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This article presents the changes in the thermal properties of the control and titanium dioxide (TiO), both nano and bulk exposed Zebrafish bones by using thermo analytical techniques. The result shows that the mass loss due to the thermal decomposition occurs in three distinct steps due to loss of water, organic and inorganic materials. The titanium dioxide exposed bones present a different thermal behaviour compared to the control bones. The residue masses are found to be increased due to titanium dioxide exposure. In particular, nano titanium dioxide exposure increases the residue mass level significantly (three fold) when compared to titanium dioxide bulk exposure. These thermal characteristics can be used as a qualitative method to check the metal oxide intoxication in biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with possibility of the applications of inorganic substances specifically natural bentonite in function of reinforced nanofillers in polymeric materials. X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TG, DSC and DTA) were used to characterize natural bentonite in more detail. At the prepared model, rubber compounds with various amounts of added filler were determinated vulcanization characteristics and physical–mechanical properties. The measured values were compared with the values of commercially used polymeric materials with the original composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermo-oxidative degradation of a parchment recent manufactured from a goat skin has been investigated by TG/DTG, DSC simultaneous analysis performed in static air atmosphere, at six heating rates in the range 3–15 K min−1. At the progressive heating in air atmosphere, the investigated material exhibits three main successive processes occurring with formation of volatile products, namely the dehydration followed by two thermo-oxidative processes. The processing of the non-isothermal data corresponding to the first process of thermo-oxidation was performed by using Netzsch Thermokinetics—a Software Module for Kinetic Analysis. The dependence of activation energy, evaluated by isoconversional methods suggested by Friedman, and Ozawa, Flynn and Wall, on the conversion degree and the relative high standard deviations of this quantity show that the investigated process is a complex one. The mechanism and the corresponding kinetic parameters were determined by Multivariate Non-linear Regression program. Three mechanisms, one consisting in four successive steps and two others in five successive steps, exhibit the best F-test Fit Quality for TG curves. It was also used the previously suggested criterion, according to which the most probable process mechanism correspond to the best agreement between E FR = E FR (α) ( E FR is the activation energy evaluated by isoconversional method suggested by Friedman; α is the conversion degree) obtained from non-isothermal experimental data and activation energy values, E iso, obtained by applying the differential method to isothermal data simulated using non-isothermal kinetic parameters. According to this last criterion, the most probable mechanism of parchment oxidation consists in four successive steps. The contribution of the thermo-oxidation process in the parchment damage by natural aging is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical compositions, crystalline structures and thermal properties of bombax cotton and natural colored cottons including laurel green, bottle green and brown cotton were investigated by chemical analysis, SEM, IR spectra and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the crystallinity and crystallite sizes of laurel green cotton were lower than those of bottle green cotton because of the excess content of suberin in the former. The crystallinity of brown cotton was similar to that of white cotton, and bombax cotton had the lowest crystallinity but its crystallite orientation was the highest. Thermal property of bottle green cotton was the most stable, whose decomposition temperature was higher of 30°C than that of common white cotton because of its higher lignin content, and bombax cotton had the lowest thermal degradation temperature. But bottle green cotton reached the highest decomposition speed and made decomposition finish within a very short time, and bombax cotton was just the reverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objects for the studies of this paper are iron sulfates where the iron has second or third valences and where coordination between iron, sulfur and oxygen is different. DSC technique is used to investigate thermal stability and enthalpy changes when iron compounds are treated in different gas medium. The main objective is to compare thermal stability and enthalpy of iron oxy-sulphate, often detected as an intermediate, with commonly known iron sulphates. DSC curves of samples with equal mass under different gas medium, determining different partial pressure of oxygen in the gas phase, are the base for comparative study of the sample’s thermal properties. Obtained different values of the enthalpy and mass losses and kinetic parameters demonstrate that the stability of oxy-sulphate strongly depended on the value of oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase. The new evidences from the experimental study help to propose the mechanism of the decomposition and to compare some of the iron sulphates properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal decomposition of three new reagent cyclohexylamine- p-tolylglyoxime (L1H2), tertiarybutyl amine- p-tolylglyoxime (L2H2) and secondary butylamine- p-tolylglyoxime (L3H2 and their Co-complexes were studied by both isothermal and nonisothermal methods. As expected, the complex structure of Co-complexes, different steps with different activation energies were realized in decomposition process. Model-fitting and model-free kinetic approaches were applied to nonisothermal and isothermal data. The kinetic triplet ( f(α), A and E) related to nonisothermal model-fitting method can not be meaningfully compared with values obtained from isothermal method. The complex nature of the multi-step process of the studied compounds was more easily revealed using a wider temperature range in nonisothermal isoconversional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive thermal analysis has shown that DMSO-containing reaction mixtures can be more energetic and decompose at lower temperatures than pure DMSO. Several processes at Merck using DMSO as a solvent were found to have the onset temperatures of decompositions reduced to the point where it became a thermal and operational hazard. The onset temperature depended on the reagents in the reaction mixture and the thermal history of the mixture. The case studies presented in this paper will include discussion on what process hazards were identified, how the process hazards differ from the pure DMSO hazards, and how to scale up these processes safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hyphenated thermal analysis-mass spectrometry technique (TA-MS) was applied for the investigation of the thermal behavior of reference and aged parchment samples. The kinetic parameters of the process were calculated independently from all recorded TA and MS signals. The kinetic analysis showed the distinct dependence of the activation energy on the reaction progress. Such behavior is characteristic for the multistage mechanism of the reaction. The comparison of the kinetic parameters calculated from the different signals i.e. TG, DSC, MS for H2O, NO and CO2, however, indicated that they were differently dependent on the aging of the sample. For the parchment samples, the aging almost does not change the kinetics of the decomposition calculated from the DSC data: the influence of aging seems to be too negligible to be detected by these techniques. On the other hand, the much more sensitive mass spectrometric technique applied to the kinetic analysis allowed monitoring of visible changes in the thermal behavior of the parchment samples due to the aging process. The influence of aging was especially visible when the MS signals of water and nitric oxide were applied for the determination of the kinetic parameters. The applied method of the kinetic analysis allowed also the prediction of the thermal behaviour of reference and aged parchment samples under isothermal and modulated temperature conditions. Presented results have confirmed the usefulness of thermoanalytical methods for investigating behaviour of such complicated systems as leather or parchment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal analysis (TA) is useful for studying the reaction and thermal properties of free radical cured photopolymers. Starting with reactive liquid monomers, the photocuring reactions are initiated by the interaction of UV radiation with an added photoinitiator to form free radicals. The monomers generally are acrylates or methacrylates. Some of the important characteristics of these systems that can be illustrated by TA methods are: 1) the polymers are heterogeneous with more than one phase present even when only one monomer is involved; 2) because of this heterogeneity they have unusually broad glass transitions; 3) the degree of conversion achieved in many UV cured systems is in the 60–80% range, so that considerable residual monomer is often present; 4) partially cured, vitrified samples contain trapped free radicals that will continue to react slowly; 5) when a partially cured photopolymer is heated above its current T g a reaction exotherm is evident. Some other aspects of photocuring are not easily disclosed by thermal analysis. Studying fast photoreactions by DSC may not give valid kinetic data because the reaction occurs faster than the DSC instrument time constant. Optical methods (IR, Raman) can be used to advantage in such cases. While photocuring resins are usually exposed to light at ambient temperatures, the local temperature in the resin will be quite elevated, resulting in T g values that are much higher than ambient. This has been demonstrated by thermal modeling of the reaction and verified by infrared thermography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat effects arising at heating of Spirulina platensis cell culture containing different quantity of water (from 98.2 to 10.5 mass% H2O) have been studied. The hydration of Sp. pl. cells determined by the method of microcalorimetry at 25°C (Δ n) was equal to 0.32±0.02 g H2O/g of dry biomass. The heat (– Q) evolved by cells in the temperature range 5–52°C decreased exponentially at decrease of mass% H2O and reached zero value at 30.5±3.0 mass% H2O. The total heat of cell denaturation did not change in the range 98.2–40.5 mass% H2O and it sharply dropped at lower values of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexes of yttrium(III) and lanthanides(III) with 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid were prepared as crystalline solids of the general formula Ln4(C10H2O8)3⋅14H2O. They are insoluble in water. On heating in air or inert gas atmosphere all compounds lose water molecules; next anhydrous compounds decompose to oxides. The yttrium complex and heavy lanthanide (from Ho to Lu) ones crystallize in monoclinic crystal system. The dehydration does not change the crystal structure of the compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in the non-isothermal mode have been used to examine the thermal behaviour of the micron sized aluminum (Al) powder/potassium chlorate pyrotechnic systems in air, in relation to the behaviour of the individual constituents. The effects of different parameters of Al powder, such as particle size and its content in the mixtures, on their thermal property were investigated. The results showed that, the reactivity of Al powder in air increases as the particle size decreases. Also, it was found that neat Al with 5 µm particle sizes (Al5) has a fusion temperature of about 647°C, that for 18 µm powder (Al18) is 660°C. Pure potassium chlorate has a fusion temperature around 356°C and decomposes at 472°C. DTA curves for Al5/KClO3 (30:70) mixture showed a maximum peak temperature for the ignition of mixture at 485°C. Also, by increasing the particle size of Al powder, the ignition temperature of the mixture increased. On the other hand, the oxidation temperature increased by enhancing the Al content of the mixtures. In this particular study, we observed that the width of reaction peak for the mixtures corresponds to their Al contents of samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combustion and pyrolysis experiments of Huadian oil shale have been conducted using a STA409 thermogravimetric analyzer. The effect of various factors on combustion of oil shale is studied. Particle size has little effect on combustion process of oil shale; starting temperature of combustion mass loss and ignition temperature of oil shale decrease with increasing O2 concentration of ambient gas; increase of heating rate can result in ignition temperature, burn-out temperature and maximum rate of combustion mass loss increasing. Homogeneous ignition mechanism of oil shale is ascertained using a hot state microscope. Activation energy was determined using Arrhenius model that is solved by Freeman–Carroll method. Calculation results show activation energy will increase with heating rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combustion of brick-shaped carbonaceous materials (carbon deposits from coke oven, coke and electrographite) was carried out in thermobalance in static air. Analysis of kinetics of the process was carried out using both classical (Arrhenius law) and newer (three-parametric equation) methods. In classical approach two types of kinetic equations were used in calculations: differential and integral. The results obtained show that, independently on kinetic variables (α – conversion degree or m – mass of sample) used in differential equations, kinetics of combustion of brick-shaped carbonaceous materials is characterized by only one pair of Arrhenius coefficients: activation energy ( E) and pre-exponential constant ( A). At the same time the integral equation demonstrates distinction in relation to methods based on differential equations, generating higher activation energies and separate isokinetic effect (IE). Parallel IE shows that kinetic analysis has to encompass activation energy in connection to second coefficient, pre-exponential constant A, depending on assumptions made for kinetic equations. On the other hand three-parametric equation allows describing kinetic of combustion in alternative way using only one experimental value – initial temperature in form of point of initial oxidation (PIO) – and also offers new methods of interpretation of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TG, DTA and DSC curves of Cd2[Ti2(O2)2O(OH)6]·H2O were recorded and used to determine the isothermal conditions suitable for obtaining the intermediate samples corresponding to the phases observed during the thermal decomposition. The samples were identified by quantitative analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. The experimental results were used to propose a mechanism of thermal decomposition of the investigated compound to CdTiO3. The optimum conditions were also determined for obtaining CdTiO3 with well-defined crystallinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K of the binary liquid mixtures made of tert-butyl ethyl ether with either 2-ethoxyethanol, or 2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethanol, or 2-[2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxyethanol have been measured over the whole mixture compositions. These data have been used to compute the excess molar volumes ( V E). The excess molar volumes always are negative over the entire range of composition for all the binary mixtures investigated. The changes of V E with variations of the composition and the chain-length of the alkyl groups in the alkoxyethanol molecules are discussed in terms of possible intermolecular interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two complexes, [Ln(Ala)2(Im)(H2O)](ClO4)3 ( Ln=Pr, Gd), were synthesized and characterized. Using a solution-reaction isoperibol calorimeter, standard enthalpies of reaction of two reactions: LnCl3⋅6H2O( s)+2Ala( s)+Im( s)+3NaClO4( s)=[Ln(Ala)2(Im)(H2O)](ClO4)3( s)+3NaCl( s)+5H2O( l) ( Ln=Pr, Gd), at T=298.15 K, were determined to be (39.26±0.10) and (5.33±0.12) kJ mol–1 , respectively. Standard enthalpies of formation of the two complexes at T=298.15 K, Δf H Θ m {[Ln(Ala)2(Im)(H2O)](ClO4)3( s)} ( Ln=Pr, Gd), were calculated as –(2424.2±3.3) and –(2443.4±3.3) kJ mol–1 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymerization of a cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT) oligomer was studied as a function of temperature ( T=200 and 260°C, respectively) by modulated DSC (MDSC). The first heating was followed by cooling after various holding times (5, 15 and 30 min) prior to the second heating which ended always at T=260°C. This allowed us to study the crystallization and melting behavior of the resulting polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), as well. In contrary to the usual belief, the CBT polymerization is exothermic and the related process is superimposed to that of the CBT melting. The melting behavior of the PBT was affected by the polymerization mode (performed below or above the melting temperature of the PBT product) of the CBT. Annealing above the melting temperature of PBT yielded a product featuring double melting. This was attributed to the presence of crystallites with different degrees of perfection. The crystals perfection which occurred via recrystallization/remelting was manifested by a pronounced exothermic peak in the non-reversing trace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermodynamic properties of the ADP- and ATP-actin filaments were compared by the method of differential scanning calorimetry. The lower melting point for the ADP-F-actin filament (58.4 vs. 64.5°C for ATP-F-actin) indicated that compared to the ATP-actin filaments its structure was less resistant to heat denaturation. The detailed thermodynamic characterisation of the proteins was carried out by the analysis of the calorimetric enthalpy, the entropy and the free enthalpy changes. All of the determined parameters gave lower values to the ADP-actin filaments than to the ATP-actin filaments. The calculated values of the activation energy also demonstrated that compared to the ADP-F-actin the ATP-F-actin was thermodynamically more resistant to the denaturing effect of heat. Based on all of this information we have concluded that the actin filament prepared from ADP containing magnesium saturated actin monomers at pH 8.0 is thermodynamically less stable than the ones obtained from ATP-actin monomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead(II) complexes of reduced glutathione (GSH) of general composition [Pb(L)(X)]·H2O (where L=GSH; X=Cl, NO3, CH3COO, NCS) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectra and electronic spectra. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analytical (DTA) studies have been carried out for these complexes. Infrared spectra indicate deprotonation and coordination of cysteinyl sulphur with metal ion. It indicates the presence of water molecule in the complexes that has been supported by TG/DTA. The thermal behaviour of complexes shows that water molecule is removed in first step-followed removal of anions and then decomposition of the ligand molecule in the subsequent steps. Thermal decomposition of all the complexes proceeds via first order kinetics. The thermodynamic activation parameters, such as E*, A, Δ H*, Δ S* and Δ G* have been calculated. The geometry of the metal complexes has been studied with the help of molecular modeling for energy minimization calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a complex of physico-chemical methods for analysis it is proved that in the course of mechanochemical treatment of a Syrian phosphorite and ammonium sulphate mixture new phases have been formed. The thermal analysis proves an increase in the reaction properties of the ammonium sulphate and the Syrian phosphorite which is a prerequisite for the increase in the content of P2O5 assimilated , in the activated phosphorite mixtures and the possibility to use them in the production of NP complex fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjects of the paper are the mechanism of vitrification and the glass transition, and a definition of the temperature of the glass transition. A comprehensive description of the structural changes occurring in the amorphous phase (‘real’ and ‘semi-ordered’) in a vicinity of the glass transition is presented. One of the major motivation of our studies is to investigate the finite size effect of the glass transition that could be related to the cooperative motion in supercooled liquids. Also, new formula, describing the relaxation time temperature change, is applied in order to better reveal themechanismof the supermolecular formation under different internal and external factors. The results of the basic methods of thermal analysis, obtained for different polymeric systems, were used in this study. The proposed approach let us correlate the thermodynamic and the structural parameters, which are estimated from the experiments, and describe all well known shapes of the DSC traces, which can be recorded in the glass transition region. Based on positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and dilatometric results, the significance of the free and the specific volumes for the activation of the relaxing units is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenological, kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the nitrate, chloride, bromide and iodide complexes of nickel(II) with1,2-(diimino-4’-antipyrinyl)ethane (GA) have been studied by TG and DTG techniques. The kinetic parameters like activation energy, pre-exponential factor and entropy of activation were computed. The rate controlling process in all stages of decomposition is random nucleation with one nucleus on each particle (Mampel model). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) was used to study the effect of the inorganic salts (NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2HPO4, active substances of many commercial forest fire retardants, on the pyrolysis of Pinus halepensis needles and their main components (cellulose, lignin and extractives). These salts seemed to affect the pyrolysis of cellulose by increasing significantly the char residue, decreasing the pyrolysis temperature and changing the composition of the evolved gases, that is, increasing levoglucosenone and decreasing oxygen containing volatile products. (NH4)2SO4 seemed to have negligible effect on the pyrolysis of lignin, while (NH4)2HPO4 increased the char residue and decrease the relative contribution of guaiacols in the evolved gases. No effects of the inorganic salts on the extractives were observed. Finally, the inorganic salts seemed to affect the pyrolysis of pine-needles, mainly the cellulose component, but the effects were not as intense as in the pyrolysis of cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the investigation of the thermal stability of a series of new complexes with azo and azomethinic chromophores of the type [Er(HL)2(H2O)2](HO); (( B) H2L: o,o’-dihydroxy-azobenzene ( A); ( D) H2L: N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalidene)aminophenol ( C); ( F) H2L: N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthalidene)anthranilic acid ( E)). The complexes thermal behaviour steps were investigated and comparatively presented with those of corresponding ligand. The thermal transformations are complex processes according to TG and DTG curves including phenol elimination, oxidative condensation and thermolysis processes. The final product of complexes decomposition is Er2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous DTA/TG technique has been used to study the influence of various model compounds (aromatics, organic acids, alkanes, ketone, heterocyclic and sterole) on the thermo-oxidative behavior of lignite humic acids. As a measure of stability the shift of the onset temperature of the exothermic degradation peak has been used. Further, the ratio of mass loss recorded in the high and low temperature ranges (thermogravimetric index) was used to evaluate the role of added compounds on the recombination reactions occurring during the thermooxidative degradation of humic acids. It has been demonstrated that most of added compounds play a role during those processes at relatively low concentrations (1% mass/mass) and affect the humic acid stability as well as the value of thermogravimetric index (i.e. the degree of the apparent aromaticity). It has been clearly shown, that the latter parameter reflects more the ‘qualitative’ than the ‘quantitative’ relationship between biodegradable humified parts in the extracted pool of organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of new pigments based on Bi2O3 is investigated because they give interesting orange hues and can substitute the pigments problematic from the environmental point of view. Chemical compounds of the Bi2–xZr3x/4O3 type were synthesized. The host lattice of these pigments is Bi2O3 that is doped by Zr4+ ions. The area of ZrO2 solubility in Bi2O3 at 800°C forming solid solution of both oxides was studied. The incorporation of doped ions provides interesting colours and contributes to a growth of the thermal stability of these compounds. The simultaneous TG-DTA measurements were used for determination of the temperature region of the pigment formation and thermal stability of pigments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new complex compounds of general formula Zn{4-ClC6H3-2-(OH)COO}2⋅ L 2⋅ nH2O (where L=thiourea (tu), nicotinamide (nam), caffeine (caf), n=2,3), were prepared and characterized by chemical analysis, IR spectroscopy and their thermal properties were studied by TG/DTG, DTA methods. It was found that the thermal decomposition of hydrated compounds starts with the release of water molecules. During the thermal decomposition of anhydrous compounds the release of organic ligands take place followed by the decomposition of salicylate anion. Zinc oxide was found as the final product of the thermal decomposition performed up to 650°C. RTG powder diffraction method, IR spectra and chemical analysis were used for the determination of products of the thermal decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermochemical properties of two kinds of composite material of synthetic zeolite ZSM5 in potassium form (K-ZSM5) with AgI have been studied. The composites have been prepared by treating the silver form of synthetic zeolite ZSM5 (Ag-ZSM5) with potassium iodide solution under different experimental conditions. One of the composites was additionally sintered at temperature 500°C for 20 h. Both composites have been characterized by TG, DTG, DTA, EDS analysis, X-ray powder diffractometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The methods of thermal analysis as well as X-ray powder diffractometry and XPS confirmed the differences between the two composites caused by sintering during the synthesis. The content of AgI in the surface layer was different. No changes of the zeolitic mineral dimensions are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citronellol and citronellyl acetate have been entrapped with α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD). Evolved gas detection and TG-MS coupling was applied to prove the actual inclusion complex formation between monoterpens and CDs. The terpene content was determined by UV-VIS specrophotometry and RP-HPLC and the effect of storage time on the terpene content was also investigated. The α- and γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes showed higher thermal stabilities vs. dynamic heating compared to the β-CD complexes. On the contray, the retention of guest using β-cyclodextrin even after 10 years of storage was much more pronounced. Experimental data other than 1:1 complex compositions are assumed. Molecular modeling experiments also suggested multiple complex compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and mercury murexide complexes have been prepared and characterized. The thermal properties of these complexes are studied deeply by DTA technique where their thermal peaks are explained. The multi-stages thermal decomposition mechanism is proposed. The thermodynamic parameters of the decomposition steps are calculated. The entropy change values for all complexes are of the same magnitude and all transition states of the thermal reactions are more ordered than the reactants. The thermal reactions proceed in complicated mechanisms. The fractions appeared in the calculated orders of the thermal reactions confirmed that these reactions proceeded via complex mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TG, DTA and DSC curves of Cd2[Ti2(O2)2O(OH)6]·H2O were recorded and used to determine the isothermal conditions suitable for obtaining the intermediate samples corresponding to the phases observed during the thermal decomposition. The samples were identified by quantitative analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. The experimental results were used to propose a mechanism of thermal decomposition of the investigated compound to CdTiO3. The optimum conditions were also determined for obtaining CdTiO3 with well-defined crystallinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of new pigments based on Bi2O3 is investigated because they give interesting orange hues and can substitute the pigments problematic from the environmental point of view. Chemical compounds of the Bi2–xZr3x/4O3 type were synthesized. The host lattice of these pigments is Bi2O3 that is doped by Zr4+ ions. The area of ZrO2 solubility in Bi2O3 at 800°C forming solid solution of both oxides was studied. The incorporation of doped ions provides interesting colours and contributes to a growth of the thermal stability of these compounds. The simultaneous TG-DTA measurements were used for determination of the temperature region of the pigment formation and thermal stability of pigments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the results of copper-lead matte investigations are presented. Investigated copper-lead matte is intermediate product of the lead production in TREPCA-Zvečan. In the first part of the paper characterization of starting material is presented, consisting of: chemical composition analysis (XRQ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and diffractometry (XRD). Thermal properties of investigated matte were determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) at characteristic temperatures. Using results of induced analysis, mechanism of matte oxidation process was determined. In the second part of the paper kinetic parameters describing oxidative roasting of copper-lead matte are presented. For activation energy calculations, non-isothermal methods defined by Kissinger and Ozawa were used [1, 2]. Kinetic equation describing oxidation process was determined using Sharps method of reduced half time of reaction [3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SCTA methods for the kinetic analysis of solid-state reactions have been reviewed. It has been shown that these methods present two important advantages with regards to the more conventional rising temperature experiments. Firstly, they have a higher resolution power for discriminating among the reaction kinetic models and, secondly, SCTA is a powerful tool for minimizing the influence of the experimental conditions on the forward reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal and structural characteristics of two crystal forms of ambroxol, (trans-((amino-2-dibromo-3,5-benzyl)amino)-4-cyclohexanol), a drug with remarkable mucolytic and expectorant properties marketed in several drug products, were investigated. Form II (m.p. 92.4°C) is obtained by spontaneous cooling from a hot water/ethanol solution while Form I (m.p. 99.5°C) slowly separates from the mother liquor. The two forms can be identified by PXRD and DSC analyses. On the basis of both thermal and structural data the thermodynamic relationship of enantiotropy was deduced. No metastable (Form I)?stable (Form II) conversion was observed upon storage at ambient conditions. Form I crystallizes in the space group P21/n (alternative setting of P21/c) with Z=8. Form II crystallizes in the space group P21/c with Z=4 and a significantly different crystal packing arrangement from that in Form I. A third crystalline modification, Form III (space group P21/c with Z=16) was detected on cooling a single crystal of Form I down to -70°C. On warming to ambient temperature Form III was found to revert to Form I. This reversible single crystal to single crystal transition was structurally characterised and found to involve subtle changes in the types and extent of molecular disorder as well as the hydrogen bonding arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverse numerical techniques have been applied in a range of different thermal studies in the past. These techniques require measurements of boundary conditions and temperatures at known position within the sample in order to determine thermal properties of the material of interest. Typically, they have been applied to highly specific applications and designs. In the current work the authors have designed a novel instrument in order to measure apparent specific heats of a range of different materials during continuous heating. Measurements of surface heat flux, surface and centre temperatures of the sample were obtained under controlled heating for temperatures of up to 1000°C. Measured data was used to quantify specific and latent heats by employing inverse numerical modelling technique. The instrument was calibrated with calorimetric calibration materials and results were compared with the literature values. The average experimental error was estimated to be approximately 0.9% for the reaction peak temperatures and 1.7% for the latent heats. Detailed experimental and calculation procedures as well as measured results of specific heat and enthalpy for a number of materials are presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sample controlled thermal analysis techniques such as constant rate transformation analysis or stepwise isothermal analysis, where the transformation rate of the sample itself is used to control the experiment, are becoming increasingly important [1]. The measurements are normally carried out using changes in the sample mass, sample dimensions or in the evolved gas, as the property used to control the experiment, and enable reactions to be studied in greater detail than is possible using linear heating techniques. A new approach is described here where a thermomicroscopy system has been developed to enable the intensity of the light reflected or transmitted by the sample to be used as the controlling signal [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal behavior of the kidney, heart and liver of spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR) were studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). SHR are, by far, the most widely used rat model in the study of heart diseases in mammals, because they develop chronic hypertension, which leads to heart failure during their lives. TG curves showed two steps for all samples: at 800°C less residues remained for an SHR kidney (4.0±1.8%) than for an SHR heart (6.9±0.4) and liver samples (7.5±1.9%). It probably happened due to the presence of inorganic substances such as iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. DTA curves depicted three endothermic events for kidney (70, 120 and 310°C), heart (85, 250 and 300°C) and liver samples (70, 250 and 310°C), indicating protein denaturation, as well as protein degradation and fat degradation, respectively. TG/DTG/DTA profiles of organs samples showed peculiarities that permit correlation between them. These methods might serve as a simple alternative to investigations over these vital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]