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Prolonged-release (PR) fampridine is approved to treat walking impairment in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, treatment benefits may extend beyond walking. MOBILE was a phase 2, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study to assess the impact of 10mg PR-fampridine twice daily versus placebo on several subject-assessed measures. This analysis evaluated the physical and psychological health outcomes of subjects with progressing or relapsing MS from individual items of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29). PR-fampridine treatment (n=68) resulted in greater improvements from baseline in the MSIS-29 physical (PHYS) and psychological (PSYCH) impact subscales, with differences of 89% and 148% in mean score reduction from baseline (n=64) at week 24 versus placebo, respectively. MSIS-29 item analysis showed that a higher percentage of PR-fampridine subjects had mean improvements in 16/20 PHYS and 6/9 PSYCH items versus placebo after 24weeks. Post hoc analysis of the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) improver population (?8-point mean improvement) demonstrated differences in mean reductions from baseline of 97% and 111% in PR-fampridine MSIS-29 PHYS and PSYCH subscales versus the overall placebo group over 24weeks. A higher percentage of MSWS-12 improvers treated with PR-fampridine showed mean improvements in 20/20 PHYS and 8/9 PSYCH items versus placebo at 24weeks. In conclusion, PR-fampridine resulted in physical and psychological benefits versus placebo, sustained over 24weeks. The Authors. Published by

Background The IMPROVE study demonstrated that the fetal bovine serum (FBS)- and human serum albumin (HSA)-free formulation of subcutaneous (sc) interferon (IFN) beta-1a had beneficial effects on the numbers of combined unique active magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Here we report additional MRI endpoints (including post hoc analyses), and clinical efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity outcomes. Methods Patients with active RRMS were randomized (2:1) to IFN beta-1a, 44 mcg sc three times weekly (tiw) (n = 120), or placebo (n = 60), for 16 weeks (double-blind phase). All patients then received IFN beta-1a, 44 mcg sc tiw, for 24 weeks (rater-blind phase). Patients underwent MRI brain scans every 4 weeks. Results Compared with placebo, there was a 68% reduction in the mean cumulative number of new gadolinium-enhancing lesions with IFN beta-1a as early as week 4 (p

The development of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to interferon (IFN) is a common phenomenon of IFN beta therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. Here we examine the specificity of NAbs developed during therapy for RRMS with recombinant interferon (rIFN) beta-1a or rIFN beta-1b, and study the effect of switching from rIFN beta-1a to rIFN beta-1b on the incidence and specificity of NAbs. The relative ability to neutralize rIFN beta-1a and beta-1b was assayed in sera positive for NAbs derived from RRMS patients treated with either rIFN beta-1a (N=9) or rIFN beta-1b (N=16), while the incidence and specificity of NAbs to IFN beta developed during therapy were studied in 50 RRMS patients who were treated for two years with rIFN beta-1a followed by a further year either switching to rIFN beta-1b (N=34) or continuing treatment with rIFN beta-1a (N=16). The results show that all positive sera, independent of the source, may recognize both forms of rIFN beta and that a further year of treatment does not significantly affect the incidence and specificity of the NAbs developed during the first two years of treatment even if treatment is switched to a different type of IFN beta. The data then suggests that it is unlikely that the administration of rIFN beta-1b to anti-rIFN beta-1a NAbs-positive patients can overcome the inhibitory effect exerted by the serum antibodies (and vice versa), and that a further period of treatment with IFN beta-1b in patients previously treated with rIFN beta-1a does not significantly change the pattern of antibody response to IFN beta.

In multiple sclerosis (MS) the number of new enhancing lesions seen on monthly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is the most widely used response variable in MRI-monitored studies of experimental treatments. However, no statistical model has been proposed to describe the distribution of the number of such lesions across MS patients. This article briefly summarizes the statistical models for counted data. The negative binomial (NB) model is proposed to fit the number of new enhancing lesions counted in a set of 56 untreated MS patients followed for 9 months. It is shown that the large variability present in this data set is better addressed by the NB model (residual deviance=66.6, 54 degrees of freedom) than by the Poisson model (residual deviance=1830.1, 55 degrees of freedom). Applications of the parametrization of lesion counts are discussed, and an example related to computer simulations for the sample size estimation is presented.

Monthly dual-echo spin-echo (SE) and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after the injection of a standard dose (SD) of gadolinium (Gd) is the conventional approach to monitor short-term disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, the sensitivity of this approach in detecting active lesions in MS was compared with that of monthly fast fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) scans associated with enhanced MRI after the injection of a triple dose (TD) of Gd. Thirteen patients with relapsing-remitting MS entered the study. Monthly MRI scans were obtained on four occasions in two separate sessions (interval between 12 and 24 h). In one session, dual-echo conventional SE and SD Tl-weighted scans were obtained; in the other, fast-FLAIR and TD Tl-weighted scans. The order of the two sessions was randomized. Three observers counted the number of active lesions detected by each of the two approaches. One hundred and four active lesions were detected by the conventional approach and 199 by the newer approach (average increase per patient = 75%, range = 0-325%). The mean number of active lesions per month per patient was 2.0 for the conventional approach and 3.8 for the new approach (P = 0.004). Scans with active lesions were 34/52 (65%) with the conventional approach and 37/52 (71%) with the new approach. Our data indicate that the combined use of monthly fast-FLAIR and TD enhanced Tl-weighted scans increases the number of active lesions detected on serial MRI scans from patients with MS.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a chronic course. Dysphagia represents one of the current challenges in clinical practice for the management of MS patients. Dysphagia starts to appear in mildly impaired MS subjects (EDSS 2-3) and becomes increasingly common in the most severely disabled subjects (EDSS 8-9). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of patient-reported dysphagia in MS patients with a multicenter study using the recently developed DYMUS (DYsphagia in MUltiple Sclerosis) questionnaire. DESIGN: Data were collected in a multi-centre, cross-sectional study using a face-to-face structured questionnaire for clinical characteristics and the DYMUS questionnaire. RESULTS: 1875 patients were interviewed. The current study has shown a correlation between patient-reported dysphagia and EDSS and disease course but not with age, gender and disease duration. Questionnaires were divided into "patient-reported dysphagia-yes" (587, 31.3%) and "patient-reported dysphagia-no" (1288, 68.7%). Compared with the patient-reported dysphagia-no group, patients in patient-reported dysphagia-yes group had higher EDSS score (mean EDSS 4.6 vs. 2.8; p

An increasing number of evidence is showing that during prolonged treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) with interferon (IFN) beta 1a or IFN beta 1b, the patients may develop serum anti-IFN antibody. It has been argued that some of the RRMS patients receiving IFN beta, who developed antibodies to IFN, lose them over time even though the treatment continues. To gain further insights into this issue, we performed a study to establish what happened to binding antibodies (BAB) and neutralizing antibodies (NAB) in 42 RRMS patients treated for 6 years with IFN beta 1a and/or IFN beta 1b. While the data of BAB analysis did not allow to reach definite conclusions, the results on NAB development confirm that the presence of this type of antibodies is transitory; in fact, most of the positive patients reverted to seronegative, although the IFN treatment is still ongoing; the only patients who were positive for NAB at 6 years of treatment are those whose serum contains high concentration of them. The paper also shows that patients lose antibodies to IFN independently on the type of IFN used for the treatment. In conclusion, the data indicate that the disappearance of the anti-IFN antibodies from the serum while the patients are still undergoing IFN treatment depends on the titer of antibodies but not on the type of IFN administered.

Recent MRI studies in multiple sclerosis have highlighted the potential role of brain atrophy evaluation as a putative marker of disease progression. In the present study, we evaluated the supratentorial and infratentorial brain volume in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR MS) and in healthy subjects. Moreover, we determined whether brain volumes of MS patients are associated with different aspects of brain MRI abnormalities and clinical findings. Two-dimensional acquired MRI was performed on 52 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 30 healthy subjects. The volume of supratentorial and infratentorial structures was measured in selected representative slices. Gd-enhancement, T2 hyperintense, T1 hypointense (i.e. 'black holes') total lesion load, as well as the area of corpus callosum was calculated in the MS group and related to brain volume measures. Correlations between MRI parameters and clinical features were also considered. MS patients had significantly lower supratentorial, infratentorial brain volume and corpus callosum area than healthy subjects (P