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The article discusses the case of a Belgian Malinois dog with colorectal pythiosis with partial obstruction and marked colonic dilatation. Topics discussed include tenesmus, hematochezia, intermittent chronic diarrhea and weight loss presented by the dog, the cytological, histopathological and laboratory findings, and euthanasia performed on the dog due to financial constraints and poor prognosis.

The article discusses the case of a Labrador Retriever dog which presented with left pelvic limb monoparesis with excessive external hip rotation. Topics discussed include the anatomic and etiologic diagnoses, the results of thoracic radiography and magnetic resonance imaging, and the presumptive diagnosis of nerve sheath neoplasm.

OBJECTIVE To determine the lifetime cost of 3 treatments for canine hip osteoarthritis: (1) conservative management, (2) femoral head and neck excision (FHNE), or (3) total hip replacement. We hypothesized that FHNE would be the least expensive treatment at all ages. SAMPLE Cost estimates from 11 private and academic referral centers from 8 randomly chosen cities across the US. METHODS Costs of surgeries were collected from practices in 8 US cities. The literature was used to determine expected postoperative costs. For conservative management, costs of pain medications and diet were obtained by use of online pharmacies. A 4.5% inflation adjustment was used for costs in subsequent years. RESULTS For a dog aged 1 to 7 years, FHNE had the lowest lifetime cost. Total hip replacement had the second lowest cost until age 4, after which conservative management was lower. For dogs > 8 years, conservative management was the most cost-effective. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For dogs presenting with clinical signs at or under 1 year of age, the perceived benefits of total hip replacement may not be financially prohibitive if lifetime cost of care is considered. Femoral head and neck excision was also less expensive than long-term conservative management. This can help veterinarians inform owners on costs of treatments over the lifetime of their pet. This type of analysis is limited to financial costs alone and does not account for differences in outcomes, as these are not well established. It should be expanded in the future as better data on outcomes and impacts of care become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to describe the historical, physical, neurologic, and clinicopathologic findings in dogs with a definitive diagnosis of marijuana/tetrahydrocannabinol toxicity. ANIMALS A total of 223 dogs with known ingestion of marijuana or a positive tetrahydrocannabinol result on human urine multidrug test. METHODS Retrospective study from January 2017 to July 2021. RESULTS Median age was 1 year (1 month to 12 years). A common history was becoming acutely neurologic after going outside or to a public place (62/223 [27.8%]). Most owners denied possibility of exposure (152/223 [68%]). Median vitals were normal, but hyperthermia (38/212 [22.6%]), tachycardia (82/222 [37%]), and systemic hypertension (37/61 [60.7%]) were common abnormalities. The most common clinical signs included ataxia (197/223 [88.3%]), hyperesthesia (168/223 [75.3%]), urinary incontinence (102/223 [45.7%]), lethargy (140/223 [62.5%]), and vomiting (58/223 [26%]). The most common combinations of neurologic signs included ataxia and hyperesthesia (157/223 [70.4%]) and ataxia, hyperesthesia, and urinary incontinence (81/223 [36.3%]). Mild hyperkalemia (39/76 [51.3%]) and mild hypercalcemia (53/67 [79.1%]) were common. Twenty-two dogs were hospitalized. Survival was 100%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A common presentation for marijuana toxicosis included young dogs with acute ataxia and hyperesthesia, with and without urinary incontinence, after going outside or to a public place. Vitals were often normal, but hyperthermia, tachycardia, and hypertension were common. Bloodwork was mostly normal, but mild hyperkalemia and mild ionized hypercalcemia were common. Marijuana should be high on the differential list with these history, physical examination, neurologic, and electrolyte abnormalities, regardless of owner denial or negative human urine multidrug test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of dog-walking injuries has recently gained notoriety through major media outlets in North America, including the Washington Post, NPR, and US News and World Report. In this review, we have compiled data from the main studies published in the past 2 decades that assess the incidence, demographics, and injury patterns related to dog leash walking. The available papers indicate that dog leash-related injuries have increased, particularly among women over 65. The most common causes of injury are dog-pulling behavior, which can result in tripping or tangling, with or without a fall, as well as upper extremity injuries. However, there is a lack of information regarding dog size, breed, training status, the type of leash used at the time of injury, and the role each factor may have in the incidence of injuries. The available data did not allow for evaluation of the impact of weather conditions on injury incidence. Information about the involved dogs, type of lead device, and weather conditions could be useful in identifying risk factors associated with dog ownership and guide prospective pet owners and their families to mitigate the risk of injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To investigate systemic absorption and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects of topical ketorolac 0.5% and diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solutions. ANIMALS 11 healthy purpose-bred Beagles. METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either ketorolac (n = 6) or diclofenac (5), 1 drop in both eyes 4 times daily for 28 days. Upper Gl endoscopy was performed on days 0 and 29 with mucosal lesion scores (0 to 7) assigned to each region evaluated. Plasma samples were collected on days 14, 21, and 28 for measurement of diclofenac and ketorolac using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Gl erosions and/or ulcers developed in all ketorolac-treated dogs and 1 of 5 diclofenac-treated dogs. Post-treatment mucosal lesion score for the antrum was higher in the ketorolac group than in the diclofenac group (P = .006) but not significantly different for any other region. Post-treatment antral mucosal lesion scores were significantly related to plasma ketorolac concentrations (P<.001). Ketorolac and diclofenac were detected in the plasma at all time points (median ketorolac day 14, 191 ng/mL; day 21, 173.5 ng/mL; and day 28, 179.5 ng/mL; and median diclofenac day 14, 21.1 ng/mL; day 21, 20.6 ng/mL; day 28, 27.5 ng/mL). Vomiting and decreased appetite events were observed uncommonly and were not significantly different between treatment groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gl ulceration and erosion developed after ophthalmic administration of ketorolac and diclofenac, with higher plasma concentrations and more severe Gl lesions associated with ketorolac. Clients should be alerted to this potential risk with ophthalmic use and informed to watch for systemic clinical signs that would warrant veterinary reevaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) concentrations are associated with survival and negatively correlate with acute-phase protein (APP) concentrations in ill dogs and cats admitted to nursing care units. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 79) and cats (16) admitted to 2 academic veterinary hospital nursing care units. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted between August 12, 2019, and October 26, 2021. A diagnostic labcratory measured 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, and haptoglobin (HPT) in dogs and cats; C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs; and serum amyloid A (SAA) in cats. Serum was collected within 12 hours of admission. Illness severity (acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation [APPLEfast]) scores and survival data were recorded. RESULTS Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were in the deficient range for 22 of 79 dogs and 2 of 16 cats. There were no associations between serum analyte concentrations (25[OH]D, 1,25[OH]2D, and APP) or APPLEfast score and survival in dogs or cats. In dogs, HPT was negatively correlated with 25(OH)D (P = .002; r = -0.34) and 1,25(OH)2D (P = .012; r = -0.28), while CRP was positively correlated with HPT (P = .001; r = 0.32) and APPLEfast score (P = .014; r = 0.16). In cats, 1,25(OH)2D was negatively correlated with APPLEfast scores (P = .055; r= -0.49) and SAA was positively correlated with HPT (P = .002; r = 0.73) CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serum 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D was not associated with survival in our hospitalized patient population. Relationships between APP and serum vitamin D metabolites with APPLEfast scores in cats warrant further investigation as illness severity biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of abdominal thrusts as a synergistic procedure to IV apomorphine administration on the occurrence and rate of onset of successful induction of emesis in dogs, ANIMALS 31 client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs in which induction of emesis via IV apomorphine was prescribed by the attending clinician were prospectively randomized to either receive abdominal thrusts performed by a nurse or clinician or to have no physical interventions performed following IV apomorphine administration. Data collected included signalment, weight, reason for emesis, time from suspected ingestion to presentation, time from the dog's last meal to presentation, dose of apomorphine administered in milligrams, and time from apomorphine administration to emesis. RESULTS Emesis induction was successful in 14 of 14 (100%) of the dogs in the abdominal thrust group and 13 of 17 (76.5%) in the control group (P = .02). In dogs with successful emesis, median time to emesis was 90.5 seconds (range, 36 to 348 seconds) in the abdominal thrust group and 106 seconds (range, 37 to 360 seconds) in the control group (P = .29). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal thrusts were associated with an increased frequency of successful emesis in dogs following IV apomorphine, but did not shorten the rate of onset of emesis in dogs that vomited. Application of abdominal thrusts may be beneficial in dogs in which emesis is indicated and that do not have a clear contraindication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To assess the predictability of the hemangiosarcoma likelihood prediction (HeLP) score and the Tufts Splenic Tumor Assessment Tool (T-STAT) for hemangiosarcoma and malignancy, respectively. ANIMALS 261 dogs undergoing splenectomy for a splenic mass. METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed; variables for the HeLP score and T-STAT were collected, and scores were assigned. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each score. RESULTS The HeLP score included 141 dogs; hemangiosarcoma was diagnosed in 87 (61.7%) dogs. The median cumulative HeLP score was 51 (range, 17 to 82; IQR, 39 to 58) for dogs with hemangiosarcoma and 28 (range, 0 to 70; IQR, 17 to 41) fordogs without hemangiosarcoma. The categorical HeLP score was low (28; 32.2%), medium (31; 35.6%), and high (28; 32.2%) for dogs with hemangiosarcoma and was low (41; 75.9%), medium (9; 16.7%), and high (4; 7.4%) for dogs without hemangiosarcoma. The AUC of the cumulative and categorical HeLP scores for diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma were 0.79 (95% Cl, 0.71 to 0.86) and 0.73 (95% Cl, 0.65 to 0.82), respectively. The T-STAT included 181 dogs. Lesions were benign in 95 (52.5%) and malignant in 86 (47.5%) dogs. The median T-STAT score was 62% (range, 5% to 98%; IQR, 36% to 77%) for dogs with malignant lesions and 38% (range, 5% to 91%; IQR, 24% to 59%) for dogs with benign lesions. The T-STAT had an AUC of 0.68 (0.60 to 0.76) for diagnosis of malignancy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The HeLP score had acceptable performance, and the T-STAT had poor performance for diagnosis prediction. A tool with excellent or outstanding discrimination is needed to more reliably predict the presence of hemangiosarcoma or a malignant lesion preoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveDetermine diagnostic yield of chest, abdomen, and 4-site screening to diagnose metastatic disease and secondary diseases of prognostic significance in dogs with oral cancer.SampleMedical records from 381 dogs with histologically confirmed oral tumors that underwent preoperative screening were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThoracic metastasis was diagnosed in 4.9% (0.9% odontogenic, 6.5% nonodontogenic) of oral tumors. Oral malignant melanoma and multilobular osteochondrosarcoma were most at risk. Abdominal metastasis was diagnosed in 2% of oral tumors (0% odontogenic, 3.1% nonodontogenic) and cytologically confirmed in 2 cases (0.6% [2/295)] of all abdominal ultrasounds (AUS) 5.5% [2/36] of all AUS that had cytology). Both cases had oral malignant melanoma. Incidental disease was diagnosed in 53.1% and 81.3% of thoracic and abdominal screenings, respectively. Major findings were more common in AUS (7.8%) compared to thoracic screening (1.9%). The prevalence of incidental findings was similar for odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors. Both metastasis and major findings were diagnosed more commonly with thoracic CT compared to radiographs. Metastasis or a major finding of prognostic significance was diagnosed in at least 1 test in 27.8% of patients that had head CT, lymph node cytology, thoracic screening, and AUS (n = 115).Clinical relevanceMajor incidental findings were more commonly detected with AUS and were diagnosed in 1 in every 12 patients. However, metastatic disease was most commonly detected with thoracic screening. When all 4 screening tests are performed, there is an approximately 1 in 4 chance of diagnosing metastasis or major significant disease regardless of tumor type.

ObjectiveDetermine locoregional diagnostic yield of 4-site screening (head, neck, chest, and abdomen) to diagnose metastatic disease or clinically significant comorbid diseases in dogs with oral cancer.Animals381 dogs with histologically confirmed oral tumors.MethodsMedical records from 381 dogs with histologically confirmed oral tumors that underwent preoperative screening were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsSkull and neck CT scan was performed on 348 patients. Bone lysis was present in 74.4% of tumors. Oral squamous cell carcinoma, sarcomas, and T2-T3 (> 2 cm) tumors had a significantly (P < .05) increased incidence of lysis compared to odontogenic and T1 (< 2 cm) tumors, respectively. Minor incidental findings were present in 60.6% of CT scans. Major incidental findings were found in 4.6% of scans. The risk of diagnosing an incidental finding increased by 10% and 20% per year of age for minor and major findings, respectively. Lymph node metastasis was diagnosed with CT or cytology in 7.5% of cases (10.7% of nonodontogenic tumors, 0% of odontogenic tumors). Oral malignant melanoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and T3 tumors had the highest prevalence of metastatic disease at the time of staging. The presence of bone lysis was not associated with cervical metastasis.Clinical relevanceMajor incidental findings were rare (< 5%) but primarily included secondary extraoral tumors. Lymphatic metastasis was diagnosed in 10.7% of nonodontogenic tumors, but cytology was not performed in the majority of cases and often included only a single mandibular node. Therefore, these results likely underestimate the incidence of lymphatic metastasis. Guided lymph node sampling is highly recommended, especially for oral malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and T2-T3 tumors.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of abnormal findings on digital rectal examination (DRE) performed during physical examinations at a tertiary referral veterinary hospital, to establish what abnormal findings are most common and whether they impact diagnostic and treatment plans, and to assess whether patient signalment or admitting service influences the frequency of abnormalities. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 440). METHODS Veterinarians performed DREs on dogs as part of a physical examination. Patient signalment and DRE findings were recorded in a standardized survey. Findings were deemed normal or abnormal and described. Whether the findings changed the diagnostic or treatment plan was also recorded. RESULTS Abnormalities were detected on DRE in 160 of 440 (36%) dogs. Changes to the diagnostic plan occurred in 41 of 160 (26%) cases when an abnormality was found. Changes to the treatment plan occurred in 20 of 160 (12.5%) cases when an abnormality was found. Age (P =.2), sex (P = .9), and breed (P = 1) did not significantly influence the frequency of abnormal findings. Abnormal findings were significantly more common in dogs presenting to the emergency service than elective services (P = .005). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Among dogs presenting to a tertiary veterinary hospital, abnormalities found on DRE are common and change the diagnostic plan in 1 out of 4 dogs and treatment plan in 1 out of 8 dogs. This study supports the continued practice of DREs in dogs, especially in emergency settings, regardless of signalment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition is considered a key part of the management of pancreatitis in dogs and cats. While limited prospective research exists, experimental studies, retrospective studies, and anecdote allow for formulation of nutritional guidelines. Historically, fat has been considered the key nutrient of interest in pancreatitis; however, other nutrients and dietary factors, including energy density, digestibility, protein, carbohydrates, and fiber, are all of importance in these patients. Indeed protein particle size may be of greater significance than dietary fat in the management of pancreatitis in cats. Low-fat gastrointestinal diets are frequently recommended in the initial management of pancreatitis in dogs, while hydrolyzed diets are often considered first-line diets in cats with pancreatitis. The presence or absence of comorbid disease may also alter nutritional recommendations. When diseases occur concurrently, the dietary strategies for the most life-threatening illness, or the illness with the greatest impact on quality of life, is recommended to be prioritized. Many dogs and cats with pancreatitis can be transitioned back to their prediagnosis diet or another commercial maintenance diet, provided that significant comorbid disease is absent. Use of a low-fat diet in the long term may be prioritized in dogs with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To determine dog owner preferences for information communicated during veterinarian-client obesity-related conversations within companion animal practice. SAMPLE Dog owners recruited using snowball sampling. METHODS A cross-sectional online questionnaire was distributed to dog owners. A discrete choice experiment was used to determine the relative importance, to participating dog owners, of information about selected weight-related attributes that would encourage them to pursue weight management for a dog when diagnosed as overweight by a veterinarian. RESULTSA total of 1,108 surveys were analyzed, with most participating dog owners residing in Canada. The most important weight-related attribute was life expectancy (relative importance, 28.56%), followed by the timeline for developing arthritis (19.24%), future quality of life (18.91%), change to cost of food (18.90%), and future mobility (14.34%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that dog owners may consider information relating to an extension of their dog's life as the most important aspect of an obesity-related veterinary recommendation. By integrating dog owner preferences into discussions between clients and veterinary professionals about obesity, there is the potential to encourage moreclients to engage in weight management efforts for their overweight or obese dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of preoperative bupivacaine inferotemporal retrobulbar blocks to postoperative liposome- encapsulated bupivacaine (Nocita) line blocks for analgesia following enucleation. ANIMALS 39 client-owned dogs (40 eyes) presenting to the Ophthalmology Service for enucleation. METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either a preoperative inferotemporal retrobulbar block with 0.5% bupivacaine ora peri-incisionalline block with liposome-encapsulated bupivacaine (Nocita) at closure. Patients underwent unilateral enucleation and were hospitalized for 24 hours after surgery. Pain scores were performed by a masked observer with the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and the University of Wisconsin Ocular Pain Scale at 0.25, 0.5,1,2,4,6,8, and 24 hours following surgery. Intraoperative use of blood pressure and anesthetic support mediations as well as need for rescue pain control were recorded and compared between groups. RESULTS There was no significant difference in rescue rates between treatment groups. When comparing the use of medical intraoperative heart rate, blood pressure, or anesthetic plane support, there were no significant differences in use between groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of preoperative bupivacaine retrobulbar blocks and postoperative Nocita line blocks were equally effective at postoperative pain control with similarly low complication rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE The primary goal was to compare the efficacy of administration of apomorphine (APO) administered by intranasal (IN), transconjunctival (TC), SC and IV routes with ropinirole eye drops for induction of emesis in dogs with a secondary goal to evaluate the time of emesis as well as difficulty in administration. ANIMALS 125 client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs were randomly enrolled between October 1, 2021, and March 30,2022, into groups of 25: IV APO, IN APO, TC APO, SC APO, and ropinirole eye drops. The IV, SC, and TC groups were dosed at 0.03 mg/kg, the IN group was dosed at 0.06 mg/kg, and the ropinirole group was dosed according to manufacturer guidelines. Data collected included success rate of emesis within 600 seconds, time to emesis, time to administer, and difficulty score. Results were compared to IV with P values and Cls being adjusted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Emesis was successful within 600 seconds using IV APO in 22 of 25 dogs. By comparison, IN APO induced emesis in 18 of 25 dogs (P = .63). Ropinirole (14/25), SC APO (6/25), and TC APO (4/25) were significantly less successful (P = .047, P=< .001, and P< 0.001, respectively). When emesis was successful, it occurred most rapidly with TC APO, followed by IN APO and then ropinirole. It was most difficult to administer IV APO and TC APO. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Similar to IV APO, IN APO was a rapid, easy, and effective method of inducing emesis in dogs and should be considered when IV administration is not possible. Ropinirole was easy to administer but successfully induced emesis less reliably within a 10-minute timeframe. APO administered TC using the commercially compounded injectable formulation was ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To assess data on rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in domestic animals following Texas' protocol and to describe preexposure and postexposure vaccination failures from 2010 through 2019. ANIMALS 1,218 unvaccinated animals that received PEP, 925 unvaccinated animals that were euthanatized instead of receiving PEP, and 3 preexposure vaccinated dogs that developed rabies. METHODS Zoonotic incident reports from 2010 through 2019 were reviewed for information regarding animals with no known rabies vaccination that received PEP or were euthanatized in accordance with state protocol after exposure to a laboratory-confirmed rabid animal: reports were also reviewed for any preexposure and postexposure vaccination failures. The state-required PEP protocol was to immediately vaccinate the animal against rabies, confine the animal for 90 days, and administer booster vaccines during the third and eighth weeks of the confinement period. RESULTS From 2010 through 2019, 1,218 exposed animals received PEP; 99.8% did not develop rabies. Three failures were recorded, all in animals < 12 weeks of age when PEP was initiated. Additionally, 925 exposed animals were euthanatized instead of receiving PEP. One true preexposure vaccination failure was recorded. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Texas PEP protocol was used during the 10-year period. Results indicated that this protocol is a viable option for unvaccinated domestic animals exposed to rabies. Alternative protocols warrant additional consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in owner-reported pain, interference of pain on function, and quality of life (QOL) in dogs with clinically suspected osteoarthritis when wearing a collar containing a static magnet. ANIMALS: 16 dogs over 5 years old weighing between 10 and 40 kg with a clinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis and on stable treatment. METHODS: A prospective, blinded crossover study in which dogs wore a collar containing a static magnet or placebo for two 4-week study arms separated by a 2-week washout period. Clients completed the Canine Brief Pain Inventory prior to collar placement and then weekly throughout each arm. Changes in QOL, pain severity, and pain interference scores from the beginning to the end of these arms and changes between the arms were calculated and analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS: 40% of included dogs were on stable doses of NSAIDs. The pain severity scores (PSS), pain interference scores (PIS), and QOL scores were not significantly different at the start of the arms. There was no significant change in PSS or PIS from the start to end of the placebo arms (median changes, 0 and -0.1). Both PSS and PIS reduced significantly during the magnet arms (median changes, -1.0 and -1.2, respectively). The QOL scores did not change significantly in either arm (median changes, 0 and 0). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This preliminary study suggests that magnetic collars reduce owner-reported pain severity and pain interference on function in dogs with clinically suspected osteoarthritis, and further, larger investigations are now warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO); to evaluate whether blood CRP concentration is associated with epidemiological, clinicopathologic, and MRI findings; and to investigate blood CRP predictive power in survival. ANIMALS: 30 client-owned dogs with MUO, 15 client-owned dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA; positive control group), and 15 healthy dogs (negative control group). METHODS: Blood CRP concentration was measured in each group, while it was performed in CSF only in the MUO and SRMA groups. The analysis of epidemiological data included breed, age, sex, duration of clinical signs, and history of seizures. Blinded analysis of MRI was performed based on a classification grid, and traditional CSF analysis parameters were assessed. The predictive power of blood CRP concentration regarding survival at 6 months was investigated. RESULTS: Of the 30 dogs with MUO, 9 (30%) had an increased CRP concentration in blood, and 3 (10%) showed a measurable CRP in CSF. Median blood CRP concentration in dogs with MUO was 0.1 mg/L (range, 0.1 to 102 mg/L), which was not statistically different from the healthy dog group but significantly lower than the SRMA control group. Only the duration of clinical signs was positively associated with an increased blood CRP level. Blood CRP concentration was not associated with survival at 6 months. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Blood CRP concentration is of limited value for the diagnosis and prognosis of dogs with MUO. Chronicity of the disease may be associated with an increased concentration of blood CRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the case of a Golden Retriever which presented severe hypotension while undergoing persistent right aortic arch correction surgery after serratus plane block (SPB). Topics persistent right aortic arch with secondary esophageal constriction revealed by computed tomography, possible reasons for hypotension during thoracotomy following SPB including sympathetic blockade and systemic toxicity from bupivacaine, and the management of hypotension in the dog.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine as a premedication for preventing hypotension and hypothermia in canine patients undergoing MRI examinations. ANIMALS Dogs undergoing MRI examinations for neurological disorders were enrolled in this study. The dogs were randomly assigned: 15 to the N-Dex group (without premedication) and 13 to the Dex group (125 μg/m² of dexmedetomidine, intranasally, as a premedication). METHODS During the examination, pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes. Body temperature was measured before and after the examination. Any adverse events during the procedure were documented. RESULTS Significant changes in pulse rate during the examination were not distinguishable. Although blood pressure and body temperature decreased in both groups under anesthesia, dogs in the Dex group had a significantly smaller drop in blood pressure and body temperature and fewer hypotension events than those in the N-Dex group MRI examinations of 1 hour’s duration. Two dogs in the Dex group exhibited bradycardia at 45 and 60 minutes of MRI examination, which resolved after receiving atipamezole. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results indicate that intranasal administration of 125 μg/m² of dexmedetomidine as premedication is safe and can potentially mitigate hypothermia and hypotension in dogs with neurological disorders during MRI examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a malabsorptive syndrome caused by insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreatic acini. The most common causes of EPI in dogs and cats are pancreatic acinar atrophy and chronic pancreatitis. EPI is diagnosed by measurement of species-specific immunoassays for serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity, the concentration of which directly reflects the mass of functioning pancreatic acinar tissue. EPI is treated by pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, nutritional management (low-residue diets with moderate fat content), and supplementation of cobalamin. Some dogs and cats have persistent clinical signs despite these treatments. Growing evidence suggests that these clinical signs may be due to enteric microbiota dysbiosis or the presence of concurrent diseases such as chronic enteropathies. Management of these abnormalities may improve outcome in dogs and cats with EPI. The long-term prognosis for dogs and cats with EPI is generally good if high-quality medical therapy is provided. Future studies are needed to further understand the causes of persistent dysbiosis in animals with EPI following initiation of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy and assess the efficacy of treatments to ameliorate these abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To compare the results of abdominal CT with exploratory laparotomy in the dog. ANIMALS 100 client-owned dogs from 1 academic institution. METHODS Medical records were searched for dogs that had undergone a preoperative abdominal CT scan read by a board-certified veterinary radiologist followed by an exploratory laparotomy. CT and surgical reports were compared. RESULTS The overall agreement between abdominal CT scan and exploratory laparotomy in all cases was 97%. Overall, there was no evidence that proportion agreement differed on the basis of body condition score, time interval between CT and surgery, or oncologic versus nononcologic disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal CT scan read by a board-certified diplomate is a sensitive presurgical diagnostic tool for surgical abdominal disease in the dog. When performing a specific abdominal surgery, it is acceptable for the surgeon to fully explore the abdomen or forego it for a smaller approach to the organ of interest if an abdominal CT was performed prior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To assess intraobserver and interobserver reliability of capillary refill time (CRT) measurement in dogs using a standardized technique after training. ANIMALS 20 dogs presented to the emergency room. METHODS Dogs presented to the emergency room were prospectively recruited. Using a timing device and standardized technique, CRT was measured at the oral mucosa of the inner lip. Measurements were performed by 2 emergency and critical care residents (observer 1 [Obl] and observer 2 [Ob2]) and repeated 3 times by each observer for each dog. CRT values and signalment were recorded. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability were analyzed by calculation of the coefficient of variation (CV%), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and minimal detectable difference. Reliability was considered high if CV% was lower than 10% and ICC was between 0.9 and 1. RESULTS Median CRT for Obl was 1.22 seconds and for Ob2 was 1.19 seconds. Intraobserver reliability was high, evidenced by a median CV% of 6.2% (range, 1.0% to 18.6%) and 9.5% (range, 1.3% to 22.6%) and an ICC of 0.97 (95% Cl, 0.94 to 0.99) and 0.95 (95% Cl, 0.90 to 0.98) for Obl and Ob2, respectively. Between observers, the CV% was 4.4% (range, 0.8% to 17.5%) and the ICC was 0.98 (95% Cl, 0.94 to 0.99), indicating high interobserver reliability. The minimal detectable differences for intraobserver and interobserver were 0.30 and 0.34 seconds, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The reported high reliability of CRT despite its subjective nature enhances its usefulness in daily practice. However, further research on the validity of CRT is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scent-detection dogs have been used for decades to locate drugs, explosives, toxic waste, and more. Scent dogs have been trained to alert for seizures and hypoglycemia, locate cadavers, and screen for viruses, bacterial infections, and numerous cancers. These capable dogs warrant a more significant role in public health protection. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine whether dogs could be trained to accurately identify coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections in humans. In previously published studies, dogs were trained to identify the scent of COVID-19 in inert samples with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study, 2 dogs were trained to identify the scent in live individuals (vs inert samples, as used in previous studies), a faster and more efficient screening method. These dogs tested out at 94% to 96% positive and negative agreement compared to PCR testing. These results recommend the use of scent dogs for public health applications and warrant investigation for other applications beyond COVID-19. This study is included as part of the Currents in One Health series . A partner article by Pellin et al, AJVR, January 2024, describes and evaluates the current research on the utilization of trained scent-detection dogs for the detection of disease within human and veterinary patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and patterns of gunshot wound trauma in patients that were presented to an urban level 1 veterinary trauma center before and after the start of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. ANIMALS: 24 dogs and 1 cat. METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients presenting with gunshot wound injuries between March 2018 and February 2020 (prepandemic) and March 2020 and February 2022 (pandemic). The total number of patients presented to the hospital during those same time periods was also obtained. Patient data were collected including species, breed, age, sex, location of injury, trauma score (if available), surgical procedures performed, length of hospitalization, and case outcome. RESULTS: In the prepandemic period, 9 patients were presented for gunshot wound injuries, whereas there were 16 patients evaluated for gunshot wound injuries during the pandemic period. The total number of gunshot wound cases increased by 77.8% in the pandemic period. The total number of hospital patient visits, however, decreased by 12.2% in the pandemic period as compared to the prepandemic period: 65,168 versus 74,262 patients, respectively. Injuries were predominantly localized to the extremities (55%) in the prepandemic period versus maxjllofacial (56%) in the pandemic period. CLINICALRELEVANCE: There was an increased number of gunshot wound injuries in companion animals presenting to an urban level 1 veterinary trauma center during the COVID-19 pandemic. A shift in the predominant location of injury was also identified during the pandemic period. This study highlights the ramifications that societal dynamics can have on animal health and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of an 8-year-old mixed-breed dog with respiratory distress, diagnosed with primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma and associated metastases, exploring clinical findings, diagnostic approaches, and considerations for treatment. Topics discussed include detailed cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings, as well as the challenges and prognostic factors associated with pulmonary carcinoma in dogs.

The article presents a case study of a 12-year-old male Maltese crossbreed dog with acute-onset cluster seizures, revealing a left forebrain lesion on neurologic examination and subsequent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It also mentions the lesion which was identified as a posthemorrhagic intra-axial hematoma, and the dog was diagnosed with early-onset poststroke seizures.

OBJECTIVE: Pancreatitis resulting in extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is utilized for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in humans; however, this is not available in veterinary medicine. Treatment options include medical management and biliary drainage procedures. The aim of this study was to describe the management of EHBO secondary to pancreatitis in dogs, treated medically and surgically and to determine whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) differ between the treatment groups. ANIMALS: 41 dogs treated for EHBO secondary to pancreatitis during the period of May 2015 to November 2021. METHODS: Records from 41 dogs diagnosed with EHBO secondary to pancreatitis were reviewed, and information extracted included clinical signs, ultrasound findings, NLR, PLR, histopathology, treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS: 18 of 19 (95%) surgical patients survived, while 12 of 21 (57%) medical patients survived. There was no difference in the length of hospitalization or time to return to adequate function between the groups; however, there was a significant difference in the 2- and 12-month survival between those treated surgically and medically. There was no difference in the NLR or PLR between surgically versus medically treated dogs or between survivors and nonsurvivors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The mortality rate of surgery for EHBO secondary to pancreatitis may be lower than previously described, and in this cohort of dogs, those treated surgically had improved survival at 2 and 12 months compared to those treated medically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of pet owners, veterinary technicians, house officers (interns and residents), and attending clinicians at estimating dog weights in a veterinary emergency room. ANIMALS: 272 dogs weighing over 2 kg presenting to the emergency room between June 1 and July 29, 2022. METHODS: Pet owners, veterinary technicians, house officers, and attending clinicians recorded the dogs' weight estimations on individual data collection cards. Pet owners were also asked to estimate their dogs' weight during the triage period. The dogs' actual weights were then obtained and recorded. RESULTS: Pet owners were more accurate than veterinary professionals at providing weight estimates for dogs. Weight estimates were accurate to within 10% of the dogs' actual weights for 67.9% (181/267) of pet owners. Forty-one percent (112/270) of attending clinicians, 35.3% (95/269) of house officers, and 35.4% (96/271) of veterinary technicians' weight estimates were within 10% of the dog's actual weight. There was no difference noted in the length of veterinary experience and ability to closely estimate the patient's weight. Overall, veterinary professionals were more likely to closely estimate the weight of large dogs compared to small dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The pet owner is most likely to provide an accurate weight for dogs and questions about the dog's weight should be directed to the client for situations in which a weight cannot be rapidly obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether an infiltrative block with liposomal bupivacaine was associated with less rescue analgesia administration and lower pain scores than a bupivacaine splash block after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. ANIMALS: Eligible dogs included those that were spayed as part of a veterinary teaching laboratory. Dogs were up to 7 years old and otherwise healthy. A total of 136 dogs were analyzed. METHODS: All dogs underwent ovariohysterectomy performed by veterinary students. Dogs received hydromorphone and acepromazine premedication, propofol induction, isoflurane maintenance, and an NSAID. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive either a splash block with standard bupivacaine or an infiltrative block with liposomal bupivacaine for incisional analgesia. Postoperatively, all dogs were assessed by a blinded evaluator using the Colorado State University-Canine Acute Pain Scale (CSU-CAPS) and Glasgow Composite Measures Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS-SF). Dogs received rescue analgesia with buprenorphine if they scored ≥ 2 on the CSU-CAPS scale. RESULTS: Dogs that received liposomal bupivacaine had a significantly lower incidence of (P = .04) and longer time to (P = .03) administration of rescue analgesia. There was an overall time-averaged significant difference between groups for CSU-CAPS (P = .049) and GCPS-SF scores (P = .015), with dogs in the bupivacaine group being more likely to have an elevated pain score at some point for both scales. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of liposomal bupivacaine in an infiltrative block may decrease the need for rescue analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy compared to a bupivacaine splash block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sedative and behavioral effects of a client-administered preappointment protocol with PO gabapentin and melatonin and oral-transmucosal acepromazine (GMA protocol). ANIMALS: 45 client-owned dogs between 1 and 12 years old that underwent standardize examinations between February and August 2021. METHODS: In this clinical trial, dogs with a history of anxiety, fearfulness, and/or aggression during hospital visits were assessed and videotaped before (baseline) and after administration of the GMA protocol. For the second visit, owners administered PO gabapentin (20 to 25 mg/kg) in the evening prior to the next visit and PO gabapentin (20 to 25 mg/kg), PO melatonin (3 to 5 mg/dog), and oral-transmucosal acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) 90 to 120 minutes prior to the second appointment. Examinations were performed, and behavioral stress and sedation levels were evaluated with semiquantitative rating scales. Randomized videos were analyzed, and a paired t test was used to compare stress and sedation scores between baseline and GMA. A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the effect of age on the scores. RESULTS: Stress scores were significantly lower after the GMA protocol, and sedation scores were significantly higher when compared to baseline (21.84 vs 27.11 and 1.39 vs 0.68, respectively). A significant correlation between increasing age and lower stress scores post-GMA and higher sedation scores post-GMA were observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preappointment administration of the GMA protocol reduced signs of stress, fear, and fear-based aggression during hospital visits and provided sedation in this dog population. This protocol could represent an adjunct tool for veterinarians to improve quality of care and reduce animal-related injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Periodontal disease is a common clinical complication and has a negative impact on the quality of life and the welfare of companion dogs. Periodontal disease occurs when pathogenic bacteria are accumulated in the gingival sulcus, which favors biofilm formation. The oral health of dogs can be significantly compromised by dental plaque accumulation. Thus, this investigation demonstrates the effect of Enterococcus faecium probiotic, dextranase enzyme, and their combination on dental biofilm in the oral cavity of dogs. ANIMALS: The 30 dogs were referred to Polyclinic with no oral ulcers, severe periodontitis, and internal diseases. PROCEDURES: Dextranase enzyme, E faecium probiotic, and their combination were administered in the oral cavity of dogs. Microbiological samples were obtained from tooth surfaces and gums before and after intervention with the substances. Bacterial colonies were enumerated by using a colony counter. Also, Porphyromonas gingivalis hmuY gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS: The total colony count of the bacterial culture indicated that the dextranase enzyme, E faecium probiotic, and their combination significantly reduced the total bacteria count in the oral cavity. Moreover, in the reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR analysis it was observed that using the combination of E faecium probiotic and dextranase enzyme decreases the hmuY gene expression of P gingivalis bacteria. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results clearly indicated that the dextranase enzyme and E faecium probiotic could be used as preventive agents to reduce oral biofilm in dogs. Furthermore, no side effects were observed while using these substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate clinical outcomes using acellular fish skin grafts (FSGs) for the management of complete wound healing by secondary intention after wide surgical excision of skin tumors in dogs. ANIMALS: 5 dogs undergoing wide surgical excision of skin tumors on the distal extremity. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PROCEDURES: FSGs were applied to surgical wound beds following wide excision of the tumor. Bandages were changed weekly and additional grafts placed when integration of the previous graft was complete. The wounds were assessed for the following: dimensions, tissue health (color), time to complete epithelialization, complications, and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: All masses were excised with 2-cm lateral margins and 1 fascial plane deep to the tumor. Tumor diagnoses included 3 mast cell tumors and 2 soft tissue sarcomas. Surgical wounds had a median area of 27.6 cm² (range, 17.6 to 58.7 cm2). The median number of FSG applications was 5 (range, 4 to 9 applications). Complete epithelialization occurred within 7 to 9 weeks for uncomplicated wounds (3 of 5) and 12 to 15 weeks for complicated wounds (2 of 5) that sustained self-trauma. There were no adverse events related to the use of FSGs. Local recurrence was not seen over a follow-up period ranging from 239 to 856 days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Wide surgical excision of distal extremity skin tumors, followed by repeated application of acellular FSGs, resulted in complete healing of all wounds with no adverse events. This treatment method does not require advanced reconstructive surgical skills and may be useful for the management of skin tumors on the distal extremities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prognosis of small dogs with cervical intervertebral disc herniation (C-IVDH) when treated with ventral slot decompression (VSD) alone or with concomitant vertebral fixation (VF). ANIMALS: Small dogs (n = 303) weighing < 15 kg diagnosed with C-IVDH and treated with VSD. PROCEDURES: We recorded signalment, cervical myelopathy grade, surgical site, use of VF, degree of adjacent disc degeneration, recovery, recurrence, recurrence site, and postoperative course, including the time elapsed from recovery to recurrence. We examined factors associated with recovery and recurrence during the 30-month postoperative period using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: VF did not affect recovery (P = .79). However, nonchondrodystrophic breeds had poorer recovery (OR, 5.89; P = .023) than chondrodystrophic breeds, and a higher preoperative cervical myelopathy grade (grade 3 or 4) was associated with poorer recovery (OR, 7.09 or 3.46, respectively; P = .019 or .042, respectively), compared with grade 1. VF did not affect recurrence (P = .79); however, increasing age was associated with recurrence (OR, 1.79; P = .001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In small dogs weighing < 15 kg, there was no difference in postoperative recovery and recurrence rates after VSD with or without concomitant VF. Therefore, in small dogs with C-IVDH, even if the slot volume is increased to remove sufficient disc material during VSD, a good prognosis can be achieved with or without VF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of tibial compression on radiographic cranial tibial translation measurements in healthy dogs and those with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and establish specific criteria for the radiographic diagnosis of CCL rupture. ANIMALS: 60 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were divided into 3 groups with 20 dogs each: group 1, healthy adult dogs; group 2, adult dogs with CCL rupture; and group 3, healthy young dogs. For each dog, 2 images of the stifle joint in mediolateral projection were taken, of which 1 was conventional and 1 was under tibial compression. Variables were measured in each radiographic projection: the patellar ligament angle, the patellar ligament insertion angle, the angle of tibial translation measured by 2 different methods, and the linear distance between the points of CCL origin and insertion (DPOI). Additionally, a novel variable, DPOI ratio, was evaluated. RESULTS: Regarding radiographic positioning, tibial compression significantly changed most of the variables in the within-group comparison. The variable DPOI were not different with and without tibial compression in the group of healthy adult dogs but were different for dogs with CCL rupture. Thus, these are important parameters in the diagnosis of CCL rupture. In the analysis of a novel variable, DPOI ratio, dogs with CCL rupture could be distinguished from healthy dogs at a high level of specificity and sensitivity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: DPOI ratio values above 1.18 were consistently indicative of CCL rupture, thus allowing for a precise radiographic diagnosis of the condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate complications reported in dogs and cats with a closed suction subcutaneous drain that were either managed completely in hospital (Group ND) or discharged home for ongoing outpatient care (Group D). ANIMALS: 101 client-owned animals involving 94 dogs and 7 cats with a subcutaneous closed suction drain placed during a surgical procedure. PROCEDURES: Electronic medical records (January 2014 to December 2022) were reviewed. Signalment, reason for drain placement, surgical procedure, location and duration of drain placement, drain discharge status, antimicrobial usage, culture and sensitivity results, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Associations among variables were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 77 animals in Group D and 24 animals in Group ND. Majority (n = 21/26) of complications were classified as minor and were all from Group D. Length of hospitalization in Group D (1 day) was significantly shorter than Group ND (3.25 days). Duration of drain placement was significantly longer in Group D (5.6 days) than Group ND (3.1 days). There were no associations between drain location, drain duration, or surgical site contamination with risk of complications. CLINICAL relevance: There is a higher risk of complications associated with discharging an animal from hospital (37%) with a subcutaneous closed suction drain than removing it prior to discharge (4%). These complications, however, were primarily minor and easily managed. Discharging an otherwise stable animal to home with a subcutaneous closed suction drain may be feasible to decrease duration of hospitalization, cost to the owner, and stress for the animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of an interstitial glucose monitor (IGM) versus a portable blood glucose monitor (PBGM) in sick juvenile dogs in a veterinary ICU. ANIMALS: 16 client-owned dogs admitted to the university teaching hospital under 1 year of age with systemic illness. PROCEDURES: Paired interstitial and blood glucose samples were collected. A third glucose measurement with a reference method was obtained when IGM and PBGM values were clinically disparate. Analytical accuracy was measured by Pearson correlation and agreement statistics, including mean absolute relative difference (MARD), bias, and 95% limits of agreement. The Parkes consensus error grid analysis was performed to assess clinical accuracy. RESULTS: 159 paired glucose measurements were available for analysis. Comparison of IGM readings to PBGM measurements resulted in an MARD of 15.4% and bias of -2.6%, with the 95% limits of agreement ranging from -42.5% to 37.4%. Positive correlation between IGM and PBGM (Pearson r = 0.65) was found. On consensus error grid analysis, 100% of the pairs fell into clinically acceptable zones (74.2% in zone A, and 25.8% in zone B). When disparate IGM and PBGM readings were compared to a laboratory reference standard (n = 13), both methods resulted in high MARD and wide limits of agreement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The IGM provides clinically acceptable glucose measurements compared to PBGM to monitor glucose levels in juvenile dogs in a clinical setting. Further clinical studies with a larger sample size, particularly in the hypoglycemic range, are needed to assess IGM performance in the lower glucose range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo evaluate the radiographic outcome of root canal treatment (RCT) in dogs and compare outcomes with those reported for a previous study performed at the same institution in 2002.Animals204 dogs representing 281 teeth that underwent RCT.ProceduresThe medical record database of a veterinary teaching hospital was searched to identify dogs that underwent RCT between 2001 and 2018. Only dogs that had undergone at least 1 radiographic recheck appointment a minimum of 50 days after RCT were included in the study. Dental radiographs were reviewed. Treatment was considered successful if the periapical periodontal ligament space was within reference limits and preexisting external inflammatory root resorption (EIRR), if present, had stabilized. Treatment was considered to show no evidence of failure (NEF) if preoperative EIRR had stabilized and any preoperative periapical lucency (PAL) remained the same or had decreased in size but had not completely resolved. Treatment was considered to have failed if EIRR or a PAL developed after RCT, if a preoperative PAL increased in size, or if preexisting EIRR progressed.ResultsFollow-up time ranged from 52 to 3,245 days (mean, 437 days). RCT was classified as successful for 199 (71%) teeth, NEF for 71 (25%) teeth, and failed for 11 (4%) teeth.Conclusions and clinical relevanceResults showed that almost 2 decades after RCT outcome in dogs was first evaluated, during which time numerous advances in dental materials and techniques had been made, the success rate of RCT was virtually unchanged.

ObjectiveTo compare intraocular pressures (IOPs) estimated by rebound and applanation tonometry for dogs with lens instability.Animals66 dogs.ProceduresMedical records of dogs examined between September 2012 and July 2018 were reviewed for diagnoses of anterior (ALL) or posterior (PLL) lens luxation or lens subluxation.ResultsEstimates of IOP obtained with rebound and applanation tonometry significantly differed from each other for all types of lens instability considered collectively (mean ± SE difference between tonometric readings, 8.1 ± 1.3 mm Hg) and specific types of lens instability considered individually (mean ± SE difference between tonometric readings: ALL, 12.8 ± 2.5 mm Hg; PLL, 5.9 ± 1.7 mm Hg; subluxation, 2.8 ± 0.8 mm Hg). Median (range) differences between rebound and applanation tonometer readings for dogs with ALL was 5 mm Hg (-9 to 76 mm Hg), with PLL was 3 mm Hg (-1 to 19 mm Hg), and with lens subluxation was 3 mm Hg (-9 to 18 mm Hg). In eyes with ALL, rebound tonometer readings exceeded applanation tonometer readings on 44 of 60 (73%) occasions.Conclusions and clinical relevanceRebound tonometry yielded higher estimates of IOP than did applanation tonometry in eyes with ALL and with all types of lens luxation considered collectively. Estimates of IOP in eyes with lens instability should ideally be obtained with both rebound and applanation tonometers. Veterinarians with only one type of tonometer should interpret results for dogs with lens instability concurrent with physical examination findings.

A case study describes a 6-year-old mixed-breed dog presenting with sudden blindness, mydriasis, uveitis and bilateral conjunctival hyperemia. Examination revealed white subretinal transudate mimicking granulomas, along with concurrent intermittent hematochezia and pain on abdominal palpation, suggestive of protothecosis. Cytology revealed unicellular organisms consistent with Prototheca species, confirming the diagnosis.

The article focuses on a 9-year and 9-month-old Jack Russell Terrier with stiffness in all four limbs, detailing a chronic history of polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia. It mentions the dog, previously diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) and treated with trilostane, was referred to the neurology service due to the progression of clinical signs over a year.

The article focuses on the histopathological evaluation of a cutaneous tumor in a 9-year-old dog with a history of trauma, describing clinical and gross findings, as well as immunohistochemical findings revealing intense cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for antiglial fibrillary acidic protein in proliferated microfascicles within the lesion.

OBJECTIVE To report the presence of urolithiasis in dogs long-term after gradual attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS). ANIMALS 25 client-owned dogs that underwent gradual attenuation of a cEHPSS, of which 19 had a closed cEHPSS and 6 developed multiple acquired portosystemic shunts (MAPSS) following surgery. PROCEDURES A retrospective study with prospective follow-up was performed. Dogs that underwent cEHPSS surgery and had their postoperative cEHPSS status determined by transsplenic portal scintigraphy or CT angiography 3 months postoperatively were prospectively contacted and invited for a long-term follow-up visit (a minimum of 6 months postoperatively). Retrospective data were collected, and during the prospective follow-up visit a thorough history, blood tests and urinalysis, and ultrasonography of the urinary tract were performed to assess the presence of urinary signs and urolithiasis. RESULTS Of 25 included dogs, 1 of 19 (5%) dogs with closed cEHPSS and 4 of 6 (67%) dogs with MAPSS had urolithiasis at long-term follow-up. Three (50%) dogs with MAPSS developed new uroliths. Long-term, dogs with closed cEHPSS that initially presented with and without urolithiasis had significantly less urolithiasis compared to dogs with MAPSS (P = .013 and P = .010, respectively). In the 4 dogs with closed cEHPSS that initially presented with nephrolithiasis, nephroliths became smaller or were no longer visible at the long-term follow-up visit. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs that developed MAPSS following cEHPSS surgery are at greater risk of urolithiasis compared to those with closed cEHPSS. Furthermore, ammonium urate uroliths might dissolve if portosystemic shunting ceases to exis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE The researchers and clinicians within the Dog Aging Project (DAP), a longitudinal cohort study of aging in companion dogs, created and validated a novel survey instrument titled the End of Life Survey (EOLS) to gather owner-reported mortality data about companion dogs. SAMPLE Bereaved dog owners who participated in the refinement, face validity assessment, or reliability assessment of the EOLS (n = 42) and/or completed the entire survey between January 20 and March 24, 2021 (646). PROCEDURES The EOLS was created and modified by veterinary health professionals and human gerontology experts using published literature, clinical veterinary experience, previously created DAP surveys, and feedback from a pilot study conducted with bereaved dog owners. The EOLS was subjected to qualitative validation methods and post hoc freetext analysis to evaluate its ability to thoroughly capture scientifically relevant aspects of companion dogs' deaths. RESULTS The EOLS was well received with excellent face validity as assessed by dog owners and experts. The EOLS had fair to substantial reliability for the 3 validation themes-cause of death (K = 0.73; 95% Cl, 0.5 to 0.95), perimortem quality of life (K = 0.49; 95% Cl, 0.26 to 0.73), and reason for euthanasia (K = 0.3; 95% Cl, 0.08 to 0.52)--and had no need for any substantial content alterations based on free-text analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The EOLS has proven to be a well-accepted, comprehensive, and valid instrument for capturing owner-reported companion dog mortality data and hasthe potential toenhance veterinarians'ability to care fortheaging dog population by illuminating their understanding of companion dogs' end-of-life experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Sporadic bacterial cystitis in both dogs and humans is often caused by Escherichia coli.\n humans, nitrofurantoin is a first-line antimicrobial for the treatment of bacterial cystitis but in dogs a lack of available data may be part of the reason it is only recommended as a second-line treatment. The objective of this preliminary study was to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics and urine concentrations of nitrofurantoin monohydrate-macrocrystalline in dogs. ANIMALS: 8 healthy female hound dogs. PROCEDURES: From July 26 to July 28, 2021, dogs received a single oral dose of nitrofurantoin monohydrate-macrocrystalline 100 mg with food. Blood and urine were collected at predetermined times, Nitrofurantoin concentrations were assayed by UPLC-MS/MS and plasma data were analyzed using noncompartmental methods. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations were low for all dogs with a mean i SD maximum concentration (Cmax) of 0,242 + O.098 ug/mL (range, 0.14 to 0.42 Ug/mL) occurring between 2 and 24 hours. Urine concentrations were manyfold higher than for plasma. Cmax in urine was 134 + 54 ug/mL (range, 49.1 to 218 ug/mL) occurring between 6 and 36 hours. As seen in other species, nitrofurantoin concentrated in urine with concentrations being 500 times higher than the concentration in plasma. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that nitrofurantoin monohydrate-macrocrystalline formulation of nitrofurantoin should be effective in treating bacterial cystitis caused by susceptible uropathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of a circulating warm water blanket (WWB) in combination with a heated humidified breathing circuit (HHBC) heated to 45 °C on rectal temperature (RT) in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for elective ovariohysterectomies. ANIMALS: 29 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs in the experimental group (n = 8) and dogs in the control group (21) were connected to an HHBC and a conventional rebreathing circuit, respectively. All dogs were placed on a WWB in the operating room (OR). The RT was recorded at baseline, premedication, induction, transfer to OR, every 15 minutes, during maintenance of anesthesia, and extubation. Incidence of hypothermia CRT < 37 °C) at extubation was recorded. Data were analyzed using unpaired t tests, the Fisher exact test, and mixed-effect ANOVA. Statistical significance was defined as P<.05. RESULTS: There was no difference in RT during baseline, premedication, induction, and transfer to OR. The overall RT was higher forthe HHBC group during anesthesia (P= .005) and at extubation (37.7 1 0.6 °C) compared with thecontrol group (36.6 + 1.0 °C; P = .006). The incidenceof hypothermia atextubation was 12.5% forthe HHBCgroupand 66.7% for the control group (P = .014). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The combination of HHBC and WWB can reduce the incidence of postanesthetic hypothermia in dogs. Use of an HHBC should be considered in veterinary patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcome of locally administered antibiotic-impregnated poloxamer 407 (P407) hydrogel in dogs diagnosed with orthopedic surgical site infections (SSIs) and to identify risk factors for treatment failure. ANIMALS: 34 client-owned dogs diagnosed with an orthopedic surgical site infection treated with local antibiotic-impregnated P407 hydrogel. PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed of dogs receiving antibiotic-impregnated P407 hydrogel for an active orthopedic SSI between March 2018 and December 2020. The rate of successful infection clearance was calculated. Risk factors for failed treatment were evaluated with statistical analyses. RESULTS: 34 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Vancomycin-impregnated P407 hydrogel (20 mg/mL) was implanted in all dogs. The rate of infection clearance was 77%. Each unit increase in the number of surgeries performed at a site before gel implantation decrease the chance of successful infection clearance by 25% (P = .005; unit OR, 0.25; 95% Cl, 0.08 to 0.81). Presence of multidrug or methicillin resistance increased risk fortreatment failure by 7.69 times (P= .042; OR, 0.13; 95% Cl, 0.01 to 1.14). No adverse events related to gel administration were seen. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Treatment outcomes were negatively impacted by the presence of multidrug or methicillin resistance and by an in-Greased number of surgeries before gel implantation. Local administration of antibiotic-impregnated P407 hydrogel had a high success rate with no adverse effects in this population. Local antibiotic gel administration may improve treatment outcomes in dogs with complicated SSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate incidences of pyometra and orthopedic, behavioral, urinary/reproductive, neoplastic, or atopic disease processes as outcomes for dogs undergoing either a laparoscopic-assisted ovary-sparing spay/hysterectomy (LapOSS) or a laparoscopic ovariectomy (LapOVE). ANIMALS: 33 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES: Medical records of client-owned dogs presenting between August 2013 and May 2020 for elective LapOSS or LapOVE were reviewed. A multiple-choice client questionnaire was emailed to all clients whose dogs' complete medical records were available. RESULTS: 17 of the 33 dogs were in the LapOSS group, and 16 of 33 dogs were in the LapOVE group. Of the 17 dogs undergoing LapOSS, 5 of 17 (29%) underwent an elective OVE at a later date. The mean follow-uptime was 4.2 + 1.8 years for the LapOSS group and 4.3 1 2.0 years for the LapOVE group. No dogs developed stump pyometra. One LapOSS dog developed mammary tumor, and 2 others developed nonreproductive malignant neoplasia while 2 of the LapOVE dogs developed malignant neoplasia. One of the LapOSS dogs with malignant neoplasia had an ovariectomy prior to development of disease. CLINICALRELEVANCE: Laparoscopic-assisted ovary-sparing spay appears to provide a safe and reliable method of sterilization, with no observable increased risk of pyometra with hysterectomy. Owners must be counseled prior to surgery regarding the consequences of gonadal hormone retention and multiple heat cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]