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C-banded karyotypes and their variations were studied in Allium fistulosum and A. altaicum, and the phylogenetic relationship between the two species was verified.1. All plants of cultivars and strains examined in A. fistulosum had the same karyotypes except for a variation of satellites [K(2n) =14V+2JT, 14V+1JT+1Jt, 14V+1JT+1J]. The telomeric and centromeric regions in all chromosomes, satellites and proximal regions to the nucleolar organizer in No. 6 chromosome, and five intercalary regions in No. 6, 7, 8 chromosomes were differentially stained as the fundamental C-banding pattern of A. fistulosum.2. Two strains of A. altaicum were, in whole, similar to A. fistulosum in the karyotype, including the variation of satellites. The C-banding patterns differed between the two species by the presence or absence of three intercalary bands.3. In F1 hybrid plants between A. fistulosum and A. altaicum, the somatic chromosome complement consisted of eight pairs of chromosomes after C-banded karyotype analysis. Almost homologous meioses in PMCs were observed in F1 hybrid plants. Moreover, F1 hybrid plants showed high seed fertility. Consequently, these results suggest that A. fistulosum and A. altaicum have homologous genomes, and indicate the degree of their close relationship.

1. A survey of chromosome numbers of edible (Shokuyo-giku) and garnish (Tsuma-giku) chrysanthemum was carried out to elucidate the genetic characteristics and varietal differentiation in those cultivars. Cultivars of edible (137) and garnish (32) chrysanthemums were examined for this study.2. Examination of entire plants revealed variations in somatic chromosome numbers ranging from 53 to 66 in edible chrysanthemums and from 51+B to 55 in garnich forms. Furthermore, the mode of the distribution in chromosome numbers was 54 for both edible and garnish forms. Variation frequency of chromosome number in both forms agreed well with that of ornamental chrysanthemums. Therefore, according to chromosome variation, edible and garnish chrysanthemums were duly considered to have been derived from ornamental cultivars grown for exhibition or cut-flower use.3. Different number of chromosomes were observed among root tip cells within the same individual. A similar chromosomal variation was found between individual plants or clones of the same cultivar, some cells possessing 54±1, 2, or 3 chromosomes.4. B chromosomes were recognized in both forms of chrysanthemums.5. This investigation revealed confusion in nomenclature; for example, among 26 cultivars examined, some had 2 to 9 synonyms. Therefore, the actual number of edible chrysanthemum cultivars was 65, and that of garnish forms was 30.6. Correlations between chromosme number and flowering period or flower size were ascertained among edible chrysanthemums.

A chromatographic study of methanol-soluble leaf extracts was undertaken to analize the phylogenetic relationships between a number of species, vavieties and cultivars in Brassica and its allied genera.Raphanus sativus (genome constitution; RR), 9 out of 18 detected spots in this species being quite specific, was remarkably different in its characteristic spot pattern from three diploid species of Brassica and Sinapis arvensis. Accordingly, it was clearly indicated in the chromatogram on the occurrence of two genome-specific spot groups originating from both parental species that Raphano-brassica was composed of R. sativus and B. oleracea.B. campestris (AA), B. nigra (BB), B. oleracea(CC) and S. arvensis (SS) could be determined from each other by their genome-specific spot patterns, though many kinds of spots detected usually occur throughout those species. Because of the similarities of spot constitution in the diploid Brassica species, the spot patterns of three amphidiploids Brassica species (AABB, AACC and BBCC), natural or artificial, could not be revealed as a complete complementation of the spot groups of the diploid ancestral species.Based on peculiar spot patterns on the chromatograms, cultivars examined within B. campestris or B. oleracea could be distinguished from each other in some minor points, but the intraspecific variations of spot patterns did not correlate with taxonomic rank.Good numerical information of the phylogenetic affinities between and among the taxa analized could be obtained by the application of the concepts of paired affinity and grouped affinity (Ellison et al., 1962) to the results of the present study. Referring to the affinity values it will be noted that : R. sativus generally shows the lowest affinity to all other species used. S. arvensis is closer to B. nigra than to the other species used. The highest degree of affinity is obtained between B. campestris and B. oleracea, and B. nigra shows a higher affinity to B. campestris than to B. oleracea.