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Many optical systems for displaying digital information on mirrors have been proposed, but information can only be displayed in either mirrored or real space and cannot move back and forth between the two. We have therefore developed a new optical system called mirror-transcending aerial imaging (MiTAi) that freely crosses the boundary between mirrored and real spaces. MiTAi is based on an existing aerial-imaging system consisting of a retroreflector, a beam splitter, and a moving display. MiTAi is designed as a spacesaving design by changing the orientation and position of the moving display as the light source. We implemented a prototype MiTAi to evaluate the luminance of the displayed aerial images and found that the aerial image formed by the prototype is able to move freely between both mirrored and real spaces. Moreover, the luminance of the image is not significantly lower than that formed by the existing aerial-imaging system. MiTAi will enable the creation of a new user experience by integrating smart mirrors and real-space aerial images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During COVID‐19, there was increased use of handheld displays in educational settings. There is growing concern that eye health may be affected by prolonged exposure to the light‐emitting diodes used as frontlights or backlights in handheld displays. The potential impact of light exposure from tablet‐sized devices with different display technologies and various spectral outputs was assessed in an in vitro model using human retinal epithelial (ARPE‐19) cells. Cellular response was quantified by measuring reactive oxidative species (ROS) and by analyzing mitochondrial morphology. Control experiments established a baseline ROS response to hazardous blue light exposure and also that red light resulted in no detectable ROS response. Under identical conditions, ROS response increased with time for all devices. However, different device spectra caused ROS to accumulate at different rates. When operating the devices in the same mode (day or night), cells accumulated ROS two to three times more slowly on exposure to frontlit electronic paper displays compared to backlit liquid crystal displays. With increasing ROS accumulation, mitochondrial morphology shifted from elongate interconnected features typically observed under normal conditions to rounded disconnected features associated with oxidative stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducting remote laboratory‐based courses in electronics is a major challenge primarily because of the hardware requirements. This paper describes a laboratory course on information display technologies specially designed and implemented for remote learning. The course was successfully offered during the COVID‐19 lockdown and has an online instruction component to introduce the concepts, as well as a laboratory part involving hands‐on work. The course covers experiments on fundamental concepts related to perception and color, liquid crystal displays (LCD), light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), and a final project where a mechanical display is designed and built. Course assessment based on an anonymous survey shows the hands‐on work enhanced the student learning and improved course understanding from an average of 2.5/5 measured at the start of the course to 4/5 at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a high‐reliability gate driver circuit is proposed to prevent multiple outputs. The proposed circuit ensures reliability of the pull‐up thin‐film transistor (TFT) by periodically discharging the Q node voltage to the low‐level voltage (VGL) in the off stage. In addition, the output node is composed of two pull‐down TFTs that are driven alternately to ensure stability against bias stress. Thus, because the reliabilities of the pull‐up and pull‐down TFTs can be guaranteed simultaneously, the stability of the entire circuit is improved. Based on the simulation results, the rising and falling times of the output pulse are stable within 1.77 and 1.28 μs, respectively, even when the threshold voltage of the entire TFT is shifted by +10.0 V. In addition, the ripple voltage of the proposed circuit is almost eliminated and is within 0.79% of the total swing voltage. Moreover, through current is prevented in the proposed circuit because the turn‐on durations of the pull‐up and pull‐down units are completely nonoverlapping, which suggests that unnecessary power consumption can be eliminated. Therefore, based on 2,160 stages, the total power consumption of the proposed circuit is reduced by 34.7 mW from 276.3 to 241.6 mW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the unique features of electronic ink displays, including the bistability, paper‐like appearance, and sunlight visibility, electronic ink displays have been applied in many Internet of Things (IoT) fields. We reviewed mechanisms that have been proposed to be essential for electro‐optical behavior of electronic ink displays. This review might facilitate beginners to start their research in electronic ink studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically displays used three colorants in an additive system. During that time, the CIE chromaticity diagram adequately illustrated color capability. Modern displays are not constrained by this additive architecture, and the diagram can fail in its purpose. This is demonstrated by analysis and a large number of display measurements. A device‐independent methodology using CIE 1976 L*a*b* color gamut volume is described that provides a robust means to determine the size of the color gamut. This methodology is then extended to the 'gamut rings' diagram as a solution for visualizing color capability that directly correlates to color gamut volume. It is further shown how the methodology can be applied to determine the intersection between two gamut volume boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holographic display technology can reconstruct the same images of the original objects exactly, which has played a more and more important role and become the goal of the three‐dimensional display. As liquid crystal devices can modulate the polarization state of light, they have been widely used in the holographic display to modulate the phase and amplitude of information. Among them, liquid crystal spatial light modulator and liquid crystal lens are two important devices in the holographic diffraction. In this paper, several liquid crystal devices have been introduced and the holographic display technologies based on these liquid crystal devices have been discussed. The merits and demerits of these technologies based on the liquid crystal devices have been analyzed, and the outlook of the holographic display is given in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We achieved uniform liquid crystal (LC) alignment in lattice‐shaped dielectric walls 1 μm in pitch; this is a prerequisite when driving the individual pixels of spatial light modulators, facilitating the development of practical electronic holographic displays with a wide field of view. In lattice‐shaped dielectric walls, LC alignment becomes unstable, particularly on the bottom and the walls; the LC directors tend to align parallel to the walls. To overcome this problem, we created lattice‐shaped walls featuring partition plates that allow uniform LC alignment. When the plates confine LCs to small regions exhibiting spatial anisotropy, the LC elastic effect and wall anchoring forces align the LC directors parallel to the long anisotropic axis. We found that pixels 0.5 μm × 1.0 μm in pitch formed if the partition plates were sufficiently thick to allow shielding of electric field leakage. We achieved uniform liquid crystal (LC) alignment in 1‐μm‐pitch lattice‐shaped dielectric walls; this is a prerequisite when driving the individual pixels of spatial light modulators for holographic displays having wide field of view. The dielectric walls with spatial anisotropy align LC directors parallel to the long anisotropic axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state reflective displays (SRD®) have been proposed as a new route for next generation reflective displays. We present the first optical measurements of a combined RGBW states, together with a simulated black state. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a future high performance, video capable, full color, solid‐state reflective display. Solid‐state reflective displays (SRD®) are proposed as a new route for next generation high performance reflective displays. We demonstrate for the first time a video capable technology with a total measured gamut of 61% sRGB and simultaneous luminance of L* = 68.975 (Y = 0.394). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose an autostereoscopic display with adaptive time‐division multiplexing parallax barrier. When time‐division triplexing parallax barrier is applied in place of the conventional time‐division quadruplexing parallax barrier, the image becomes brighter without destroying stereoscopy, while the viewing zone without crosstalk is narrowed. Under this trade‐off relationship, comfortable viewing conditions are secured with an adaptive display system where time‐division quadruplexing is applied in a dark environment in which crosstalk stands out and time‐division triplexing is applied in a bright environment, which requires a brighter screen to prevail against the ambient reflection. We theoretically evaluate the viewing zone without crosstalk given by different numbers of time‐division multiplexing. In this paper, we propose an autostereoscopic display with adaptive time‐division multiplexing parallax barrier. When time‐division triplexing parallax barrier is applied in place of the conventional time‐division quadruplexing parallax barrier, the image becomes brighter without destroying stereoscopy, while the viewing zone without crosstalk is narrowed. We theoretically evaluate the viewing zone without crosstalk given by different numbers of time‐division multiplexing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a novel in‐plane switching liquid crystal display with a fast response time, known as short‐range lurch control in‐plane switching (SLC‐IPS) mode. We found that the distance l, which is orthogonal to the liquid crystal layer thickness, affects the response properties of the liquid crystal display mode. The distance l was obtained using a simple electrode structure. The SLC‐IPS obtained by this structure exhibits a response that is approximately three times faster than that of a conventional IPS. We applied the SLC‐IPS to virtual reality head‐mounted displays and confirmed that its response properties satisfy the requirements for moving picture quality. This study aims to develop a novel in‐plane switching liquid crystal display with a fast response. We found that the distance, which is orthogonal to the liquid crystal layer thickness, affects the response properties. The novel in‐plane switching LCD exhibits a response that is approximately three times faster than that of a conventional IPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Today's trend in automotive displays is toward more, larger, better, and flexible panels. The requirements for cars differ largely from consumer displays: Automotive displays have unique requirements in terms of optical performance, longevity in harsh environment, and production of 100,000s per year per model. Consumer electronics displays, however, set the pace and premium automotive panels have to follow in short time because of customer expectations despite long development cycles. Advanced procedures and measurements have to be applied like lifetime and ambient light. In order to reduce the effort in specifying and evaluating car displays in terms of optical performance, the German Flat Panel Forum has set common requirements for automotive validation. As standard measurement procedures are often less suitable for automotive evaluation, dedicated methods were developed like Black Mura, gamma and visual assessment of anti‐glare surfaces. Standardization reduces the effort along the automotive display value chain. People in future autonomous cars will spend more time watching displays than today, which must then be of highest optical performance. Design visions trend to present information – and not displays – to driver and passengers, which includes seamless displays and smart surfaces. A simple integration of flat displays into dashboards is no longer state‐of‐the‐art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Large flexible organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display provides various electronic applications such as curved, bendable, rollable, and commercial display, because of its thinness, light weight, and design freedom. In this work, the process flow and key technologies to fabricate the world's first large size 77‐inch transparent flexible OLED display are introduced. “White OLED on TFT + color filter” method is used to fabricate the aforementioned display. On both thin‐film transistor and color filter substrates, transparent polyimide (PI) was used as plastic substrate with multi‐barrier. In case of a transparent flexible display, the multi‐barrier is required for the additional consideration to overcome the decrease of transmittance due to the difference in refractive index of the conventional multi‐barrier. We developed the special multi‐barrier to increase transparency with superior water vapor transition rate characteristic. The optimized amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin‐film transistors were employed on the multi‐barrier, and it shows the highly uniform electrical performance and reliability on plastic substrate. Also, the typical panel failure mechanism during laser lift‐off process caused by a particle in PI is studied, and a sacrificial layer was suggested between PI and a carrier glass to reduce the panel failure. Finally, we successfully realized the world's first 77‐inch transparent flexible OLED display with ultra‐high‐definition resolution, which can be rolled up to a radius of 80 mm with a transmittance of 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Advanced complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor‐compatible single‐photon avalanche diode array technology is progressing rapidly and is being deployed in a wide range of applications. We report for the first time the use of a complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor‐compatible single‐photon avalanche diode array to perform detailed optical measurements on pixels of an organic light‐emitting diode microdisplay at very high sampling rate, very low light level, and over a very wide dynamic range of luminance. This offers a clear demonstration of the huge potential of this single‐photon avalanche diode technology to reveal hitherto obscure details of the optical characteristics of individual and groups of organic light‐emitting diode pixels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A fast transient light‐emitting diode (LED) driver is proposed for large‐sized liquid crystal display TV backlights in attempt to shorten the recovery time and to reduce the voltage fluctuation, while maintaining a high power efficiency. The direct current‐direct current (DC–DC) converter in the proposed LED driver accurately detects the load variation using the dimming data and then adjusts the slew rate and operating frequency according to the detected load variation. Thus, it rapidly controls the turn‐on time of the power switch and then controls the inductor current so that the output of the proposed LED driver can be accurately regulated during the load transient time. To verify the performance of the proposed LED driver, a DC–DC converter and an expandable LED current controller were fabricated using a 0.35‐μm bipolar–complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)–double‐diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor (DMOS) process technology and assembled with 48 LED channels for measurement. The measurement results show that the proposed LED driver improves the recovery time and voltage fluctuation by 45.1% and 45.6%, respectively. In addition, it achieves a maximum power of 115.2 W and a maximum power efficiency of 89.2%. Therefore, the proposed LED driver is suitable for high‐end applications such as large‐sized LED TV backlight modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate the accuracy of distance judgment in a frontal plane of projection‐based stereoscopic environments. The targets were presented at nine distinct frontal plane positions and at three depth levels. Eighteen right‐handed participants with self‐declared normal visual acuity reached the target, either continuously visible or presented briefly, by holding pointing sticks. All combinations of the experimental conditions were repeated for an equivalent real‐world environment. Accuracies of judgments were then computed from three‐dimensional data collected by a motion system composed of six infrared cameras. As compared with about 94% accuracy in the physical world, the space in the frontal plane was only about 85% on the stereoscopic environment. The result also revealed more accurate judgment in the continuous presence of the target. Furthermore, the accuracy was affected by the egocentric distance of the frontal plane from the position of the participant. The study concluded that the compression in the frontal plane and underestimation of depth, which has been reported by the majority of previous studies could be an indication that the space compression in virtual environments might be in all the three‐dimensions. These findings can be used as guidelines for developers and content designers to properly locate virtual targets and selection of efficient interaction modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of observer metamerism induced by electronic displays depends to a large extent on their primary spectra (red, green, and blue in the most common case). In particular, for narrow-band primary spectra whose peak wavelength lies in the range of high variability of the observer's color-matching function, some observers can experience very large differences between actual surface colors (e.g. in a light booth) and displayed colors if the monitor is optimized for the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 standard observer. However, because narrow-band light-emitting diodes lead to larger color gamuts, more and more monitors with very narrow band primaries are coming onto the market without manufacturers taking into account the associated problem of observer variations. Being able to measure these variations accurately and efficiently is therefore an important objective. In this paper, we propose a new approach to predict the extent of observer metamerism for a particular multiprimary display. Unlike existing dedicated models, ours does not depend on a reference illuminant and a set of reflectance spectra and is computationally more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current 3D crosstalk equation was defined from the characteristics of 3D display using glasses. This equation is not suitable for multi-view 3D display with larger view number as it gives the inappropriately large value. In 3D display using eyeglass, double images occur at large depth. But, in multi-view 3D display with larger view number, blur occurs to larger width for the larger depth. Hence, blur phenomenon of multi-view 3D display was investigated to understand the unique characteristics of multi-view 3D display. For this purpose, ray tracing S/W was used to simulate 3D display image seen at the designed viewing distance, to calculate the relative luminance distribution, and to quantify the relation between blur and depth. Calculated results showed that incomplete image separation caused the overlap of multiple view images and the blur. Blur edge width (BEW) was proportional to the horizontal disparity and related to the depth. BEWR = (BEW) / (binocular disparity) was newly defined, and its usefulness for 3D characterization was investigated. BEW and BEWR might be useful as new measuring items to characterize multi-view 3D display regarding 3D crosstalk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an RGB-to-RGBG conversion algorithm based on the weighting factor (WF) has been proposed. The gray level of each RGBG sub-pixel is represented by the weighted sum of the original gray levels. The weighting factors are adaptively calculated by minimizing the square error. Furthermore, the color fringing artifact is significantly improved by using this method. Peak signal-to-noise ratio of U component and peak signal-to-noise ratio of V component of the image processed by WF is larger than that processed by direct assignment and FRB. The mean square error of the image processed by the WF is 14% and 53% smaller than that of image processed by direct assignment and FRB, respectively. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on a field-programmable gate array, and the displayed image has good visual effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autostereoscopic displays are likely to become widely used products in the future. However, certain physiological factors, especially visual comfort, limit their development. In this study, four observational parameters - ambient illuminance, image content, scaling ratio, and horizontal distance between major and minor objects - were evaluated to determine the degree of visual comfort offered by 3D computer-generated images on an autostereoscopic display. Visual comfort score with the range of 0-1 is designed to represent the degree of visual comfort for the 3D images with different manipulations of ambient illuminance, image content, scaling ratio, and horizontal distance between major and minor objects in this study. Subjects were asked to indicate images that produced discomfort. The proportion of images for each condition where participants indicated that viewing the image was comfortable was computed. Images receiving a proportion of 0.5 or greater were classified as acceptable. The disparity ranges over which acceptable images were attained for each participant and for each condition were analyzed with analysis of variance. The analytical results indicate that ambient illuminance and image content have a significant effect on the acceptable disparity range, while scaling ratio and horizontal distance between major and minor objects did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an RGB organic light-emitting diode display to emulate liquid crystal display systems, we examined the efficacy of different global dimming strategies for cinematic content. A global dimming solution with smoothed transitions was preferred over solutions using a static backlight level or the highly aggressive frame-by-frame backlight adjustment scheme. We compared two such smoothing approaches, one making use of causal data, and another using future information (which could be available via latency or dynamic metadata) and did observe some opportunities for an improved experience, but found the causal data to be a competitive approach. We also evaluated the importance of native panel contrast and how global dimming compares to local dimming approaches. For most content tested, a global dimming display with a high-contrast liquid crystal panel was judged as being equivalent or more preferred to a full-array local dimming display with a low-contrast panel. These results build on the existing evidence that native panel contrast remains one of the strongest predictors of high-dynamic-range image quality even as backlight technologies continue to improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a hybrid tunable lens based on electrowetting effect for eliminating optical aberration. By integrating a doublet lens in the front surface of a tunable lens, the proposed lens can achieve good image quality and obtain high optical power. Experimental results demonstrate that both two advantages can be achieved for the hybrid tunable lens. It can also reduce the operating voltage by ∼5 V to reach the same focal length, and it has compact structure, light weight, and good image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of near-eye displays has challenged the traditional methods that have been used to measure the optical properties of displays. Near-eye displays typically create virtual images and are designed for the relatively small entrance pupil of the human eye. These two attributes result in optical measurement requirements that are substantially different from traditional flat panel displays. This paper discusses the optical system requirements needed to make absolute radiometric and photometric measurements of near-eye displays. These guidelines are contrasted with the performance of current optical measurement instruments. An initial study was conducted using traditional and modified instruments and exhibited a significant variance in the results with different near-eye display designs. The study demonstrated that some traditional optical instruments can yield erroneous results when used to measure near-eye displays. Generic optical system design concepts were used to interpret the experimental results and helped to identify how current commercial designs could be modified to properly measure near-eye displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A foldable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display capable of enduring very severe folding and environmental impact was obtained using symmetric panel stacking with an innovative design of color filter structure. The display was subjected to in situ folding cycle under an ambient test condition of 60°C/90% relative humidity, and no performance degradation was found for the display and the touch function during and after the test. In addition, 95% coverage of BT.2020 color space was obtained without additional power consumption compared with that of the panel with National Television System Committee (NTSC) color space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose two methods to increase the pixel and spatial resolution of Digital Micromirror Devices (DMD)-based projectors by utilizing the large bandwidth provided by their high pattern rates. By varying the intensity of the illumination for each binary pattern displayed on the DMD, the time required to display an 8-bit grayscale image can be reduced by up to factor 32 compared to using constant illumination and binary pulse-width modulation (BPWM). The high image rate projection is then spatially separated by either using a galvanometer scanner or sequentially illuminating the DMD from different directions, thus creating multiple independently addressable projections which are then tiled to form a larger, higher resolution image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the possibility of fabricating quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) using inkjet printing technology, which is the most attractive method for the full-color patterning of QLED displays. By controlling the quantum dot (QD) ink formulation and inkjet printing condition, we successfully patterned QLED pixels in the 60-in ultrahigh definition TV format, which has a resolution of 73 pixels per inch. The inkjet-printed QLEDs exhibited a maximum luminance of 2500 cd/m2. Although the performance of inkjet-printed QLEDs is low compared with that of QLEDs fabricated using the spin-coating process, our results clearly indicate that the inkjet printing technology is suitable for patterning QD emissive layers to realize high-resolution, full-color QLED displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative design of a semitransparent cathode for top-emission white-fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been investigated. The scope of this study was to improve the luminance of OLEDs used for displays while keeping the current density versus voltage characteristic unchanged for addressing purposes. The use of an optical simulation tool allowed the optimization of the tri-layer cathode WO3/Ag/WO3 to increase the light out-coupling coefficient of the device leading to an increased white emission compared with a reference device with a Ca/Ag cathode. An increase of ~40% in luminance has been calculated by simulation and experimentally confirmed. The p-i-n OLED structure underneath the tri-layer cathode allowed an efficient injection of electrons independently from the work function of WO3. The WO3/Ag/WO3 cathode has been also confirmed to be compatible with the atomic layer deposition technique for thin film encapsulation. Finally, lifetime measurements up to 600 h have been carried out to quantify the enhancements induced by the new cathode compared with the control device. It has been found that lifetimes of both cathode architectures are similar on this time scale, while the WO3/Ag/WO3 cathode shows a lower voltage drift versus aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emissive transparent display with per-pixel opacity employs rapid synchronized switching of a transparent display and transparent backlight between content with a scattering luminous backlight and masks with a clear unlit backlight. A 144 fps transparent LCD panel is used in conjunction with a transparent backlight, controllably diffusive smartglass screen, and optional switching background lighting. The display is capable of producing opaque emissive content on a transparent field for novel transparent display and compact spatial augmented reality applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are often viewed in the energy-saving mode or under high ambient illumination. However, both these conditions compress the tonal dynamic range of the display device, resulting in undesirable visual perception effects. In this paper, we propose a local algorithm for improving the display image quality under either of these conditions. The proposed algorithm is based on a tone mapping technique, and it reproduces the image appearance to almost its original quality with a lower dynamic range. We also develop a more accurate definition of the image distortion, which takes into account the difference in pixel values to reduce the distortion significantly. By minimizing the differences in contrast and pixel intensity between the input and output images, the algorithm preserves the contrast while simultaneously providing brightness compensation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively maintain image quality while enabling power savings of 30%-50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The individual elements of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays degrade at different rates, because each element emits light independently; the resulting luminance differences between individual elements cause image sticking-a phenomenon where a displayed text or pattern remains on the screen even after changing the image contents-and are therefore an important issue in OLED displays. However, the introduction of OLED technology into large TV displays is still recent, and no criterion for image sticking evaluation has yet been established. The keystone of a criterion for image sticking evaluation is the definition of the difference level between the luminance of individual elements at which the viewer feels that image sticking is present. Therefore, in this study, an image sticking perception experiment is carried out in accordance with statistically sound procedures for experimental design, using a comprehensive set of human subjects to evaluate the presence of image sticking in moving images. The obtained results are analyzed, and two criteria for image sticking evaluation are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the periodical which include its scope; manuscript categories; and guidelines for submission of manuscript.

Information for authors submitting manuscripts to the "Journal of the Society for Information Display" is presented, including the journal's scope, editorial process and manuscript categories.

If discrepancy between accommodation and convergence caused by a stereoscopic display exceeds fusion range of human eyes, viewers will see ghosting image, which leads to the loss of correct depth information and even causes severe visual fatigue. In this paper, an experiment aiming to investigate the binocular fusion range is conducted for a polarized 3D display. Two experimental trials are arranged to examine two aspects of fusion range including outward depth and inward depth. 3D modeling software is used to generate the test stereoscopic image pairs, which vary in depth by adjusting the separation between the virtual cameras. Angular parallax corresponding to the limit of fusion range is obtained by determining critical point of ghosting images. The experimental results show deviation between theoretical fusion range calculated by formula and experimental one.−0.223° to 0.275° represent critical fusion range for the polarized 3D display to avoid ghosting images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several techniques are presented for the efficient resistance calculation of wiring structures in flat panel display (FPD). The techniques are based on two-dimensional boundary element method (BEM), suitable for the geometry characteristics of the FPD structures. With an automatic strategy for boundary element partition and the analytical BEM-coupled approach, the proposed resistance solver shows good accuracy and fast computational speed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the solver can be more than 10,000 times faster than the finite difference solver raphael while preserving good accuracy. And the proposed techniques accelerate the original BEM remarkably. Structures from real FPD designs have validated the efficiency of the proposed techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the viewing angle (VA) is an important parameter of three-dimensional (3-D) displays, a method has not yet been devised to determine the VA.We proposed a new approach to determine a VA of an integral imaging display. An integrated point appears at the cross section between collected rays and a lens array; the VA of the integrated point is thus equal to the angle between the two farthest rays. This approach is useful to determine the VA of all 3-D displays, because a 3-D point appears in the cross section of collected rays. The result of this study showed that the VA depends on the position of the integrated point and is smaller than the VA of the conventional calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using shorter wavelength for exposure light is one way to achieve high resolution while keeping sufficient depth of focus. We show exposure results for high resolution to confirm the effect of deep UV exposure light. With deep UV light, 1.2-µm line and space pattern and 1.8-µm contact hole pattern are resolved while keeping sufficient depth of focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on inverting a finite element model is presented for determining film stress from pitch changes before and after a film deposition step in liquid-crystal display panel manufacturing. It differs from the conventional methods by making use of in-plane deformation rather than out-of-plane measurements to calculate film stress. The resulting film stress is confounded with glass structural relaxation. Measurements of out-of-plane deformation at the edge of the sheet can be used with the pitch measurements to separate the effects of glass structural relaxation and film stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In observing the stereoscopic display at the viewing distance of 1 m, the amount of the perceived depth was determined by the positions of the crossing point that the viewing direction of two eyes intersect. The positions of the crossing points of stereoscopic stimuli were controlled, and the accommodation was measured by the autorefractometer for the seven participants. Accommodation was also measured when viewing the real film chart which was placed at the same position as these crossing points. The accommodation change when viewing the stereoscopic display was measured to be noticeable only when the crossing point was quite near the participant, but this change was still much smaller compared with the accommodation change when viewing the real film chart. This change in accommodation implies the possible occurrence of fatigue related to the accommodation-convergence conflict, while the constant accommodation within the range of DOF implies no conflict between the accommodation and convergence. This measurement scheme may be used to define the range of DOF where the accommodation remains little changed, and thus define the depth of the 3D object at which no accommodation-convergence conflict occurs, for a given stereoscopic display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate users' wayfinding task performance and subjective preference in a three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment. The research variables are interaction mode (touch sensitive vs body movement modes), viewing perspective [first-person perspective (1PP) versus third-person perspective (3PP)], and gender (man versus woman). Three difficult levels of tasks were conducted, i.e., A, A-P, and A-A types. The experiment is 2 × 2 × 2 between-subject design. Participants needed to complete three wayfinding tasks and fill out subjective preference questionnaires regarding task fluency, satisfaction, system usability scale, and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Fifty-six participants (28 men and 28 women) were invited using convenient sampling method. The results are as follows: (1) Participants adopting touch-sensitive mode performed better than body movement mode. (2) Participants using touch-sensitive mode could have better task fluency and higher SUS score, and with less effort and frustration. (3) Participants adopting 3PP had better wayfinding task performance than first-person perspective. They also had higher system usability scale score and spent less effort for having wider viewing perspective. (4) The gender variable only showed significant effect in A-P type of wayfinding task. Men performed better than women. It is concluded that adopting touch-sensitive interaction and 3PP designs can better facilitate users' wayfinding tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]