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Several aetiological agents have been suggested, such as insect bites, ECHO virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and EBV, among others.4 Recently, Alonzo Caldarelli I et al i . suggested EP as a paraviral manifestation of COVID-19 infection.3 Paraviral eruptions can be distinguished from typical virus eruptions because they have a characteristic clinical presentation, last longer, can be triggered by many different viruses, and there is no specific cytopathogenic effect on microscopic examination. (b) Papules coalesced on the vaccination arm on an erythematous plaque reminding "COVID-arm" vaccine reaction. gl EP was first described by Cherry JD I et al i .2 in four children with acute enteroviruses-enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus infection. Comment on 'Development of eruptive pseudoangiomatosis following COVID-19 inmunization-apropos of 5 cases': could eruptive pseudoangiomatosis represent a paraviral eruption associated with SARS-CoV-2?. [Extracted from the article]

Editor COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 of the genus Betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). As mentioned above, skin lesions appear to be a sign within patients suffering from COVID-19. Conflicts of interest Dr. Cabrera-Hernández, Dr Solano-Solares, Dr Chica-Guzmán, Dr Fernández-Guarino, Dr Fernández-Nieto, Dr Ortega-Quijano, Dr de-Andrés-Martín, Dr Moreno, Dr Carretero-Barrio, Dr García-Abellás, Dr González-de-Olano and Dr de-la-Hoz-Caballer have nothing to disclose. [Extracted from the article]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated to a wide clinical spectrum of skin manifestations, including chilblain-like, urticarial, vesicular, maculopapular, livedoid and vasculitic lesions, among others.1,2 However, the exact pathophysiology for the appearance of skin lesions is still unknown. This delayed injection-site reaction shows similar features to COVID-19 exanthems.3 Whether it corresponds to a hypersensitivity reaction to the spike protein or to different components of the vaccine is still unknown. A delayed hypersensitivity reaction at the injection site of Moderna (mRNA-1273)7 and Pfizer-BioNTech, Puurs, Belgium (BNT162b2)8 vaccines has been recently described in the mass media as "COVID-arm". [Extracted from the article]

Chilblain-like lesions (CLL) were described early on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as red-to-violet macules, plaques or nodules typically appearing at the distal aspects of toes.1 Although increasing evidence suggests they are COVID-19-related,2 it is not supported by analytic controlled studies. Are SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies in paediatric patients with chilblain-like lesions indicative of COVID-19 asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic infection? T-cell responses are more common than circulating antibodies in mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. [Extracted from the article]

Lack of skin manifestations in COVID-19 hospitalized patients during the second epidemic wave in Spain: a possible association with a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant - a cross-sectional study The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Skin manifestations associated to COVID-19 were present in five patients (3.5%), including one patient (0.7%) with maculopapular rash and four patients (2.8%) with livedoid lesions. [Extracted from the article]

It also should be pointed out that approximately 1 in 10 patients suffered ATE with a subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infection, and therefore, in the context of the pandemic, past SARS-CoV-2 infection should be considered in every patient consulting for ATE. Collected data from these patients suggest that a symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is a risk factor for the development of ATE and physicians could warn patients of this possible outcome. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently linked to dermatologic manifestations1 and is thought to affect more severely patients with androgenetic alopecia.2 We designed a prospective multicentric study, which enrolled patients from March to August 2020 with acute telogen effluvium (ATE) that had a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed either by serological tests [e.g. detection of serum antibodies against the virus via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)] or by detection of viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). [Extracted from the article]

We have read with great interest the article: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective by Recalcati S.[1] This article is the first report of the cutaneous manifestations in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Lombardy, Italy. Every medical and surgical specialty was integrated in this unit to provide assistance in the medical wards, overcrowded with COVID-19 patients. From a 1099 cohort of confirmed COVID-19 patients, only 2 presented "skin rash" without any further description.[5] Dermatologists have a unique opportunity to make our contribution during this pandemic and adequately describe skin manifestations of COVID-19. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this study was to describe FAV findings in demodex-related skin diseases and correlate them with RCM. RCM is considered superior to SSSB in demodex mite detection.4 Fluorescence-advanced videodermatoscopy (FAV) is a novel non-invasive method, for in vivo skin examination at very high magnification (500×).5 The working principle of FAV is based on the ability of endogenous molecules to absorb the 405 nm (±5 nm) monochromatic light emitted by the probe, and afterwards emit fluorescence. It is mainly filled by gut cells, ranging from 15 to 50 µm, that contain numerous mitochondria.7 These cells appear as bright structures inside the opisthosoma in both FAV and RCM (black arrows). [Extracted from the article]

Nowadays, it is recognized that frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) represents a generalized inflammatory process that involves terminal and vellus hairs of the entire cutaneous surface, which has been histologically confirmed.[[1]] Moreover, lymphocytic inflammation around the isthmus/infundibulum, perifollicular fibrosis and mucin deposits have been described in normal-appearing scalp of patients with FFA and lichen planopilaris (LPP).[4] One in the FFA area (on hair follicles with perifollicular hyperkeratosis and erythema) and the other in clinically unaffected scalp (on parietal scalp, >10 cm far from the frontal hairline). FOXP3+ T cells were increased in involved scalp compared with published data on healthy scalp. [Extracted from the article]