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Abstract: In this paper, we propose a novel propagation model for the uncertainty in the reference pixels and the model-based improved intra-refreshment method for the H.264 streaming service through the error-prone channel. The proposed intra-refreshment algorithm can incorporate with the SAD-based low-complexity mode decision as well as the RD-optimizing high-complexity mode decision. Simulations on RTP/IP transmission over mobile channels with the 42.7 and 85.3kbps encoding of QCIF 30 frames/s sequences show that the proposed intra-refreshment scheme improves the average quality of decoded pictures by 1.36–0.47dB compared with the conventional periodic GOB refreshment algorithms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]