exhibit the role of the large atmospheric turbulent scales in the meandering process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A comparative study of the wake characteristics behind a two-dimensional square cylinder in proximity to a plane wall was made on two systems, i.e. G/D=0.25 and 0.5, which corresponds to the wakes with and without suppression of the vortex shedding, respectively. Here, G is the gap distance and D is the width of the square cylinder. Synchronized measurements of wall-pressure fluctuations and velocity fluctuations were made using a microphone array and a split-fiber film, respectively. For the system G/D=0.5, a regular Karman-like vortex shedding at fD/U 0=0.13 was found by inspection of the streamwise velocity spectra. When the gap width is reduced to G/D=0.25, a low-speed separation bubble was formed in the region 4.25

Abstract: This paper reports an experimental study on the flow over two tandem flat plates perpendicular to the flow. The study was carried out by means of a constant-temperature hot wire anemometer and smoke visualizations at Re=8340. Accurate measurements of the Strouhal number were obtained for plate separations ranging from 0.25× chord to 7.5× chord. Two different flow regimes are described, depending on the separation between the plates, by exploiting evidence from the Strouhal number behaviour and the flow visualizations. A narrow interval of separation values is found where both regimes alternatively appear. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) has been used to investigate the effect of the Reynolds number on the wake of a high-speed train in the range from 5.2 ​× ​105 to 2.2 ​× ​107. Then, the characteristics of vortex structure, streamlines distribution, velocity characteristics, and pressure characteristics in the wake region of the high-speed train at five Reynolds numbers are studied. The results show that with the increase of the Reynolds number, some small-scale vortices emerge in the wake region of the high-speed train, which increases the complexity of the wake vortex structure, but the large-scale vortex structure has not changed significantly. The separation lines and vortices distributed on the train surface, and the characteristics of the pressure distribution in the wake region do not change considerably at different Reynolds numbers. The frequency of the vortex shedding from the train based on Strouhal number is approximately a constant at five Reynolds numbers, and the phenomenon and mechanism of the flow in the wake region are almost the same within the range of Reynolds number selected in this study. With the increase of the Reynolds number, the fluctuation degree of the velocity and pressure, and the vorticity in the wake region increase substantially. • DES has been used to investigate the wake characteristics of a high-speed train at five Reynolds numbers. • With the increase of Re , small-scale vortices emerge, but the large-scale vortex structure has not changed significantly. • The separation lines and vortices distributed on the train surface do not change considerably at different Re. • The phenomenon and mechanism of the flow in wake region is almost same within the range of Re from 5.2 × 105 to 2.2 × 107. • With the increase of Re , the fluctuation degree of velocity and pressure, and the vorticity in the wake region increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]