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Nanofluid natural convection inside a cavity with a porous square obstacle in the presence of magnetic field is simulated by lattice Boltzmann method. The porous obstacle is adopted by Sierpinski carpets fractal pattern, and three kinds of temperature boundary conditions are set up on the hot walls. The combination of five topics including LBM, Sierpinski carpets, nanofluid, magnetic field and various temperature boundary conditions is the main novelty of the present paper. The effects of temperature boundary condition, configuration of Sierpinski carpets porous obstacle, Rayleigh number, nanoparticle volume fraction and Hartmann number on the flow pattern, temperature distribution and heat transfer characteristics are studied. The results show that the local and average Nusselt numbers are increasing functions of ϕ and Ra, but a decreasing function of Ha, regardless of the boundary conditions. The heat transfer enhancement by adding nanoparticles is more effective at low ϕ. The rate of heat transfer with different temperature boundary conditions is Case 3 ˃ Case 2 ˃ Case 1. At high Hartmann number, the obstacle configuration affects the rate of heat transfer very slightly. However, at low Hartmann number, the effect of obstacle configuration on the average Nusselt number should be considered. The effect of obstacle configuration on the rate heat transfer is also influenced by the temperature boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lattice Boltzmann method is utilized to investigate the mixed convection of a CuO/water nanofluid by magnetic field's effect in a lid-driven U-shaped enclosure filled with a baffle. The bottom wall's temperature is high. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model, which considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles, is adopted to obtain the thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. How the Hartmann number (Ha), Richardson number (Ri), Reynolds number (Re), and nanoparticle concentration (ϕ) affect streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number (Nuave) is also examined. The results reveal that, at Re = 100 and for a large Ri, the nanofluid strategy degrades the Nu. The favorable effect of increasing the Re on the average Nu and adverse trends of the increment in the Ha on the heat transfer are the main highlights in this study. In addition, the increase in the Re more strongly affects the heat transfer rate at higher Ri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lattice Boltzmann method is used to study natural convection of a CuO/water nanofluid in a hollow cavity. The hollow walls are fixed at a uniform temperature, and the effect of an applied magnetic field is examined. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model, which accounts for nanoparticle's Brownian motion, is used to gain the nanofluid effective thermal conductivity and nanofluid viscosity. The mechanisms how the inclination angle of magnetic field, Hartmann number, Rayleigh number, hollow width and nanoparticle volume fraction affect the streamlines, isotherms and rate of heat transfer are also studied. The results show that the average Nusselt number is increased by incrementing the nanoparticle volume fraction, Ra, magnetic field inclination angle and hollow width, but decreased by the Ha. For L = 0.4, the value of Ra where the dominant mechanism of heat transfer is changed from conduction to convection is larger than 105. But for L = 0.48 or 0.56, the turning point of the dominant heat transfer mechanism is at Ra < 105. Besides, at L = 0.4 or 0.48, the average Nusselt numbers in hot walls are higher than those in cold wall, but the opposite trend is found at L = 0.56. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forced convection heat transfer of multi-wall carbon nanotubes–iron oxide nanoparticles/water hybrid nanofluid (MWCNT–Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluid) inside a partially heated τ-shaped channel has been numerically investigated. The effect of magnetic field is taken into account. The governing equations are solved by the lattice Boltzmann method in the domain, and the results were compared with other numerical methods by an excellent agreement between them. The effects of parameters such as Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 60), volume fraction of nanoparticles (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.003) and different location of two heaters on the fluid flow and heat transfer are studied. The results indicate that for all cases, the average Nusselt number of each heater increases as the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases. The heat transfer characteristics were significantly affected by the arrangement of the two heaters. The heaters located on the left half of the top wall is convection-dominant mechanism, and the conduction heat transfer is the primary mechanism when the heater is on the right half of the top wall. The average Nusselt number increases as Ha increases for the heater of dominating convection mechanism but decreases for the heater of dominating conduction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was carried out to investigate the effects of magnetic field and nanofluid on the natural convection heat transfer in a baffled U-shaped enclosure. The combination of different specifications of the baffle, LBM, nanofluid and magnetic field is the main innovation in the present study. In order to consider the effect of Brownian motion on the thermal conductivity, Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model is used to define thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid. Effects of Rayleigh number, Hartmann number, nanoparticle volume fraction, height and position of the baffle on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics have been examined. It was found that raising the Rayleigh number and nanoparticle solid volume fraction leads to increase the average Nusselt number irrespective of the position of the hot obstacle. However, the heat transfer rate is suppressed by the magnetic field. The heat transfer enhancement by introducing nanofluid decreases as increasing Rayleigh number, but it increases as increasing the Hartmann number. Moreover, the maximum heat transfer rate was observed when the enclosure equipped with a baffle with (s, h) = (0.2, 0.3) or (0.4, 0.3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]