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In summary, the parsimonious explanation is that the mylonitic lineation is the LDZ transport direction, and that the LDZ is part of the larger Keisarhjelmen detachment, along with the overlying Wilhelmtinden mylonite zone (Fig. LDZ kinematics [8] describe a shallowly NNW-plunging lineation on the west-dipping mylonitic foliation (their fig. 8), but with uncertain kinematics as indicators were not observed. [8] present valuable new isotopic and field data regarding NW Spitsbergen's tectonic history, and propose the existence of the Germaniahalvøya terrane with Scandian (Late Caledonian) igneous activity and deformation. Within this terrane, the Lerner Deformation Zone (LDZ) is cast as an east-directed thrust, with the Liefdefjorden Migmatite Complex in the footwall and Lenerøyane Group metasediments above. [Extracted from the article]

Fluid escape pipes are vertical pathways of focused flow venting from a variety of deep overpressure sources. These geological features are typical of many sedimentary basins, including proven petroliferous provinces worldwide, such as the North Sea and the Exmouth Plateau in the Northern Carnarvon Basin, NW Australia. High-quality three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data from the western Exmouth Plateau revealed the occurrence of exceptionally well-imaged fluid escape pipes affecting the Jurassic strata and the Triassic Mungaroo Formation, a key reservoir unit in the basin. A total of 171 fluid escape pipes, including blowout, seepage and hydrothermal pipes, were mapped, and their geomorphological characteristics were analysed. In the study area, these features form prominent vertical columns up to 4.5 km long disrupting continuous reflections of the Triassic to Jurassic section. Numerous fluid escape pipes terminate with palaeo-pockmarks affecting the Upper Jurassic syn-extension strata, providing evidence for pipe genesis during the early stages of the Late Jurassic rifting in the Exmouth Plateau. Fluid escape pipes were found rooting from different stratigraphic levels, suggesting multiple fluid sources within the Triassic sediments. Several fluid flow structures nucleated along or near rift-related fault planes within the Mungaroo Formation, providing further evidence of rifting as a main triggering factor of important fluid flow in the basin. In the study area, the presence of fluid escape pipes represents a significant risk for the preservation of potential hydrocarbon accumulations, as, when these features form, vertical fluid venting breaches through stratigraphy, compromising the integrity of seal units. This seems supported by the lack of significant discoveries within the area covered by seismic survey analysed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread wrench tectonics have been described along the northern Andes. The Bucaramanga fault, described as sinistral strike-slip, bounds the high Santander Massif. We combine structural and thermochronological data from the central-southern portion of the fault to investigate the vertical displacement. The structural survey data show old phases of activity preserved in the host rocks along the fault trace, with the superimposition of different generations of slickenlines, and both strike-slip and dip-slip kinematics indicators. New and previous thermochronological data show that differential exhumation of the fault walls has been ongoing for the last 50 Ma. The hanging wall, the Santander Massif, records, in the central portion, decreasing exhumation rates from the early Miocene to the mid- to late Miocene and, in the southern portion, constant rates from the Late Oligocene to the Pliocene. Combining such observations, the thermochronological offset resulting from the relative motion of the two fault walls is comparable with the observed drop in elevation across the fault, suggesting that the present topography of the Santander Massif is related to vertical movement along the Bucaramanga fault. We infer that the fault has a significant Neogene reverse component, consistent with the present day horizontal global positioning system vector data, long-term exhumation rates and the structural assemblage. Supplementary Material: The Supplementary Materials contain methodological information on the thermochronological procedures, a compilation of the previously published data used in this study and the structural geology dataset, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4620140 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of extensive intrusive igneous complexes in both subsurface data and field studies has led to the quantification of the volumes of igneous material present within sedimentary sequences. Despite this research, however, little connection has been established between the amount of igneous material intruded into a basin and its effect on subsequent basin evolution in terms of burial and loading. We used subsurface data from the Faroe-Shetland Basin to investigate igneous intrusions with the aim of understanding how additional igneous material influences basin evolution. We found that the total estimated thickness of Cretaceous sediments is likely to be an overestimate because the sedimentary fill consists of significant quantities of igneous material emplaced during the Paleocene (56-54 Ma). This additional igneous material has not previously been accounted for in estimates of sedimentation rates and the burial history of the Faroe-Shetland Basin. Petroleum system modelling to understand the generation and expulsion of hydrocarbons benefits from correct estimates of basin fill. The overthickening of basins by igneous material will affect the timing of hydrocarbon generation and therefore the correct evaluation of exploration targets. The volume of igneous material and the time at which this material was emplaced must be acknowledged and considered in order to fully understand basin evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The break-up of continents at magma-poor rifted margins is a complex yet little understood process accounting for intricate interactions between tectonic and magmatic processes. Whereas high-resolution seismic data may resolve the firstorder architecture of ocean-continent transitions (OCTs), direct access to rocks remains limited to deep-sea drilling. In this study, we combine seismic observations from the East Antarctica margin (Geoscience Australia Survey 228) with field observations from the Bracco-Levanto area (Northern Apennines, Italy), representing modern and fossil examples of ultradistal magma-poor rifted margins respectively. The combination of detailed structural mapping and petrological studies from fossil examples with architectural features observed in seismic sections from present-day OCTs enables to bridge the different observation scales. Field evidence indicates that the magmatic budget is not zero, as magma is present throughout the exhumation process. Extensional detachment faults that exhumed serpentinized mantle and deep-seated gabbro intrusions are truncated by later high-angle normal faults, which most probably acted as feeders for the emplacement of massive synextensional basalts. These observations suggest a polyphase tectonic and magmatic evolution of the ultra-distal margin prior to the formation of the first true oceanic crust, which can be studied in detail only by combining seismic and outcrop observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many sedimentary rock successions contain plan-view circular structures, such as impacts, diapirs and carbonate build-ups. When remotely sensed, it can be difficult to discriminate between their formation mechanisms. Herewe examine this problem by assessing the origins of circular structures imaged in high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data fromWeymouth Bay, UK. The imagery shows 30-150 m across, concave-down structures within the upper Purbeck Limestone Group on the southern limb of the Purbeck Anticline. Similar structures have not been identified in the extensive outcrops around the bay. The morphology and geological setting of the structures are consistent with three different interpretations: carbonate mounds, periclinal folds and evaporite diapirs. However, none of these structures has been previously recorded in the upper Purbeck Limestone Group outcrops of this internationally renowned geological region. We apply a scoring system to 25 features of the circular structures to discriminate between these three alternative interpretations. This analysis indicates that evaporite diapirs are the least likely and carbonate mounds the most likely origin of the structures. The presence of carbonate mounds revises the upper Purbeck palaeofacies distribution in its type area and provides an analogue for the exploration for hydrocarbon reservoirs in lacustrine mounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nallamalai Fold Belt comprises late Palaeoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks deformed into a fold-and-thrust belt along the eastern side of Peninsular India. The age of thin-skinned thrusting, folding and low- to mediumgrade metamorphism in the belt is unclear, with estimates ranging from Palaeoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic. A possible Pan-African age for thrusting has previously been inferred from Rb-Sr dating of muscovite in shear zones from the adjacent Krishna Province (501 - 474 Ma) but these structures are separated from the Nallamalai Fold Belt by a major thrust. Here, we present in situ U-Pb dating of metamorphic monazite within a low-grade metasedimentary rock in the Nallamalai Fold Belt at the Mangampeta barite mine. Our date of 531 ± 7 Ma for the monazite is the first direct evidence that west- to NW-directed nappe stacking, folding and low-grade metamorphism in the fold belt are related to Pan-African incorporation of India into the Gondwana supercontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four hundred square kilometres of 1 m binned, full coverage swath bathymetry data, integrated with similar resolution onshore topography, have been used to generate a seamless onshore to offshore bedrock map covering an extensive area adjacent to the 'Jurassic Coast' World Heritage site. Analysis of these data provides new insights into the structural development of the Purbeck Monocline Cenozoic inversion structure; in particular, variations in the expression of strain between the hanging-wall block and the fault inversion zone. The footwall to the basin-bounding faults compartmentalized deformation and uplift, and acted as a buttress to compression. The data also show a limited thickness changes within the major lithostratigraphical divisions, and a notable absence of basin-related extensional faulting in the offshore area that is in marked contrast to the more extensively studied onshore region. This indicates that prior to inversion, the basin evolved by intermittent activity on a few major extensional faults. This improved understanding of the development of the basin and inversion structures results from our ability to integrate and quantitatively manipulate these high-resolution and spatially extensive offshore and onshore datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic reflection data allow for the 3D imaging of monogenetic edifices and their corresponding plumbing systems. This is a powerful tool in understanding how monogenetic volcanoes are fed and how pre-existing crustal structures can act as the primary influence on their spatial and temporal distribution. This study examines the structure and lithology of host-rock as an influence on edifice alignment and provides insight into the structure of shallow, sub-volcanic monogenetic plumbing systems. The anticlinal Ben Nevis Structure, located in the northerly extent of the Faroe-Shetland Basin, NE Atlantic Margin, was uplifted during the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene by the emplacement of a laccolith and a series of branching sills fed by a central conduit. Seismic data reveal that multiple intrusions migrated up the flanks of the Ben Nevis Structure after its formation, c. 58.4 Ma (Kettla-equivalent), and fed a series of scoria cones and submarine volcanic cones. These monogenetic edifices are distributed around the crest of the Ben Nevis Structure. The edifices are fed from a complex network of sills and transgressive sheets, involving lateral magma migration of tens of kilometres before extrusion at the surface. This work highlights the importance of underlying basin structures in influencing the sites and development of subaerial monogenetic fields, and the importance of lateral magma flow within volcanic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic reflection data and field observations have revealed the presence of voluminous igneous sill complexes emplaced into organic-rich shale formations in sedimentary basins worldwide. Damage and structures associated with sills have major implications for fluid flow through basins. Constraining the distribution of these structures requires a good understanding of the sill emplacement mechanism. However, most mechanical models of sill emplacement assume elastic host behaviour, whereas shale is expected to deform inelastically. This contradiction calls for new field observations to better constrain sill emplacement mechanisms. In this paper, we report on detailed field observations of spectacularly exposed fingers and a sill emplaced in shale at Cuesta del Chihuido, in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Exceptional outcrop conditions allow detailed descriptions of both (1) the entire cross-section of the intrusions, and (2) the deformation structures accommodating intrusion propagation in the host rock. All intrusions exhibit irregular, blunt or rectangular tips. The structures accommodating the tip propagation are systematically compressional, including reverse faults, folding and imbricate thrust system. Our observations suggest that the studied intrusions have propagated by pushing the host rock ahead, as a viscous indenter. Our observations suggest that the viscous indenter model is probably a dominant mechanism of sill emplacement in shale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical results of a total of 205 metabasic specimens from 10 palaeomagnetic sites collected from Oscar II Land in Western Spitsbergen are presented. Petrographic, structural and palaeomagnetic data all demonstrate that the pre-Caledonian ferromagnetic fabric of the metabasic rocks has been extensively reoriented and intensively remineralized. New in situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 40Ar/39Ar age determinations suggest that the host rocks have been subject to three resetting events during the 426 - 380 Ma (Caledonian sensu lato), 377 - 326 Ma and c. 300 Ma intervals. The latter two resetting events coincide in time with the Barents Shelf-wide rift-controlled subsidence events. The derived palaeomagnetic data do not fall on the expected apparent polar wander path of Laurussia for syn- to post-Caledonian time. Consequently, four models invoking palaeogeographical great and small circle rotations, regional tectonism involving thrusting and normal listric faulting have been investigated to account for this lack of correspondence. The palaeomagnetic data do not lend support to reconstructions linking Western Svalbard with Pearya but point instead to the importance of listric faulting related to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean that modified the geometry of the West Spitsbergen Fold and Thrust Belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern Sinai inverted basins exhibit superb outcrop examples of compressional transfer zones and display the control of these zones on syntectonic and post-tectonic sedimentation. Two main types of transfer zones, hard- and soft-linkage transfer zones, were identified at different scales. Hard-linkage transfer zones form inward and outward fault kinks whereas the soft-linkage transfer zones are expressed by plunging anticline-syncline pairs between overlapping positively inverted fault segments. An example of a wrench-related compressional transfer zone is also displayed by a restraining-bend anticline formed within the strike-slip fault system of the Sinai hinge belt. The displayed examples of compressional transfer zones invariably exerted fundamental control on deposition of syn- and post-tectonic sediments, flow directions of drainage systems, locations of sediment entry points, and the intensity of erosion patterns of the structurally high sediment source areas. This study highlights the close relationship between the transfer zones and hydrocarbon accumulations in clastic syntectonic reservoirs in inverted and wrench basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strike-slip faults are commonly assumed to influence magma transport and emplacement in the Earth's crust. However, direct observations of magma conduits within strike-slip faults are lacking. Here we provide some of the first detailed field observations of dykes emplaced within strike-slip faults in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. We show how fault planes within strike-slip fault zones affect the emplacement of dyke offshoots, resulting in complex dyke morphology. Our study also emphasizes the importance of pre-existing strike-slip fault array on the development of dyke swarms, showing that orientations of dyke swarms may not systematically relate to the principal tectonic stress axes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern Aquitaine basin and North Pyrenean Zone show many characteristics of retro-wedge models. However, they differ significantly in that slow subsidence and low deformation continued throughout orogenesis so that growth and steady-state phases cannot be distinguished. We show that the eastern Pyrenees record two clear phases of convergence and probably never attained steady state. Analysis of the Aquitaine retro-foreland basin along the Ariège ECORS deep seismic line, eastern French Pyrenees, integrates a new litho- and chronostratigraphy, subsidence analysis, low-temperature thermochronology data, new interpretations of seismic lines and a balanced cross-section. Within an overall regression, two shallowing-up cycles (Latest Santonian-Danian, Thanetian-Oligocene) record slow tectonic subsidence of the eastern Aquitaine basin separated by a quiet period. Continuing thick-skinned shortening was low to moderate. The early marine basin, generated by loading of the weak, extended margin, was supplied axially from an unknown eastern edifice while the young Pyrenean orogeny to the south remained submerged. During the quiet period of ultra-slow subsidence, no basin migration and negligible sediment supply, continental conditions characterized the eastern orogen. The second marine transgression was quickly followed by continental conditions. The basin was supplied by the now emerging Pyrenean orogen and continued to subside until Miocene time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mississippian North Wales Platform is located on the margins of the East Irish Sea Basin and has been little studied over the last 30 years. The exposed Visean limestones provide new insights into the deposition, porosity evolution, distribution of dolomitization, and Pb-Zn and Cu mineralization on the NorthWales carbonate platform. This is of relevance to the characterization of fault-related dolomite hydrocarbon reservoirs and age-equivalent Mississippi Valley-type mineral deposits. In particular, the study demonstrates the intimate relationship between sedimentation, basin-scale tectonism and postdepositional fluid flux. Depositional cyclicity is marked, with metre-scale upward-shallowing cycles in which pervasive marine and meteoric calcite cements occlude matrix porosity and syndepositional fractures. Consequently, subsequent burial diagenetic replacive dolomitization is matrix selective and cements are primarily restricted to fractures. Seven phases of dolomite are defined based on texture and cathodoluminescence petrography, with phases D1-D3 as the most volumetrically significant. Dolomite phases D0-D2 arematrix replacive, cross-cutting stratigraphy and locally fingering along beds for several metres. Dolomite phases D3-D7 are hosted by faults and fractures and also line vugs. Evidence of telogenesis is recorded where burial diagenetic products are post-dated by calcite cements precipitated from meteoric fluids. Dolomitization probably occurred during the Mississippian and continued into the Pennsylvanian. Pb-Zn mineralization is also interpreted to have occurred during the Pennsylvanian, associated with Variscan tectonism. Overall, the North Wales Platform displays a more complex paragenesis than age-equivalent platforms in the Pennine Basin, owing to multiple phases of burial and exhumation. The study demonstrates the importance of linking burial history to detailed field and petrographical data to understand and predict the spatial and temporal controls on diagenetic processes and products within syn- and post-rift sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms of thinning of the lithosphere and destruction of the North China Craton have been debated in recent decades. Their causal link with regional tectonic extension is well exemplified by the exhumation of the Wulian metamorphic core complex (mcc), along the Sulu orogenic belt to the SE of the North China Craton. The Wulian mcc is a Cordilleran type mcc with a northwestward dipping low-angle master detachment fault zone (the Wulian detachment fault zone), an Early Cretaceous supradetachment basin (the Zhucheng Basin) and a lower plate of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Sulu orogenic belt. Synthetic structural, fabric and thermochronological data suggest that tectonic extension is responsible for the exhumation of the lower plate and triggered syn- and post-tectonic magmatisms. A new cooling path for the lower plate rocks indicates that the lower platewas exhumed at a high rate of 2.0 km Ma-1 from before c. 128 Ma to 123 Ma and at a moderate rate of 0.35 km Ma-1 from 81 to 61 Ma. The rapid exhumation is consistent temporally with the sedimentation of terrestrial deposits of the Laiyang Group in the Zhucheng supradetachment basin. The post-kinematic granitic intrusions are dated as c. 122 Ma, which marks the cessation of rapid exhumation of the lower plate. Vast amount of andesitic volcanic rocks from 120 to 105 Ma in the Qingshan Group in the Zhucheng Basin may be related to the peak of lithospheric thinning in the Wulian area. These data highlight the importance of regional tectonic extension in the formation of the detachment fault zone and the exhumation of the Wulian mcc, and in triggering syn- and post-kinematic magmatisms. The scenario is consistent with the parallel extension tectonics model in which tectonic extension of the lithosphere led to detachment faulting in both the crust and mantle, resulted in the loss of some of the subcontinental roots, gave rise to the exhumation of the mccs, and triggered plutonic emplacement and volcanic eruptions of hybrid magmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformations of the North Qiangtang terrane reflect a portion of the collisional tectonics of the Tethys Ocean, involving Late Triassic, Early Cretaceous and Cenozoic intraplate structures of shallow to superficial tectonic levels. The structural mapping of the Permian-Triassic structural layer indicates that the Mesozoic structural style is dominated by Early Cretaceous horizontal contractional deformations characterized by NW-SE-trending thrust faults and flexural-slip folds. These folds and thrusts were superimposed on Late Triassic buckle folds. Structural analysis of deformations of the Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary layers indicates that there was an obvious transition in the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the North Qiangtang terrane, which can be divided into two deformation stages. In episode I (50-40 to 18 Ma), the crust experienced large-scale north-south horizontal shortening and vertical thickening shown by buckle folds and thrust faults. In episode II (18 Ma-present day), east-west passive extension formed conjugate strike-slip fault systems and pull-apart basins. During episode II, the Qiangtang basin was extruded eastwards, and a number of superficial north-south-trending buckle folds were formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collapse of Antarctic ice shelves in response to a warming climate is well documented, but its legacy in terms of depositional landforms is little known. This paper uses remote-sensing, structural glaciological and sedimentological data to evaluate the evolution of the c. 25000 km2 George VI Ice Shelf, SW Antarctic Peninsula. The ice shelf occupies a north-south-trending tectonic rift between Alexander Island and Palmer Land, and is nourished mainly by ice streams from the latter region. The structure of the ice shelf is dominated by inherited foliation and fractures, and with velocity data indicates a largely compressive flow regime. The formation of a moraine complex at the margin of the ice shelf is controlled by debris entrained within foliation and folds. This englacial debris is of basal origin, and includes both local Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic lithologies, and exotic crystalline rocks from Palmer Land. Folding of basal ice to a high level in the source glaciers on Palmer Land is required to bring the debris to the surface. These results have implications for understanding flow dynamics of ice shelves under compressive flow, and debris entrainment and moraine formation associated with palaeo-ice shelves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial and temporal association of post-collisional granites and lamprophyre dykes is a common but enigmatic relationship in many orogenic belts, including the Variscan orogenic belt of SW England. The geology of SW England has long been interpreted to reflect orogenic processes associated with the closure of the Rheic Ocean and the formation of Pangaea. The SW England peninsula is composed largely of Early Devonian to Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary successions deposited in synrift and subsequent syncollisional basins that underwent deformation and low-grade regional metamorphism during the Variscan orogeny. Voluminous Early Permian granitic magmatism (Cornubian Batholith) is considered to be broadly coeval with the emplacement of lamprophyric dykes and lamprophyric and basaltic lava flows, largely on the basis of geochronological data from lamprophyric lavas in Devon. Although published geochronological data for Cornish lamprophyre dykes are consistent with this interpretation, these data are limited largely to imprecise K-Ar whole-rock and biotite analyses, hindering the understanding of the processes responsible for their genesis and their relationship to granitic magmatism and regional Variscan tectonics. 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data for four previously undated lamprophyre dykes from Cornwall, combined with published data, suggest that lamprophyre magmatism occurred between c. 293.6 and c. 285.4 Ma, supporting previous inferences that their emplacement was coeval with the Cornubian Batholith. These data provide insights into (1) the relative timing between the lamprophyres and basalts, the Cornubian batholith and post-collisional magmatism elsewhere in the European Variscides, and (2) the post-collisional processes responsible for the generation and emplacement of lamprophyres, basalts and granitoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West Orkney Basin is a poorly studied Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rift basin that overlies a highly seismicreflective Caledonian orogenic basement terrane. This study presents a novel approach of using 2D seismic data to map single intra-basement reflection packages and their relationship to overlying normal faults in the West Orkney Basin. It is demonstrated that the rift architecture of the West Orkney Basin is more linear with a prominence of relay zones relative to previous interpretations, and that rift structures form complex discordant and concordant relationships with pre-rift Caledonide basement structures. Restoration of basement fabrics to their pre-extensional geometry indicates that the reactivation of basement structures as normal faults has occurred only where the pre-extensional-dip of basement structures is greater than 30°. The relatively high density of relay zones mapped in the West Orkney Basin is proposed to be the result of the rift system forming a partially exploitative relationship with basement structure, where extension has been accommodated between segments that have or have not reactivated basement fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a two-stage tectonic evolution of SE Afar in Djibouti leading to the complex development of highly asymmetric conjugate margins. From c. 8.5 to c. 2 Ma, an early mafic crust developed, associated in the upper crust with synmagmatic growth faults dipping dominantly to the SW. After an erosional stage, a new detachment fault system developed from c. 2 Ma with an opposite sense of motion (i.e. to the NE), during an amagmatic extensional event. In the Asal area, break-up occurred after c. 0.8 Ma along the footwall of an active secondary detachment fault rooted at depth above the lithospheric necking zone. This evolution suggests that flipflop detachment tectonics is developed during extension at passive margins, in connection with the dynamics of the melting mantle and the associated magma plumbing of the crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present field observations from the Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary Tampere palaeobasin, where the primary structures have been exceptionally well preserved. We use the observations to construct a new tectonic model for the southeastern margin of the Tampere basin during its inversion and subsequent closure. The observed volcano-sedimentary and structural features suggest a change in the local structural style from thick-skinned inversion to thin-skinned thrusting, to accommodate the crustal shortening during basin closure. Furthermore, it is suggested that there is a genetic relationship between the interpreted palaeothrust and the sulphide-bearing schist horizons in the study area. On a more general note, the results imply that currently subvertical mineralized shear zones may have originally been gently dipping, further suggesting that the mineralized fluids may not necessarily have been sourced from great depths (i.e. from deep within the basement). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age of Cretaceous rocks of the Maruszyna Succession, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians, based on calcareous nannoplankton. The age and microfauna of the Maruszyna Succession (Upper Cretaceous-Palaeogene), Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians, Poland. We appreciate the attempts of [19] to investigate the geological structure of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) by means of seismic-reflection profiling, but in our opinion the authors' main conclusions contradict the results of previous studies without being constrained by the new data. 10a), neither identification of a particular PKB succession (other than the Czorsztyn Succession) in any PKB-derived olistolith, nor discrimination of such olistolith from a tectonic sheet of the Zlatne Succession, is possible in practice. [Extracted from the article]