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Introduction: Because virtually no theories were available to explain unique characteristics of Asian women's leadership in nursing, a middle-range theory on women's leadership in Asian culture was previously published. To reflect recent political and social changes in different countries, there is a necessity to refine the theory. The purpose of this article is to present the refined middle-range theory on Asian women's leadership in nursing. Methodology: Using an integrative approach, the theory was further developed based on two major sources: literature reviews and exemplars/cases from six different countries. Results: The Refined Middle-Range Theory on Women's Leadership in Asian Culture has two main domains: (a) leadership frames and (b) leadership contexts. The domain of leadership contexts has been extended with two additional main concepts including demographic contexts and health workforce/system contexts. Discussion: The refined theory is expected to guide Asian women's leadership in nursing across the globe.

Introduction: Race and ethnicity along with social determinants of health have been identified as risk factors for COVID-19. The purpose of this clinical paper is to provide an overview of the National Coalition of Ethnic Minority Nurse Associations (NCEMNA), present COVID-19 epidemiological data on five racial-ethnic groups, identify culturally congruent health care strategies for each group, and provide directions for practice and research. Method : NCEMNA collaborated to provide a clinical paper that addresses information about COVID-19 and culturally congruent health care in five racial-ethnic groups. Results : Every organization presented common themes across the different groups and unique perspectives that each group is faced with during this challenge. Discussion : This article provides an introduction to the issues that minority groups are facing. It is imperative that data are collected to determine the extent of the impact of COVID-19 in diverse communities in the country.

Introduction: Asian cultures reflect patriarchal cultural values and attitudes, which likely have influenced women leaders in their countries differently from women in Western cultures. However, virtually no leadership theories have been developed to reflect the experiences and development of nursing leaders from Asian cultures. The purpose of this article is to present an emerging integrated middle-range theory on Asian women's leadership in nursing., Methodology: Using an integrative approach, the theory was developed based on three major sources: the leadership frames of Bolman and Deal, literature reviews, and exemplars/cases from five different countries., Results: The theory includes two main domains (leadership frames and leadership contexts). The domain of leadership frames includes human resources/networks, structure/organization, national/international politics, and symbols. The domain of leadership contexts includes cultural contexts, sociopolitical contexts, and gendered contexts., Discussion: This theory will help understand nursing leadership in Asian cultures and provide directions for future nurse leaders in this ever-changing globalized world.

Purpose: To explore the use of Internet cancer support groups (UICSG) by Asians and Whites living with cancer and determine the factors influencing their UICSG., Design and Methods: A cross-sectional Internet study among 30 Asians and 30 Whites. The instruments included (a) questions on sociodemographic and cultural factors, and disease status, (b) the Support Care Needs Survey-34 Short Form, (c) the 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey subscale on Internet usage, and (d) the UICSG Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and nonparametric multiple regression analyses., Results: There was a significant ethnic difference in the UICSG, but there were no ethnic differences in general Internet use or needs for help. Across the ethnic groups, the significant factors influencing the UICSG included "self-reported ethnic identity," "born in the United States," and "general Internet use.", Conclusion: Nurses should consider the cultural factors that influence the UICSG.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the menopausal symptom experiences of Asian American midlife women within the contexts of their daily lives using a feminist approach., Design: This was a qualitative online forum study among 13 Asian American women recruited through the Internet. Seven discussion topics related to the menopausal symptom experience were used, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis., Findings: Five themes emerged: (a) “being conditioned,”(b) “becoming strong,” (c) “appreciating,” (d) “without making a fuss,” and (e) “quiet support.” DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: These themes represent the women’s marginalized but empowered experience duringmenopausal transition.

Purpose: To compare the menopausal symptom experiences of subethnic groups of Asian American midlife women., Design: A cross-sectional study among 91 Asian American women online. Questions about background characteristics, ethnic identity, and health and menopausal status, and the Midlife Women's Symptom Index were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics., Findings: The most frequently reported and the most severe symptoms differed by subethnicity. The total number of symptoms differed by subethnicity, as did total severity scores for the symptoms., Discussion: Researchers and clinicians should be aware of subethnic differences.

Purpose: Using a feminist perspective, the relationship between acculturation and cancer pain experience was explored., Design: This was a cross-sectional, correlational Internet study among 104 Hispanic and 114 Asian cancer patients. The instruments included both unidimensional and multidimensional cancer pain measures., Findings: There were significant differences in cancer pain scores by country of birth. Yet there was no significant association of acculturation to cancer pain scores., Discussion and Conclusions: This study indicated inconsistent findings., Implications for Practice: To provide directions for adequate cancer pain management, further studies with a larger number of diverse groups of immigrant cancer patients are needed.

Recent studies have indicated that Internet Cancer Support Groups (ICSGs) tend to serve highly educated, high-income Whites at an early stage of cancer. Why do very few ethnic minority cancer patients, especially ethnic minority women, participate in ICSGs? In this article, the possible answers to this question are explored through a literature review from a feminist perspective. The potential reasons identified through the review include (a) gender and ethnic differences in attitudes toward ICSGs, (b) gender and ethnic differences in need for help, and (c) gender- and ethnic-specific contexts. Based on the discussion, implications for future research are proposed.

The purpose of this Internet study was to describe menopausal symptoms, perceived causes of the symptoms, and management strategies for the symptoms among five ethnic groups of Asian American women. Sixty-two university faculty and/or staff members aged 40 to 60 years who self-reported as Asian Americans and could read and write English were recruited through the Internet. An Internet survey was conducted, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The most prevalent symptoms were "worrying about body," "aches in back of neck and skull," and "weight gain." Most of the women perceived "aging" as the main cause of their symptoms and chose not to manage their symptoms. The findings strongly suggest that women's own explanation of their symptoms is frequently different from that of health care providers.

This article reports on cultural influences on symptoms experienced during menopausal transition of Korean women in South Korea and Korean immigrant women in the United States. Data from independent studies of two groups of Korean women were triangulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis indicated that Korean women in South Korea tended to report more symptoms than Korean immigrant women in the United States. Types and severity of prevalent symptoms were also found to be different between the two groups. The findings suggest that recent introduction of menopausal industries in South Korea and contextual influences on Korean women's work and immigration in the United States would be the reason for differences. Based on the findings, implications for future research are proposed.