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Macroscopic deformation characteristics of plain weave structure, the most basic woven fabric, are significantly influenced by its mesoscale shape and internal stress state, depending on weaving process factors. This study analyses numerically the effects of the design variables, i.e. the wire pitch on the heddle/shuttle and the plasticity of the metal wires of plain weave, on the deflection state of the warp and weft wires. A model with continuity of the weave structure simulates the simple weaving process using the finite element method in anticipation of its application to homogenisation methods. Furthermore, the continuous curvature between contact points is analysed mathematically to evaluate the finished shape in plain woven structures. Considering internal stress by the weaving process and elastoplasticity of metal wires, the deflection curve is closer to straight lines than the ideal deflection curve in elasticity, owing to local yielding and tension caused by the plasticity effect and setting, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design methods for digital jacquard fabrics that employ equivalent increases or decreases in the number of weaving points in shaded-weave databases cannot display images with differing lightness effects. In this study, a design method for weave databases was proposed with a hierarchical combination based on the uniform segmentation of fabric lightness effects. A 16-end three-step sateen was used as the base weave for equivalent transition and hierarchical combination weave databases, which were used for the design of a single-layer black-and-white jacquard fabric. A comparative study of the simulative effects of fabric samples indicated that the shaded-weave database with a hierarchical combination design enabled adjustment of the colour rendering effect of the fabric. This approach improves the design flexibility and applicability of the database and provides a technical reference for further colour simulation and innovative colour design for digital jacquard fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of weave structures and thread densities on the cover factor and mechanical properties of cotton spandex woven fabrics. 98% cotton and 2% spandex poplin, twill, and sateen woven fabrics of different thread densities were used in this research for investigation. In this investigation, total samples of 15 types with miscellaneous textures such as plain (1/1), twill (1/4), and 7 ends sateen (1/6) were used. Yarns were assessed using microscope with its morphological views and outer shape views to confirm the existence of cotton fibers. In the microscopic observations, the outer shape of cotton yarn was seen with full of hairy fibers at the slope which guaranteed the existence of cotton content in these cellulosic fabrics. The stretching behaviors such as stretch, growth and recovery were measured in agreement with the test method provided by ASTM D3107 Standard along with apposite equations as mentioned underneath the paper. Using weave coefficient, the values of cover factors were measured with suitable equations. The fabrics of plain weave exposed the highest values of cover factors due to having higher interlacement points than any other weave structures conducted in this research. The fabrics of sateen weave exposed excellent mechanical properties with its stretch, growth and recovery values due to having fewer binding points in its repeat size, than any other weave structures carried out in this research. This research is practice based and it opens possible ways for the scholars to further study in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a weaving method to develop three-dimensional and stretchable polymeric optical fiber (POF) fabrics with double weave. It was discovered from the literature that the appearance and property of existing POF textiles are still quite limited. So far, stretch performance has not been realized for POF textiles. The goal of this paper is to determine the design parameters of creating three-dimensional and stretchable POF textiles. The new properties for POF textiles were realized by combing double weave and elastic yarns with suitable motifs. The surface dimension and stretch were compared for eight POF samples. From the experimental results, it was shown that the POF fabrics woven with the unstitched double weave at substantial transverse areas exhibited the most effective three-dimensional effect and stretch. The POF samples created in this study showcased the characteristics of dimensional surface, great volume, high stretch, as well as unique luminous effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is easy to understand the structure of basic and simple weaves of woven fabrics through the point paper design, interlacing diagrams and cross-section diagrams. Further, it is possible to understand the structure of compound and complex3-Dimensional weaves through the 'Perspective/orthographic Projection (PP)' of the weave, together with point paper design and other diagrams. Most of the Dobby and Jacquard designing softwares have the option only to generate the end and pick interlacing diagram automatically for the point paper design. But they do not have the options for generating the cross-section diagrams and the perspective projection of the weaves. Hence, this study explores the possibilities of using the 3D CAD software to draw the cross-section diagram of the ends and picks. Then, generating the perspective projection of the weave from these cross-sections is explored. This study first analyses the tools and options of the 3D CAD software that serve this purpose and how to use them. The study records the algorithm to follow in developing the side, front, and top view of the weave structures and the generation of PP from these views. The weaves taken for the study are twill, sateen, satin, extra warp, extra weft, warp backed, weft backed, and 3-Dimensional weaves. The PPs of these weaves are generated to illustrate how to do with different densities, diameters, positions, and layers of threads. Various methods of drawing the interlacement of ends-picks and how to calculate the coordinate points for placing the ends and picks are listed. The students, teachers and researchers can very well practice drawing the interlacement of ends-picks and generate the PP of any weave by following the algorithm derived in the study. Generating the PPs of given weave is helpful for the students to learn, the teachers to teach, and the researchers to analyze the simple, compound and complex weave structures. The study proposes further research to develop exclusive CAD software for generating the PP of the given weave structure directly by inputting the point paper design of the weave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re-entrant structures are known to perform an auxetic effect. It was aimed in this paper to investigate the Poisson's ratio of the woven pique structures because of the re-entrant lozenge effect of the weave. Sound absorption, air permeability, and synclastic properties of the fabrics concerning the auxetic properties of pique structures were also examined. In evaluating the synclastic behavior, the drape ability and bending rigidity of the fabrics were assessed. Pique weave fabrics were subjected to tensile tests, and the changes in fabric unit cell at different tensile strains were observed in the warp and weft directions. Experimental results showed that the auxetic effect was produced in the warp direction. A high negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) was obtained in cotton pique fabrics under low elongation values. It was observed that the yarn floating lengths and the yarns intersecting region widths forming the re-entrant lozenge pattern had effects on fabrics' NPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ring spun composite yarn (RCY; 755 denier) with linear resistance of 172 Ω/m is prepared with stainless steel (SS) fibre and polyester fibre in ratio of 80%: 20% (w/w). Sheath core yarn system, core being ring spun yarn and PET fibre as sheath material is prepared in various fibre compositions adopting friction spinning technique. For microwave interaction and EMI shielding, hybrid woven fabrics are prepared using sheath-core yarn in weft and SS/PET blended yarn (20% SS/80% PET) in warp in cell structured and rib structured weave design. Samples of woven fabric were evaluated for microwave and EMI shielding properties in frequency range of 8.2–18.0 GHz in parallel and perpendicular polarisation of electromagnetic wave (em wave). Samples having conducting yarn in warp and weft both have shown high reflection in both polarisation of em wave. Sample containing metal fibre content of 32.58% (w/w) prepared in cell-structured weave design containing 1330 and 2017 denier sheath-core yarn in weft and 165 denier (20% SS/80% PET) blended yarn in warp offered reflection of 89.4922–59.9864% in parallel mode and 92.8135–80.0789% in perpendicular mode. This offered EMI shielding of −30.9601 to −35.4659 dB in perpendicular and −17.0209 to −11.2131 dB in parallel mode in 8.2 − 18.0 GHz. Woven fabrics are highly breathable, its air permeability lies in the range of 22.5–26.2 ft3/ft2/s. It inherits high aesthetic values. This hybrid woven fabric finds potential applications in radar camouflage, protection of human being from hazardous effect of microwaves, EMI shielding and electrostatic discharging cover materials, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the graph designing of jacquard figured fabrics, it is essential to edit the motif outline perfectly as per the required shape. It also needed that the weave mark applied should control the long floats and should be avoided where there is no longer floats to retain the perfection of the edited outline. In the manual graph designing, the designer decides the types of weave marks given for controlling the floats and applies them in the selected parts. While applying the marks, he retains the perfection of boundary by avoiding the marks wherever it is not required. In the 'Computer-Aided Jacquard Graph Designing', sequences of steps are followed to avoid the binding weave marks in the required boundary of the motif. In this study, the different types of controlling of binding weave mark required while preparing the jacquard graph design for different figured fabric varieties viz. double cloth, extra warp, extra weft, and single cloth are analyzed. The possibilities of using the 'all directional color contour option' and 'selective directional color contour option' for the float control application of binding weaves in the jacquard graph designing to get a perfect boundary of figure and ground are explored. The algorithms followed for preparing the jacquard graph for different fabric varieties using these two contour options are developed. A new procedure is also derived to identify the corner pixels for preparing the graph for single cloth figured fabric using the 'Selective directional color contour option', 'Layer merging option', and 'Transparent color option'. It is observed that the systematic use of the appropriate color contour option applies the binding weave marks only in the essential places and avoids it in the non-required edges and corners of the figure and ground portions of the jacquard graph design. Because of this, after applying the binding weave marks, the edited design boundary is retained without any distortion in shape. The float length is also controlled throughout the figure and ground as required. The algorithms derived in the study are useful for the flawless application of binding weave for any intricate figured graph designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing global concern for environment on one hand and the alarming danger of carbon footprint generation along with non-biodegradability and higher toxicity generation from the use of synthetic fibres on the other have created a dire need to come back to natural fibres. During the application of fabrics at the sites for geotextile application and even in designing garments in the apparel sector, it has been observed that the ability of the fabric to assume a graceful appearance of the contour is very crucial in conveying the significance of drapeability of the natural fibre-made fabric. An attempt has been made in this work to evaluate the effect of different weave constructions on the drapeability of jute-woven fabrics to justify their application on the sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is reported in which 53 plain-weave and 55 twill-weave fabrics were produced under nominally identical conditions from different wool lots ranging greatly in fibre properties. The hygral expansion of these fabrics was measured and related to the various fibre properties and weave crimp. It was found that fabric geometry, as reflected in weave crimp, was the most important factor contributing to hygral expansion, higher weave crimp leading to higher hygral expansion. Weave crimp also increased with an increase in staple crimp, as did hygial expansion, the effect of staple crimp being largely due to its effect on weave crimp. Results obtained on the 108 all-wool fabrics and on six mohair fabrics produced under identical conditions to the all-wool fabrics indicated that weave crimp rather than fibre properties per se plays the main role in determining hygral expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods involve extracting individual warp or weft yarns from the fabric in order to identify the weave repeat manually. This process can become tedious due to its manual nature. Therefore, automatic methods capable of identifying woven fabric repeat are utilized. These methods in general require complex algorithms and calculations. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a nondestructive and noncontact technique that allows high-resolution imaging. This paper describes the application of spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging technique for identifying woven fabric repeat. We present the OCT scans of fabrics from which the weave matrixes were identified. We conclude that optical coherence tomography can be used to automatically recognize fabric weave patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aims to present a novel approach in creation of new patterns for woven textiles, which is based on musical scores. Such a design method has not been presented in the literature. It is based on the similarity between the music notation and the 2D coding of woven patterns. Theoretical and practical details on application of the design method are discussed. Weave patterns, based on famous musical pieces, are presented together with exemplary color designs. The four 'musical' patterns and their color designs could be considered as successful first attempts that open up additional opportunities for design and production of original, unique fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D fabrics as reinforcement can be manipulated in discrete numbers of weave designs in order to earn maximum gain so that the desired mechanical properties of the composites can be achieved eventually for particular end use. Thus interest has been focused to investigate tensile, impact and knife penetration properties of 3D orthogonal and interlock structures of different weave designs by varying their binder interlacement patterns keeping stuffer binder ratio constant. The tensile properties were effectively influenced by the linear densities as well as crimp of load bearing tows, which were determined by the weave design of the fabric. The compact structure generated from regular weave pattern in case of 1 × 1 plain orthogonal and 1 × 1 plain interlock fabrics exhibited better impact energy absorption. Owing to higher values of peak energy in the knife penetration test, it is revealed that more is the number of fibres in the in-plane direction better is the protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the print quality of lines were investigated in warp and weft directions that were inkjet printed on various weave structures of polyester such as plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill, 3/2 twill and 4/1 twill. In order to study the effect of weave structure on the quality of inkjet printing on polyester fabrics, lines having a width of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm were inkjet-printed and the print quality was measured as the line width. The quantitative analysis of lines width was performed by scanning the fabrics with a scanner. The obtained result showed that the weave structure is effective on the lines width and print quality, and the plain weave structure had the worst print quality in both directions. Also, the width of lines printed in the weft direction was more than lines printed in the warp direction which is possibly due to more density of warp than weft. The effect of weave structure and print direction on lines width and print quality was also confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results. The image processing was shown that the ink spreading shape on the various fabrics is different and is affected by the weave structure and the print direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the sensibility and wearing comfortability of capacitive sensors, pillow-like structure fibrous (PSF) dielectric layers were designed and fabricated. The influence of fabric electrodes' structure on conductive and sensing properties was also studied. Results showed that in the frequency of 400 Hz, PSF sensor with 5 mm dielectric layer and fractal weave 2 as electrodes possessed the best sensitivity of 3.44%/g, while the best sensitivity of PDMS sensors with 2 mm dielectric layer and fractal weave 2 as electrodes was 1.35%/g in the frequency of 10 KHz. The repeatability of both sensors was similar and good enough for the application. The detection test of the bending movement of the finger showed PSF capacitors presented good stability and greater change rate. So PSF sensor showed greater sensitivity, repeatability, similar stability, and predictable better wearing comfortability compared to PDMS sensors. So this paper not only provides a new all-fiber-based sensor for wearing application, but also enriches the fabric structure design of the flexible sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical gowns are the shielding cloths worn by the surgical team throughout a surgery to save them from blood pathogens of the patient being operated, and to avoid bacterial infections. Barrier effectiveness of a fabric depends upon the liquid penetration resistance and pathogen resistance of the fabric. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different weave structures and fabric thread densities on the barrier effectiveness of the woven surgical gowns. Twelve fabric samples were produced using three different weave structures, i.e. 1/1 plain, 2/2 z-twill, and 3/3 z-twill, and four different fabric constructions and then completed with a water repellent finish. Water repellency spray test and air permeability test were conducted on each of the 12 woven samples. The results of fabric samples were analyzed in Minitab statistical software. The coefficients of determinations (R2values) of the regression equations show good prediction ability of the developed statistical models. The findings of the study may be helpful in deciding appropriate manufacturing specifications of surgical gowns to attain maximum barrier effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, weave repeat is identified manually by extracting individual warp or weft yarns from the fabric. This process can be troublesome and time-consuming. Therefore, automatic methods capable of identifying woven fabric repeat can be very useful. This paper describes the application of a new algorithm using image processing techniques for the development of an automatic method, capable of identifying weave repeat. This method is based on scanning and obtaining a gray scale image of the original sample and enhancing it by morphological operations. The enhanced image is filtered by steerable vertical filters and then segmented into blocks showing either a warp or a weft point. The blocked image is divided into specific sub images, followed by operating sum over their columns and forming a matrix from them. A primary and secondary threshold is then defined giving rise to the formation of the weave pattern in the form of black and white squares. To identify the weave repeat, a matrix, replacing the black and white squares of the weave pattern by zero and one is produced. Then the first repeating row and column are found, showing the start of the next repeat vertically and horizontally, leading to the identification of weave repeat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the development of a bilayer-woven fabric and investigating the effect of weave design and material type on its comfort properties. Face layer was plain woven with cotton yarn, while two different weave designs (2/2 and 3/1 twill) and four different materials (cotton, polyester, micropolyester and nylon) were used for the back layer. The comfort properties of fabric, including air permeability (AP), thermal resistance, water vapour resistance and overall moisture management capacity, were determined. It was found that both the layers of fabric as a whole contribute to the comfort properties of bilayer fabric. The highest AP was exhibited by fabrics having both layers of cotton, while 3/1 twill samples have a lower value of thermal resistance as compared to the 2/2 twill samples. The results further showed that micro polyester woven in 3/1 twill weave exhibits better comfort properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective method based on measuring the fiber orientation of yarn floats with two-dimensional Fourier transform (2-D FFT) is proposed to recognize the weave pattern of yarn-dyed fabric in the high-resolution image. The recognition process consists of four main steps: 1. High-resolution image reduction, 2.Fabric image skew correction, 3.Yarn floats localization, 4. Yarn floats classification. Firstly, the high-resolution image is reduced by the nearest interpolation algorithm. Secondly, the skew of the fabric image is corrected based on Hough transform. Thirdly, the yarn floats in the fabric image is localized by the yarns segmentation method based on the mathematical statistics of sub-images. Fourthly, the high-resolution image is corrected and its yarns are segmented successively according to the inspection information of the reduced image. The fiber orientations are detected by 2-D FFT, and the yarn floats are classified by k-means clustering algorithm. Experimental results and discussions demonstrate that, by measuring the fiber orientation of yarn floats, the proposed method is effective to recognize the yarn floats and the weave pattern for yarn-dyed, solid color, and gray fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates a comparison between three different models to predict pilling rates of blended worsted fabrics using the ICI box testing method. Regression analysis was used to relate between weft yarn counts, picks per inch, fabric weave structure and pilling rates. Based on three different selected materials of weft yarns, a coding system was established to differentiate between single and plied weft yarn counts. The results showed an independent equation for every model, whereas the R-square values were acceptable for all models. Furthermore, fabric weave structure was found as the closest variable affecting pilling rates in two models when considering the value of coefficient of correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The puncture resistant fabrics find use in most of industrial and normal life applications. Traditionally, it is believed that the fabrics woven in plain weave and higher GSM are best solution for the puncture resistant applications. This study presents an innovative fabric solution for puncture resistant applications by varying/combining the fabric architecture. The fabric structural parameters (weave design and cover factor) were varied and the puncture resistance of resulting fabrics was investigated. Double face fabrics were developed, and their puncture resistance was compared with conventional woven fabrics (Plain, Matt and Satin). The outcome of this study showed that the 2/2 matt weave performs well against the puncture force, followed by the double face fabrics. The effect of cover factor was found to be significant in case of some weaves and not prominent in case of other weaves. Hence, it was concluded that while designing the fabric for puncture resistance, all the parameter including material, cover factor, and weave design need to be considered carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the breaking elongation properties of woven fabrics with incorporated PBT yarns are presented. Different polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) yarns (multifilament PBT yarn, cotton core yarn and twisted viscose yarn, both with PBT in the core) were used. Textured PBT yarns have latent elastic properties, which become visible after the thermal treatment by the finishing process. The aim was to determine which of the constructional parameters is most important in analysing the shrinkage of fabrics after treatment, breaking elongation properties of all tested fabrics, and breaking elongation properties of woven fabrics before and after treatment. A multivariate statistical method ANOVA was used for the analysis. The results show that treatment was by far the most influential factor in the study of breaking elongation of all tested fabrics. When analysing the fabrics separately before and after treatment, the construction of the PBT yarn and the weave were found to be statistically significant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new theory predicting the biaxial tensile properties of a triaxial-weave fabric is presented. This theory; is based on the plain-weave theory developed by Kawabata, Niwa, and Kawai in 1973 and improved by Kawabata in 1984. The basic structures of the fabric are (i) the thread-spacing of two warp threads and one weft thread, (ii) the weave-crimp shrinkage ofthe three threads, and (iii) the crossing angles between these threads. The yarn properties applied in this theory are the tensile properties, the lateral-compressional properties, the bending property, and the yarn-crossing-torque property. The biaxial tensile properties of the triaxial-weave fabric are then derived by solving an equilibrium equation of the forces acting at a thread-crossover point. The prediction and the experimental result coincide well over the wide range of deformation from the small-strain region to the finite-deformation region near breaking strain. The theoretical analysis shows that the yam lateral-compressional properties have a significant effect upon the fabric tensile properties, and the effects of the yam-bending and crossing-torque properties are negligibly small except for the very small-strain region. It is also shown that the tensile properties of the triaxial-weave fabric are much more isotropic than those of the ordinary woven fabric because ofthe symmetrical structure which appears for every 30° angle rotation ofthe fabric in the plane of the fabric, and it is demonstrated that the tensile properties of the triaxial-weave fabric are, in fact, almost completely isotropic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of fabric engineering—the design of fabrics with predetermined physical properties—is used in relation to the structure of woven fabrics, and it is shown from theoretical considerations, with the aid of computer analysis, that a large discrepancy exists between the number of weaves of comparatively small size that can be woven and the number that are actually produced. Experimental results obtained on fabrics woven in accordance with a particular plan indicate that the weave has a very marked effect on both tearing strength and stiffness. The results further suggest that weave modification can provide a means of obtaining very accurate control of the two properties investigated and of their possible combinations, and the same may well be true of other physical properties of fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of elastane linear density, thread density, and weave float on the stretch, recovery, and compression properties of bi-stretch woven fabrics for compression garments. Fabric samples were produced using elastane core-spun cotton yarns both in the warp and weft. The elastane linear density, fabric thread density, and weave float size were used as input variables while fabric contraction, subgarment pressure, fabric stretch, and recovery were taken as response variables. Two different elastane linear densities, i.e. 44 and 78 dtex, two different thread densities, and three different weave designs, i.e. 1/1 plain, 2/2 z-twill, and 3/3 z-twill were used. The results of fabric samples were analyzed in Minitab statistical software. The coefficients of determinations (R-sq values) of the regression equations showed good prediction ability of the developed statistical models. The findings of the study may be helpful in deciding appropriate manufacturing specifications of bi-stretch fabrics to attain specific stretch, recovery, and compression properties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this experimental study, we investigated the effects of spandex filament drawing ratio and weave structures on the properties of cotton/spandex woven fabrics. One-way analysis of variance was used to explore the significant effects of the independent variables on the fabric properties. A regression analysis was also used to derive regression relationships between each of fabric properties and spandex filament drawing ratio. Our findings show that the spandex drawing ratio and structures of the woven fabrics significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of the cotton/spandex woven fabrics. Cotton woven fabrics containing spandex show higher contraction, crease recovery, and flexural rigidity with increasing spandex drawing ratio, whereas the rest of fabric properties decreases with the increasing drawing ratio. Because of higher contraction and then higher weight, thickness, and cover factor of cotton/spandex fabrics, unexpected results of fabric air permeability and breaking elongation were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2D deformation of plain weave ready-to-wear clothing made of bleached cotton was measured during adsorption and desorption steps. A digital X-ray imaging system was coupled with a climatic chamber to control temperature and relative humidity during continuous cycles. A simplex method process was used to compare the acquired images and to obtain the 2D strain. The variations of the 2D deformation in the warp and the weft directions are explained by geometrical consideration of the structure at microscopic and macroscopic levels. The isotropy between the two main directions is explained by weave symmetry and the similar yarns properties. The shear deformation is due to the cohesion by twist between fibers. The influence of the ironing process was studied. The ironing effect allows the yarns to be flattened and increases their friction, which amplifies the deformation in the first adsorption cycle. This effect is cancelled, however, at the beginning of the second adsorption cycle. The structure returns to its relaxed state with no memory of the ironing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the investigation is to model the effect of doubled yarns produced from conventional and compact yarns in three different combinations and weave structures on the air resistance of fabrics. A series of woven fabrics differing only in weave structures and having the common count and fabric sett was produced from three types of doubled yarns, namely compact/compact, conventional/conventional and compact/conventional. The hybrid combination was produced principally to reduce the cost of manufacturing doubled yarns. Essential data for the fabrics such as CFF (crossing over firmness factor), FYF (floating yarn factor), FFF (fabric firmness factor), mass per unit area, thickness and porosity were determined. Air resistance was determined by performing the standard test KES-F8 API. Analysis of the results in respect of fabrics produced from the compact/compact, conventional/conventional and conventional/compact yarns shows a strong correlation between the air resistance, porosity, CFF, FYF, FFF, mass per unit area and thickness (R = conventional/conventional 0.97, compact/compact 0.861, conventional/compact 0.974) and the generated statistical models have given the satisfactory prediction of air resistance. Among the parameters, thickness exerts a strong influence on the air resistance. It is concluded that in order to predict air resistance, a number of parameters are needed and any conclusion which has been drawn using only CFF and FYF should be treated with caution. Also the possibility of cost saving as a result of using hybrid doubled yarn has been pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The woven agrotextiles used in a wide variety of agricultural applications in the product cultivation and protection activities, horticulture and floriculture, aquaculture, forestry as well as animal husbandry activities have an important role to protect silages from bird/insect attacks or damages related to environmental conditions. In this study, nine different woven silage covering fabrics made of polyethylene monofilaments were designed according to desired areal porosity ratio. Afterwards, the effect of weave type and weft setting on mechanical and air permeability properties of the produced agrotextiles were investigated. The obtained results were discussed statistically. The highest values for bursting and shear strength were measured as 2.60 kN and 0.25 kN for P1 plain fabric, respectively. Twill and mat fabric structures did not burst during testing. Woven silage covering fabrics made of polyethylene monofilaments were produced according to desired areal porosity ratio. The effect of weave type and weft setting on mechanical and air permeability properties of the produced agrotextiles were investigated. The highest values for bursting and shear strength were measured as 2.60 kN and 0.25 kN for P1 plain fabric, respectively. Besides, no bursting was observed in mat and twill fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mechanical model of the 2/2-twill weave is presented in order to investigate the tensile properties of this weave under biaxial extension. The theory predicts that the compressional deformations of the warp and the weft at their cross-over point produce a superior effect on the tensile properties of the weave, especially in the relatively small-extension state. Experimental investigation to examine the accuracy of this theory is also reported, and good agreement between the theory and the experimental result is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]