Yuting Wu, Guoxi Zhang, Dazhi Long, Hui Xu, Yijun Xue, Xin Zhong, Xiaofeng Zou, Gengqing Wu, Ruiquan Xu, Min Liu, and Xiaoning Wang
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) is a proliferation-associated transcription factor essential for cell cycle progression. Numerous studies have documented that FoxM1 has multiple functions in tumorigenesis and its elevated levels are frequently associated with cancer progression. This study aimed to investigate the expression of FoxM1 and its prognostic significance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Meanwhile, the function of FoxM1 in human ccRCC was further investigated in cell culture models. METHODS: Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to explore FoxM1 expression in ccRCC cell lines and primary ccRCC clinical specimens. FoxM1 expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in Caki-1 and 786-O cells; proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis were assayed. RESULTS: FoxM1 expression was up-regulated in the majority of the ccRCC clinical tissue specimens at both mRNA and protein levels. Clinicopathological analysis showed that FoxM1 expression was significantly correlated with primary tumour stage (P 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P 0.01), distant metastasis (P 0.01), TNM stage (P 0.001) and histological grade (P 0.003). The KaplanCMeier survival curves revealed that high FoxM1 expression was associated with poor prognosis in ccRCC patients (P 0.001). FoxM1 expression was an independent prognostic marker of overall ccRCc patient survival in a multivariate analysis (P 0.008). Experimentally, we found that downregulation of FoxM1 inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest with reduced expression of cyclin B1, cyclin D1, and Cdk2, and increased expression of p21 and p27. Also, down-regulation of FoxM1 reduced expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), resulting in the inhibition of migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that FoxM1 expression is likely to play important roles in ccRCC development and progression, and that FoxM1 is a prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for ccRCC.