Search

It addressed the problem of the research is marked: (works of art paper composition and maintenance) study in the methods used in the manufacture and maintenance of paperwork. The research came in four chapters: care of the first chapter methodological framework for the search represented by the problem of search, where actions and performance mechanisms that relate to the perpetuation of artwork paper selection, a lot of scientific and technical data, as well as tools and methods, materials and vehicles diverse chemical origins and physical, as well as animal and plant, have reinforced this data from the scientific nature of the perpetuation of these works of art and preserved both by composition and the nature of the materials Turkpt to Assanatha. From here the problem of current research was originated by answering the following question: - What are the procedures that have been adopted in the paper and cardboard and ways to maintain and sustain the diversity of formations with the industry?. - The importance of research has been presented and the goal Find out about ways the paper industry and how the perpetuation and preservation of the work of art paper. But the limits of the research focused on the study of the technical means used in the paper industry and how to maintain., In terms of scientific procedures and equipment used and the technical means, materials and chemical compounds and physical, have been chosen damaged business group, for the duration of) 1966 - 2005) m, of Iraqi and Egyptian art. The second chapter of the framework theoretical, it has contained the Study of one intake section concept paper industry historically down to modern methods and then the most important materials used offered in the process of making paper and cardboard and then classes used by artists and media and then offered the paper maintenance of roads. The third chapter singled out by the rules and operations research in the form maintenance and restoration of the Fine Artwork affected (1) model and then the sample analysis.

The aim of the present paper is to explore the essential nature of synecdoche as one of the figures of speech in English and Arabic. In synecdoche , a word denotes a meaning different from its literal one . The study deals with the problem of how to understand this different meaning and how to discover the relation between it and the literal meaning of the word being used. In this study, it can be hypothesized that there are similarities and differences of synecdoche between English and Arabic. The present paper has shown some conclusions , the most important of which is that the concept of synecdoche is the same in English as well as Arabic. Synecdoche means understanding something from something else through a relation between them. Moreover, with regard to relations , types and functions of synecdoche , there are similarities and differences of synecdoche between English and Arabic. These conclusions validate the hypothesis above . This study is divided into three main sections. The first main section which deals with ' synecdoche ' in English is further divided into three subsections. The first subsection deals with the concept of 'synecdoche '. The second subsection introduces the types of 'synecdoche ' . The third subsection is devoted to the rhetorical functions of ' synecdoche '. The second main section which is concerned with 'synecdoche 'in Arabic has also three subsections. The first subsection is concerned with the concept of 'synecdoche '. It is followed by a subsection on the types of 'synecdoche 'and another on the rhetorical functions of 'synecdoche '. In the third main section, the similarities and dissimilarities of 'synecdoche ' in both languages are illustrated. At last, the findings of the study are summed up in the conclusions.

This paper is an introduction intellectually and establish a new concept of the research is trying to formulate the basic vocabulary in light of the reality of contemporary and near-future global intellectual climate course. Near-Future architecture, trying to imitate human intellectually in their ability to decision-making and adaptation to environment and meet the functional and aesthetic requirements within the material body Structural. All this resembles the human body in its Biologic ability to perform its vital functions and adapts to the external environment and the employment of his body to control the mental awareness and perception and feel the external reality in all its complexity. This is a detailed link between the three scientific revolutions have led to the so-called civilization of the third wave. Therefore, the research will establish this paper intellectual base and the most important vocabulary of architecture in the light of these contemporary technical civilization and its future prospects of the nature of architecture a physical entity artificial intelligent conscious and able to adapt to different contexts around, and on the human service and meet different requirements .

The effect of traffic on flexible pavements can be expressed in terms of truck equivalence factors. This paper presents a study on the effect of uphill pavements on the damaging effect (truck equivalence factors) of two types of full-trailer trucks with tandem front axles. Axle load and geometrical characteristics survey on the two types of full-trailer trucks were carried out for determining the data needed in this study. In addition, uphill slope survey in Kerbala city was done and the data of uphill slope of other Iraqi cities were obtained from previous surveys. The paper reveals that the uphill pavement gradient causes significant increase in truck equivalence factors. In addition, the research reveals that there are many factors affecting the truck equivalence factors on uphill flexible pavements, including the total weight of full-trailer, H/B ratio (height of center of gravity to the wheel base of the truck), magnitude of uphill slope, and the structural number (SN).This work shows the importance of considering the effect of uphill slope in the design of flexible pavements on steep uphill slopes.

The present paper aims at investigating the role of interaction between stylistics and pragmatics, as two linguistic approaches, that play on the interpretation of literary texts. Stylistics is thought to be a multidisciplinary field that interacts with other linguistic fields and branches for the analysis of literary and non-literary texts. The language of dramatic texts is seen to be similar to that of everyday usage, therefore, pragmatic theories are used to interpret it. Stylistics applies these theories for stylistic effects. Consequently, the paper intends to examine the role which these two fields play in the analysis of literature and its importance

This paper presents a method to enhance the performance of Iraqi power distribution systems using an optimal system reconfiguration strategy. The objective of the proposed method is to minimize the active power losses and then improve the voltage profile with considering the current-carrying capacity of the system branches. In order to determine the optimal system configuration, a new optimization method, called selective water cycle optimization method, is also proposed in this paper. The proposed method is based on the traditional water cycle optimization method, but it is modified to consider the selective search space required in the reconfiguration problem. The proposed methods were evaluated and tested on an actual distribution system nominated by the Directorate of Electricity Distribution in Babylon/Iraq, based on repeated consumer complaints about the poor quality of the power supply.

This paper deals with the performance of modeling and implementation of Modulated Power Filter Compensator ( MPFC ) based on synchronous generator to enhance Electrical Power Quality (EPQ ) performance , rectification power factor , voltage fixity and decreasing transmission line losses for 300 km transmission line . In this paper (MPFC) sketch attendants for intelligent network stability and optimum exploitation. The proposal Flexible AC Transmission Systems ( FACTS) can be expanded to distributed renewable energy interface and exploitation systems and also will be easy to modify for voltage fixity, Achieve the required stability, perfect usage and Compensation requirements. MATLAB SIMLINK version R2009b were used as a model of (MPFC).

The increasing interest in making transportation environmentally, economically and socially sustainable, leads to raise a requirement for sustainable transportation indicators as a suitable planning tool. This paper proposed a set of standardized, measurable, quantifiable, understandable and sensitive indicators that be as a valuable framework for the evaluation of performance of sustainable transportation. Additionally, this paper developed a standardized set of sustainable transportation indicators based on local travel behavior and transportation demands then to provide recommendations for further research. Standardized sustainable transportation indicators set had been developed by using a conceptual model which consists of four interdependent steps. Eight standardized sustainable transportation indicators were developed. Eventually, the buildup this set of standardized sustainable transportation indicators will provide powerful tools for policy making to the transportation decision-makers.

In this paper we want to increase the data rate and to get larger transmission distance, therefore we use the Advanced modulation technique QDPASK in DWDM system with low channels space. In case of long transmission distance and multi channels system both giving rise to inter channel crosstalk induced by fiber nonlinearities as a result the use of advanced modulation technique becomes difficult. In this paper Quaternary differential phase amplitude shift keying (QDPASK) is designed for 32 dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels, therefore we proposed a new cascade compensation system consist of optical and digital back propagation techniques (ODBP) for compensate the linear and nonlinear effects . A performance of the system was reported using QDPASK DWDM fiber-optic system for various system parameters. The research is tested in VPI maker environment.

This search present trellis structures of linear block code capable of achieving high decoding speed while satisfying a constraint on the structural complexity of the trellis in terms of the maximum number of states at any particular depth. First we describe minimal trellis of linear block code that minimizes one or more measures of trellis complexity for the code. We identify the primitive structures that can appear in a minimal trellis , then we applied the sectionalized to trellis, where only uniform sectionalizations of the code trellis diagram are considered .Next, parallel and structurally identical subtrellises for a code without exceeding the maximum state complexity of the minimal trellis of the code is discussed. The complexity of decoder based on a sectionalized trellis diagram for a code is described. In This paper we describe how to apply SISO(soft input soft output) max-log-MAP decoder using parallel structure of sectionalized trellis for block code. The (8,4) and (16,5)RM (Reed Muller) code are included here because they offers parallel and structurally identical subtrellises without cross connections among them that will reduces the decoding complexity and improves decoding speed. This paper also gives simulation results for iterative decoding of parallel concatenated block code of these two codes over AWGN channel by using SISO max-log-MAP decoder based on parallel trellises structure.

The first chapter includes the formal frame for the search paper including its problem based on the following questions: how does perfect dimension become in making the artistic image for rounded sculptures of Greek gods? Do sculptures change in their shape because of the perfect philosophical facts? The importance of the search paper is clear in following up the Greek religious thought through the gods' sculptures, nature and worship practices. So the research contributes , to some extent, to provide a form about the Greek religion and nature. The research also clarifies the Greek philosophy, especially the perfect philosophy, and identify the philosophy effect on the concepts of beauty and art especially the gods' sculptures. It provides a cognitive achievement which contributes to educate searchers in history, art and beliefs because it has useful information about such topics. It contributes to make the students of the fine art college and institutes understand all these aspects. The search goal is identifying the perfect dimension in the rounded sculptures of Greek gods. The search limits are limited to the period extended between the fourth century and the first one B.C for the Greek State. It is identified in studying the perfect dimensions for the rounded sculptures of Greek gods. The second chapter of the research is about the theoretical frame which includes three topics. The first topic is about following up the perfect dimension in the Greek philosophy, the second one is about Greek perfection, religion and legends. The third topic is about the perfection in the Greek graving. The third chapter includes the search procedures like the sample (65) from the community, 6 templates are chosen purposely to be the sample of the current research. The researcher depends on the descriptive analytic topic that copes with the search nature and the indicators concluded from the theoretical frame of the research that are described as indicators. The last chapter includes the results as 1- the Greek gods are embodied in different shapes like human (masculine ) as in template number (2,3,4) and feminine as in template (4,5) and superstitiously as in template number (1). 2- the idealism in the rounded sculptures for Greek gods is embodied through the realistic embodiment for human shapes. The Greek sculptor makes a value for the human body (shapes) and tries to reach the genuine idealism by the divine perfection as in templates number (2,3,4,5,6). The researcher provides a number of conclusions like 1- the variety of the rounded sculptures for Greek gods. 2- the rounded sculptures for Greek gods have embodied a state of superstitious thinking that is close to the idealism image. This chapter is ended in recommendations that the researcher thinks that must be taken into consideration in the future. Recommendations are represented by 1- put the topic of idealism for the Greek in the subject of art history and must be supported by pictures 2- including the artistic topics for the Greek artistic templates and their effect on the next arts and eras. After the recommendations, the researcher suggests making a study about " the shape of the prominent graving of the Greek gods. The last thing is the references.

This paper deals with the linguistic phenomenon of slogans which is deep-rooted in the values, traditions, beliefs and conventions of any society. It investigates the slogans uttered by Imam Hussein Bin Ali Bin Abi Talib (Peace be upon them) in his revolution against the crookedness and deviations of the evil rule of Yazid or those uttered by his followers and adherents have been collected from Al-Qarashi (2011), Al-Yaasiry (2009), Al-Jaraadi (2010) and At-Tublaani (2012). The paper aims to investigate the linguistic features of slogans (on the phonological, lexical and syntactic levels) and show the macro-strategies used to achieve these religious slogans. The conclusions can be summarized as the following: The analysis has shown that Hosu and Pavelea’s model of slogans fits at the phonological and lexical levels but it lacks some devices on the syntactic level namely: negation, comparison and vocative. In the light of this, the researcher proposes a modified model to include these devices.

This paper studies the concept of visual diversity of modern residential facades . It defines as" a concept ,work to enhance the diversity and differences between elements and their relationships of residential facades, and It is a reflection of different interests and tastes that it represents". Therefore the research problem is that there is a gap about " the relationship between subjective and objective analysis of visual diversity." Research hypotheses is that " If the value of visual element entropy is high, than this element will have an effect on visual diversity of modern residential facade , and that there is a relationship between the visual diversity subjective and objective analysis." The aim of this paper is "to analyze the visual diversity objectively using entropy, comparing its results with the subjective analysis of modern residential facades. " The research found that the visual elements have contributed in the diversity of residential facades in a different ways. Colors and ornamentation has the higher effect in visual diversity, followed by windows forms , and another elements. Also the paper found that there is a relationship between objective and subjective analysis of visual diversity in residential facedes

This paper discusses a notion in psycho-pragmatics called "obsession". This notion is a specific kind of soliloquy, which is persistent preoccupation ideas or thoughts that tell a person to do something bad or shameful things, however normal soliloquy is a normal speech with oneself to express regret or happiness. It is proved that obsession is an actual speech acts. A comparison is made between obsession and soliloquy in order to distinguish between these two similar notions. By doing this comparison, the paper shows the difference between the normal soliloquy and obsession. Some examples are taken from Arabic, especially from the Holy Qura'an. When analyzing these examples, the paper explains that soliloquy and obsession meet the three levels of speech act. Some verses (Ayas) explain the obsessive speeches of Satan to Adam for example and the perlocutionary act of these verses. Other verses (Ayas) show that soliloquy is a speech act but the speaker speaks to himself to express his thoughts and feelings or to do some actions as the perlocutionary act of his speech.

This paper presents firstly a buck-boost circuit with the advantage that its output voltage polarity is the same as the input polarity. The circuit operation is presented and analyzed in different modes of operation. The well known parameters used in evaluation of DC/DC converters like Total Harmonic Distortion THD, Power Factor PF, and Ripple Factor RF have no meaning in DC/DC converters, so it is to introduce efficient concepts to permit a fair evaluation of the converter. This paper present other parameters that can be used to study the characteristics of the converter and gives a real and logic means of its operation. These main parameters are: pumping energy PE, storage energy SE, energy factor EF, and energy losses EL. In addition, the converter efficiency is not considered as 100 % as taken in most analyzing studies. The positive DC/DC buck-boost converter is evaluated according to the new concepts and the system model is deduced for different cases of operation taking into account the resistance of the circuit inductor. The circuit is implemented practically and the presented obtained results show the correct operation under different modes of operation. In addition the control design of the converter is built such that a PI controller with windup is considered. In order to test the effectiveness of the designed control algorithm, the system were exposed to different voltage reference values and the obtained results demonstrate that the system responses for all cases are very acceptable according to the criteria of the control system theory.

The crucial and repeating subject in reference to cultural setting is the possibility of the importance, structures connected with time, place, individual and conditions. This paper will examine Gage's Dictionary of Canadian English that comprised two different meanings for culture which are appropriate to our discussion. The former definition covers the usual classic studies i.e., formal culture and the latter refers to deep culture. The paper recommends a need for implicit knowledge of these elements and their relation to communication through language. The paper also discusses two types of cultural contexts that are crucial in multicultural communication, (1) the external context and (2) the internal context .The paper also examines three important issues that are vital for quality language learning (1) How far is the classroom a natural setting for both language and culture learning? (2) To what extent is the classroom a setting for both language and culture learning? (3) And how is second or foreign language learning viewed by the society, especially in the multicultural milieu?. The paper reports that a mere ritual of adding cultural component to a basic language course is not sufficient. It is the mutual fitting that counts which the paper attempts to improve language learning through cultural immersion in ELT classroom.

The dominant critical focus on Maya Angelou’s writings has been on the thematic features of her texts. Linguistic and stylistic appraisals on her works are generally sparse. This paper is a stylistic study of Maya Angelou’s autobiographical novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. It aims at examining the stylistic features of the text vis-à-vis the semantic Law of Transitivity so as to investigate the features that contribute in the discourse’s trespassing the sphere of informing to the sphere of interaction and influence. The paper starts with brief notes on stylistics in relation to semantics. This is followed by a discussion of the Law of Transitivity, frequent references are made to John R. Searle’s patterns of metaphor. The varied forms of the relations between the signified or the source (the vehicle) and the signifier or the target (the tenor) in relation to the sign (the common ground) are discussed in the light of the figurative devices employed by the author and the functions achieved in revealing the ideological issues of race and gender in the book. The study attempts also at positioning the formal and psychological elements within a sociocultural context in order to promote the reader’s understanding of the purposes and functions to which certain linguistic choices are made.

This paper estimates the sound and flow generated by a turbulent air flow in a duct from the knowledge of mean quantities (average velocity and sound pressure level).The sound excitation by fluid flow through duct can be used to predict fluid behavior. This behavior can be carried out by discovering the relation between sound excitation and fluid flow parameters like Reynolds number, Strouhal number and frequencies of turbulent fluid flow. However, the fluid flow container stability has to be taken in account simultaneously with fluid flow effect on sound generation and propagation. The experimental system used in this work is air flow through subsonic wind tunnel duct.The sound pressure levels of air flows through test section of subsonic wind tunnel (at three air flow velocities2.5, 7.3 and 12.5 m/s) respectively were carried out experimentally. The sound excitation or generation by air flow throughout the test section of subsonic wind tunnel without any obstruction can't be used to imagine the fluid behavior. To predict fluid flow properties,an infinite cylinder was immersed in order to obstruct the air flow and generate a new source of sound.This case is relevant to a wide range of engineering applications including aircraft landing gear, rail pantographs and automotive side-mirrors. Sound measurements have been taken in an anechoic room at Babylon University. ANSYS program software is used to simulate all experimental results.The experimental and theoretical data that were presented in this paper will give further insight into the underlying sound generation mechanism.In the presented work, the linkage between sound generation and CFD results using thepresented work results and ANSYS simulation results was done.The results discuss the effects of fluid flow parameters such as Reynolds and Strouhal numbers on the sound generation, propagation features and vice-versa. The results are compared with other researchers which give good agreements.

The method of converting color images from the RGB color system to grayscale images is a simple operation by using the fixed weights method of conversion, but using the same weights to restore the color of the same images is not an effective operation of all types of images because the grayscale image contains little information and it isn't worthy of conversion operation. The basic idea in this paper is to employ the mathematics equations which extracted from the grayscale image in conversion operation, this paper presents the method of coloring the grayscale image by using the weights derived from the characteristics of the grayscale image. Skewness, Mean and Standard deviation moments have been extracted from the features of grayscale images and its adoption the determine weights of the RGB color system. This method proved its success in coloring images compared to the traditional method adoption of fixed weights for coloring images because it relies on fixed weights for converting all grayscale images.

Reliability is the probability of performing the function of an item over a given period of time under the operating conditions encountered . A Fault tree analysis (FTA) is exceedingly used reliability guess tool for complex engineering systems. The classic fault tree analysis method, which contains (AND, OR) gates can efficacious build an analytical model to represent combinations of component failures that cause the failure of a system. In this paper, we analyze the fuzzy fault tree (FFT) to the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis for the purpose of identifying the a minimal cut set and the statement of system failure through examples of complex systems (containing linking sequent and parallel). This paper includes reliability analysis as one of its basic tasks .

The major objective of this paper is pediment a new equation which can be used to obtain the total dissolved salts in the sand. This equation enables us to obtain the total dissolved salts by finding density of the watery solution resulting from dissolve any sample in distilled water. This equation shows very good results, so in this paper a new method is proposed to find the total dissolved salts by applying this equation which derived in this research without the need to use usual methods in finding those total dissolved salts. In this study, the proposed method uses the density variation between distilled water and the watery solution which is taken from the sand sample dissolved with distilled water. This proposed method will make the test of total dissolved salts more easily and quickly applied. The proposed method is equal or exceed in its reliability on other testing methods.

The traditional procedure of the secondary injection test includes splitting the secondary winding of current transformer from the test circuit. This work investigates whether the presence of the current transformer secondary winding inside the test circuit affects the accuracy of the test results or not. Matlab/Simulink has been used in this paper for modeling and simulating the tested circuit. Paper results show that the accuracy of the test is not affected when the secondary winding of current transformer presence inside the test circuit.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) classified as one of the most important classes of next generation networks that developed in recent years rapidly for vehicles and road transmissions. It can help in implementing a large set of applications related to vehicles, traffic light, traffic jam, drivers, passengers, ambulance, police, fire trucks and even pedestrians. Routing is the most prominent problem in the transmission of information in VANETs and there are many modes of dissemination: unicast, broadcast, multicast and geocast. In this paper, we will focus only on the multicast that is referring to a process of sending information from one node (called source vehicle) to a group of nodes that found in different locations (called destination vehicles). The purpose of this paper is to study the existing multicast routing protocols in VANET and produce good survey about them and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each one as well as classify them into different categories based on some effected parameters such as quality of service, vehicle trajectory and etc. After analyzing these routing protocols we concluded that there is persistent need to produce efficient multicast routing protocol in this network to decrease the resource consumption and improve the overall performance.

Cellular Manufacturing (CM) is a developed manufacturing philosophy that operates based on the principles of Groups Technology (GT) concept. It used to improve the quality and increase the productivity. Through CM, parts are grouped into families in view of their similarities in design /and or manufacturing features. Then again, machines likewise are gathered into cells to satisfy all the required processes on the families of parts. The integration was done with exam the manufacturing system, for example, job shop before applying the CM. Therefore, in the current paper an attempt was carried out firstly, to evaluate the presented production data, then to integrate the results of this step with the results of the next step, Cell Formation (CF) to acquire an effective CM system. In the evaluation part of the present paper, some hierarchical procedures were applied while in the design (cell formation) section, one of the well- known array based clustering method was utilized, this method known as Rank Order Clustering (ROC) and used to shape cells of machines and families of parts. However, some notable measures were utilized to assess the performance of the proposed CM, these measures are: grouping efficiency GE, grouping efficacy GC, voids, exceptional elements EE, percent of exceptional elements PE and machine utilization MU. To validate this work, three data sets (matrices) were chosen from the open literature. The strategy that followed lead to get a powerful CM solution. The outcomes demonstrated a missing of EE, increasing GE, GC, MU to 92%, 84%, 84% respectively.

This paper investigates the properties and applications of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS). FHSS is radio communication technique by which the sender of information sends the data on a radio channel, which changes the frequency of transmission based on a predetermined sequence of code. The FHSS has many advantages over traditional modulation methods, it can overcome fading, multipath channels and interferences. Hence the interception becomes difficult. This security feature makes FHSS more preferable for military applications. At the receiver side, the signal is demodulated by the same carrier signal for which frequency changes by the same code sequences used by the sender. This paper presents two types of FHSS, slow and fast. The simulation procedures of both types were implemented and applied on Frequency Hopping /Binary Phase Shift Keying (FH/BPSK) spread spectrum system using MATLAB. The simulation sequences for fast and slow frequency hopping is the same in number and frequencies of spreading carriers and both used BPSK traditional modulation type. The comparison results based on their power spectral density show that the fast frequency hopping is more resistive to noise the slow one.

Keeping the fineness of data is the most significant thing in communication.There are many factors that affect the accuracy of the data when it is transmitted over the communication channel such as noise etc. to overcome these effects are encoding channels encryption.In this paper is used for one type of channel coding is convolutional codes. Convolution encoding is a Forward Error Correction (FEC) method used in incessant one-way and real time communication links .It can offer a great development in the error bit rates so that small, low energy, and devices cheap transmission when used in applications such as satellites. In this paper highlight the design, simulation and implementation of convolution encoder and Viterbi decoder by using MATLAB- program (2011). SIMULINK HDL coder is used to convert MATLAB-SIMULINK models to VHDL using plates Altera Cyclone II code DE2-70. Simulation and evaluation of the implementation of the results coincided with the results of the design show the coinciding with the designed results.

This paper proposes a hybrid system for secretly embedding images into the dithered multilevelimage. Confident hybridizations between steganography and quantum encryptions are either rare inliterature or suffer a poor effectiveness in secure communication. This paper scrambles and divides thesecret image into groups to be embedded in the blocks of the cover image using three chaos algorithms.These are Lorenz map, Henon map, and Logistic map algorithms. The encryption of embedded imagesconducted using the quantum one-time pad. Results showed that the proposed hybrid system succeeded inembedding and combining images with quantum cryptography algorithms.

Cement Klin Dust (CKD) was the waste of almost cement industry factories, so that in this paper utilization of CKD as filler in cement and/or concrete was the main objective. CKD from the Karbala cement factory had been used and analysis to know the chemical composition of the oxides was done. In this paper cement mortars with different weight percentages of CKD (0,5,10,20,30,40) had been prepared. Physical properties such as density and porosity were done in different age curing (3, 7, 28) day. In addition, mechanical properties included the coefficient of thermal conductivity and compressive strength had also observed with different age (3,7, and 28) for all prepared specimens. From the obtained the experimental results and their discussion, it was clear that the addition (20%) of CKD had the good results in cement mortars.

The thin film of the (Al,Ti)N coating is studied with the aid of two parameters: hardness and adhesion. These parameters are very close to each other; however, in deposition field they could be interpreted differently. Several coatings of (Al,Ti)N layers are developed on tungsten carbide insert using the standard commercial Al0.67Ti0.33 cathodes in cathodic arc plating system(PVD). The influence of coating layer thickness on the mechanical properties of the coatings was investigated via two parameters: hardness and adhesion are characterized by the Rockwell tester Vickers tester. The measurements reveal that the highest hardness appears for the (Al,Ti)N thickness of 5.815 µm while the highest adhesion appears at a thickness of 3.089 µm. At the opposite extreme, the lowest hardness appears at 2.717 µm and the lowest hardness at 5.815 µm. Overall, the (Al/Ti) N coating of the thickness of 5.815 µm is controversial as it exhibits the highest hardness and the lowest adhesion. This result could be related to the effect of the formation of the micro-particle (MPs) which has a direct effect on the hardness because these MPs appear mainly on the surface and their presence at the interface is very limited. In addition, the creation of Ti buffering layer to reduce the delamination has its major effect on the adhesion but has no effect on the morphology of the surface. For these two reasons and the effect of the bias voltage, the results presented in this paper might show slight differences with other published papers. The composition of the (Al,Ti)N layer is characterized and, seemingly, it shows one important result which is showing that the ultimate composition of the (Al,Ti)N layer (Ti0.62Al0.38) is very close to the original target used in this study (Al0.67Ti0.33).

In this paper wireless optical communication system (FSO) is designed through the use of software (Optisystem) . The paper also study the effect of atmospheric dust on the performance of communication system (FSO), the effect of dust concentration on the visibility by taking a different concentrations of dust (9, 20, 40, 60, 80 100, 120) gm / month / m2 . The effect of the visibility on the attenuation of dust concentration on each of these concentrations , and calculate attenuation of dust for the wavelengths (784 nm, 1550 nm). The Paper also deals with effect of the transmitted laser power on the transmitter range (propagation distance) where five different values of transmitted laser power (10mw, 20mw, 30mw, 40mw, 50mw) are taken and the study calculates the maximum transmitter range of each value of the transmitted power under the influence of attenuation atmospheric dust concentrations for each concentration of dust used and also for the two wavelengths (1550nm, 784nm).

This paper is a contribution to research work which aims at ending the electricity crisis in Iraq. The electric power stations, which use conventional fuel, are unable to provide the growing population with electricity all day-long. Moreover, electric distribution lines are sometimes exposed to attacks by terrorists. This paper recommends solar energy as the optimum solution to the electricity problem in Iraq, since it is both renewable and friendly to the environment. The paper also concentrated on reliability techniques to improve the efficiency of the solar energy system. This was achieved by means of designing and constructing a cooling system that consists of fans, sprinklers and wipers to eliminate excessive heat from solar panels when temperature rises to maximum levels. Sprinklers and wipers are also useful for cleaning the panels because dust is a negative factor which undermines the generation capacity of solar panels. The cooling system is operated by means of a microcontroller that is programmed through Proteus 8, Arduino, and Matlab2016. Statistics reveal that a cooling system has significantly improved the productive capacity of the solar system and it can achieve an energy gain of (34.55%).

In this paper, an experimental system was designed and built to simulate conditions in the gas turbine blade cooling and run the experimental part. Boundary conditions are: inlet coolant air temperature is 300K with Reynolds numbers (Re=7901) .The surrounding constant hot air temperatures was (673 K).The numerical simulations were done by using software FLUENT version (14.5), in this part, it was presented the effect of using circular ribs having middle fin fitted in rectangular passage channel on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. Ribs used with pitch-rib height of 10, rectangular channel of (30x60 mm) cross section, 1.5 mm duct thickness and 0.5 m long. The temperature, velocity distribution contours, cooling air temperature distribution at the duct centerline, the inner wall surface temperature of the duct, and thermal performance factor are presented in this paper. it can be seen that the duct with all ribs with middle fins was the better case which leads to increase the coolant air temperature by (10.22 %) and decrease the inner wall temperature by (6.15 % ). The coolant air flow velocity seems to be accelerated and decelerated through the channel in the presence of ribs, so it was shown that the thermal performance factor along the duct is larger than 1, this is due to the fact that the ribs create turbulent conditions and increasing thermal surface area, and thus increasing heat transfer coefficient than the smooth channel.

Cities and infrastructure have always appeared in an interrelated and shared development, and cities cannot exist without it, the possibility of cities and urban life are conditional by infrastructure. This important relationship between cities and infrastructure is an important element in understanding the appearance of cities and civilizations and their sustainability, because of the transformation of infrastructure and its transformational power. This relationship works in both directions; Cities and their social, economic, and political functions lead to evolution and / or appearance infrastructure, according to needed infrastructure to support growth. This paper aims to clarify the role of infrastructure in cities’ sustainable urban development. The effect of infrastructure on cities’ sustainable development appears in two integrated aspects; The first, is their importance in providing basic conditions of life - the needs of residents, the second, the three dimensions of sustainable urban infrastructure: environmental, financial and physical assets dimensions. To achieve the research’s objective, the development and updating of the Muqdadiya master plan was analyzed, the research concluded that the project focused on environmental dimensions of sustainable infrastructure in urban development, in addition to the main elements in planning and urban form.

Recently Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) take interesting researches due to their important and crucial applications. WSNs have limited energy so all researches focused in designing routing algorithms to save energy and to make each one operating for longer possible time. This paper was implemented the developed a modified predictive-wakeup MAC protocol (MPW-MAC) using NetLogo simulators. Also was tested the behavior of the MPW-MAC in relation to the Data Packet delivery Ratio (PDR), average packet loss, average throughput, average delivery latency, and average duty cycle. One important challenge in the WSNs is the energy consumption. A new approach was designed to estimate the energy consumption. The simulation results show improvements in Data Packet delivery Ratio (PDR), average packet loss, average throughput, average delivery latency, and average duty cycle. Nodes distribution, selecting the nodes states, and wakeup times of nodes and the interval wakeup are randomly chosen. Also the result indicates that the MPW-MAC protocol reduces the energy consumption and the number of the switching between states in the node will effects on the amount of the energy consumed by the node.

In recent times, the traditional interaction structures of English both language classrooms and roles of teachers and students are gradually changing. This marks the shift from the teacher-centered classrooms to student-centered classrooms; moving towards ‘student-centered learning’ and‘collaborative working modes’. The contemporary educational world views teachers and students as communicators. In such situations students get more opportunity to ‘participate’, ‘observe’, ‘reflect on’ and ‘practice social ways’. These opportunities expose the students to a more ‘meaning-making’ and ‘knowledge construction processes’. The shift from traditional teaching and learning process to the contemporary one has posed great challenges for teachers, who are always working under pressure to complete the syllabus designed for the academic year. In such a situation it is very important to ascertain if this idea of student-centered classroom is present in the recent classroom. Educationally oriented research into classroom interaction makes it essential for further studies into the classroom interaction in the modern classroom. Hence, this study aims to observe the interaction process that takes place in English classrooms of four government schools in Hilla (Centre of Babylon Governorate). This paper also suggests measures to improve classroom interaction and language learning in the English classes. The main findings from the study are as follows: (a) the classroom interaction is teacher-centered, (b) teachers partially facilitate learning, the classrooms are controlled by teachers (c) the ratio of the teacher-talk is more than student-talk."

This paper investigate numerically the flow inside an axial turbine of turbocharger in the three dimensions. The performance of an axial turbine for the turbocharger is heavily affected by blade design due to the flow dynamics in the blade passage. Furthermore, modification and improvement of a turbine blade is a challenging task for turbomachinery engineers. Hence, this study is aimed to predict the performance of an axial turbine of automotive engine turbocharger. A cascade, having nozzle stator, was used for the performance evaluation. A commercial CFD code ANSYS CFX, was used to simulate the flow and the primary grid generation. The influence of blade numbers of rotor and stator has been studied by comparing the turbine stage performance. The results showed that the fluid dynamics within an axial turbine has indicated that the pressure ratio and volume flow rate were predicted. Obviously, it was observed that the pressure ratio, volume flow rate and efficiency were predicted numerically. The comparative study of these results indicated noticeable a turbine stage performance. Overall, numerical results obtained from computational fluid dynamic simulations could produce a much deeper understanding of flow and a highly reliable for estimation on the performance of an axial turbine of turbocharger

In this paper a procedure was performed for engendering spatial model of landscape acclimated to reality simulation. This procedure based on combining spatial data and field measurements with computer graphics reproduced using Blender software. Thereafter that we are possible to form a 3D simulation based on VIS ALL packages. The objective was to make a model utilising GIS, including inputs to the feature attribute data. The objective of these efforts concentrated on coordinating a tolerable spatial prototype, circumscribing facilitation scheme and outlining the intended framework. Thus; the eventual result was utilized in simulation form. The performed procedure contains not only data gathering, fieldwork and paradigm providing, but extended to supply a new method necessary to provide the respective 3D simulation mapping production, which authorises the decision makers as well as investors to achieve permanent acceptance an independent navigation system for Geoscience applications.

Surface interpolation techniques are commonly employed for creating continuous data (raster data) from a distributed set of data points over a geographical region. In this paper, the comparison between two spatial interpolation techniques (Natural Neighbouring (NN) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)) is done. The goal is to determine which method creates the best real representation of measured ground water levels in Baghdad Governorate. Raster surface generation (ground water prediction map) is obtained for each method by using average ground water level measured at 206 wells in the study area. These maps show spatial variation in the ground water level and they are quite different. IDW method results a smoother map and lesser error than NN method. Thus, the analysis shows that IDW creates a better representation of reality for measuring ground water levels in Baghdad Governorate.

The aim of this paper is to provide information concerning the effect of low co-flow velocity on the turbulent diffusion flame for a simple type of combustor, a numerical simulated cases of turbulent diffusion hydrogen-air flame are performed. The combustion model used in this investigation is based on chemical equilibrium and kinetics to simplify the complexity of the chemical mechanism. Effects of increased co-flowing air velocity on temperature, velocity components (axial and radial), and reactants have been investigated numerically and examined. Numerical results for temperature are compared with the experimental data. The comparison offers a good agreement. All numerical simulations have been performed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) commercial code FLUENT. A comparison among the various co-flow air velocities, and their effects on flame behavior and temperature fields are presented.

In this paper, different techniques are used to improve the turbo decoding of regular repeat accumulate (RA) and irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) codes. The adaptive scaling of a-posteriori information produced by Soft-output Viterbi decoder (SOVA) is proposed. The encoded pilots are another scheme that applied for short length RA codes. This work also suggests a simple and a fast method to generate a random interleaver having a free 4 cycle Tanner graph. Progressive edge growth algorithm (PEG) is also studied and simulated to create the Tanner graphs which have a great girth.

CaCO3/PP biocomposite have been proposed previously as biomaterial for bone repair applications.The effect of filler size and type on thermal parameters and crystallization behaviour have not been tacked thoroughly.. Enumeration search method (ESM) checks all possible combinations of design or processing variables in a bottom-up approach until it finds the global optimum solution for the design or processing conditions. In this paper, the optimum processing conditions for calcium carbonate/PP Nano composites as bone analogue biomaterials is sought. Also the effect of Nano sized Al2O3 on thermal properties and crystallization was studied. Enumeration search method (ESM) by Matlab software, give an indication for optimum processing conditions whose results are commensurate with those of the classical experiments design. Different compositions, compounding pressure, and processing temperatures were used in this work. Composites with 5% Al2O3/20 CaCO3/75PP give the optimum thermal properties and uniform distribution of fillers in polymeric matrix.

This paper presents a parametric study to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded concrete encased steel composite columns (SRC). The artificial neural network (ANN) technique was adopted in this study by developing an efficient model to predict the behavior of such composite columns, depending on a total of 105 experimental tests for such composite columns with concrete rectangular section encased I-shape structural steel section and subjected to eccentric loads producing bending moment about one of the column section axes. The developed model was used to investigate the effects on the structural behavior of the eccentrically loaded composite columns owing to the steel contribution ratio, the axis of the applied bending, the concrete strength, and the structural steel yield stress by analyzing of 36 SRC specimens with different structural properties. Generally, it is shown that the effect of the axis of applied bending moment on the strength of SRC specimens is directly proportional to steel contribution ratio. It was observed, also, that in spite of the strength of the analyzed composite columns were increased with the increase in the strength of concrete, but the both effects, the axis of the applied bending moment and the increase of structural steel yield stress, are inversely proportional to the increase of concrete strength. The Predicted strengths of SRC specimens from ANN analysis were compared with that calculated using the EC4, giving good agreement reached to a ratio around 0.96.

This paper contains a design of transmission lines, transformers and appropriate compensators for a 31-bus interconnected power system. It identifies a new pattern used to improve voltage stability and exposes several key issues that had remained as research challenges in this area. Preliminary data such as bus data, load schedule, standard transformer sizes, line distances and information associated to transmission line including type of conductors and towers has been discussed. Reorganizing the conductors of transmission lines using parallel transformers and utilizing appropriate compensators are some techniques to improve the capacity of network in order to satisfy the assigned load with a good quality of power and increase the stability and reliability of the network. Different power flows has been run accordingly to every changes in the network by using Power World Simulator software (PWS) and used the Full-Newton method power flow. Matlab software has been used to calculate the values of the line inductance and line capacitance.

Fiber optic sensors have progressed rapidly in recent year as because it has many advantages over other types of sensors in terms of freedom from electromagnetic radiation, wide bandwidth, economy, can withstand high temperature and under harsh environment. Due to those reason a thermo sensor based on fiber optic which utilizes a thin-film optical band-pass filter has been developed. However, the proposed system has advantages over the fiber Bragg grating sensor which can observe the temperature in small area and low transmission loss. The simulation software is used to design a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The GUI system allows the user to monitor the condition and the status of the current temperature. The monitoring system presented in this paper is divided into three basic sub-systems which are retrieve the real-time data system, displaying out the data system, and warning system. This GUI system used to collect the data and process the data for displaying the current data and further checking as a history data has been keep. The values obtained of thermo sensor are measured as 30°C till 330°C and the wavelength values are between 1552.93nm till 1557.25nm

Object tracking is an important task within the field of computer vision. Where, it is the process of segmenting an object of interest from a video scene and keeping track of its motion, orientation occlusion to extract useful information. This paper is intended to the improve the measurement accuracy of the closing moving object by using the median filter for denoising and Kalman filter for tracking. At the denoising stage, 70-80% of the noise is reduced by using a median filter. The median filter has been used instead of the Wiener filter because the noise which is assumed is salt and pepper, and it is less complexity than the Wiener filter. While in the tracking stage, the KF has been used as estimated filter. However, the measurements have been improved by 11.27%. The simulation has been done by using Matlab 2014, while the proposal is applied to the real video.

Why may a syntactic structure of an English expression differ from its Arabic counterpart though they may, semantically, convey similar or equivalent messages? Investigating resources in the two languages produces the view that the difference between these languages in terms of syntactic constructions belong to the difference between the worlds that the natives of the two languages perceive and communicate in composing these messages. The English natives deal with the projected world (mental world of concepts) whose input is the natives’ mental interpretations of entities in the real world. Whereas Arabs tend to deal with the real world -as it is -in composing their messages. This paper surveys some cases of post-nominal modifiers in English and Arabic in the light of the notion mentioned above. It comes to the conclusion that even when the two languages happen to show similarity in terms of grammatical position of a certain linguistic unit, the difference still present in terms of the details which underlie that similarity because the entities encoded linguistically belong to different worlds.

This paper presents comparative study between two network simulators (NS-3, OPNET), based on the software used and architectural simulator and Required Resources. To compare the performance of these two simulator under similar conditions and at the same time, then measuring the (time and memory) for each simulator and recorded and analysis.

Car parking generation considers as the main parameter for estimating the car parking demand. However, developing a relation to correlate such demand with car parking generation is in high demand for any city, where such relation, of course, different from city to city. In this paper, the relation between the car parking demand and land use have been determined for the center of the holy city of Karbala. Whereas, the land uses were designated into: residential, heritage, commercial, educational, governmental, public, religious and health. Then, the demand was determine from a representative sample for each land use facility. Moreover, additional date were collected for the visitors whom used the current car parking at AM, and PM periods and at peak hours for a normal day. Form such vital data, a model of a relation between the type of land use and car parking generation have been established. Such relation can be a vital element of the highway mode of the transportation network in the city Karbala.

The pavement condition index (PCI) is an important factor indicating pavement condition of roads. The pavement is one of the basic parts of the road infrastructure. Accordingly the aim of this paper is to develop a pavement condition index model using PAVER 6.5.7 for a flexible pavement urban roads in the Kerbala city center. The development model is depending on the PCI value of 109 sample sections having 57.8 km length, Data collected for pavement distress (type, dimension, and severity) were used to find PCI. The filtering and outlier analysis was done by using a polynomial (fourth-degree) constrained least squared for statistical process. These processes were done by (PAVER 6.5.7) software. The result of the prediction model of PCI shows that it is valid to be used in the prediction of the condition of pavement for the same family type

This Paper deals with a literary pheonomenon where narration interw pqeticism are interwoven in the writing of the novel " The Memory of Body". It is written in a literary language that in terest in itself through its dis placed ,concise, and condenced language. A Language that is pregnant with a variety of rhythms in cluding what lies within external rhythm and internal rhythm, such as intonation, repetition, division, parallelism rhythm and equivalence. The study starts with an introduction to originate this phenomenon in Arabic and Western prose, tracing its roots and manifestation s-All these points are briefly mentioned.