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OBJECTIVE To describe the ECG findings in 3 different canine brachycephalic breeds: the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, the Pug, and the English Bulldog (EB). ANIMALS 135 healthy dogs (50 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, 50 Pugs, and 35 EBs). PROCEDURES Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify healthy dogs ≥ 1 year old that had undergone an ECG. The Mann-Whitney U test or the Student t test were used to compare continuous variables between male and female dogs, whereas the χ² test was used for categorical variables. Spearman correlation coefficients between ECG measurements and age and body weight were also calculated in the case of continuous variables, whereas the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for categorical ones. RESULTS Electrocardiographic parameters of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels overall fitted with traditional reference intervals cited in textbooks; in contrast, 28% of Pugs and 20% of EBs showed a shift of the QRS-complex mean electrical axis (QRS-MEA). In Pugs and EBs, the mean/median QRS-MEA value was 56° (from 0° to 100°) and 59° (from 20° to 100°), respectively. All axis shifts were left shifts (in Pugs, from 0° to 34°; in EBs, 20° to 39°). Only a few meaningful differences were found when comparing ECG variables between males and females. Similarly, only 1 statistically significant correlation was found between ECG parameters and age and body weight. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Healthy Pugs and EBs present a trend to a left shift of the QRS-MEA. This should be considered when interpreting ECG tracings in these breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CASE DESCRIPTION A 4-month-old 5.9-kg sexually intact female French Bulldog was presented because of recurrent urinary tract infections in combination with pollakiuria, hematuria, and urinary ncontinence. CLINICALFINDINGS A diagnosis of malakoplakia was made on the basis of results of hematologic and serum biochemical testing, abdominal ultrasonography, bacterial culture, and cystoscopic biopsies of the urinary bladder wall. Biopsy samples were sent for routine histologic examination and fluorescence in situ hybridization to confirm the presence of intracellularand subendothelial bacteria. TREATMENTANDOUTCOME Treatment with enrofloxacin was started after the diagnosis of malakoplakia was confirmed. During treatment, polypoid changes in the urinary bladder decreased dramatically but did not disappear. On follow-up ultrasonography after 12 weeks of treatment, marked improvement was visible and results of repeated bacterial culture and fluorescence in situ hybridization of bladder wall samples were negative. The patient was free from clinical signs and had an ultrasonographically normal urinary bladder 59 weeks after antimicrobial treatment was discontinued. CLINICALRELEVANCE Malakoplakia, a granulomatousdisease characterized by impaired histiocytesthatare unable to completely digest phagocytized bacteria, is a very rare d isease in dogs, but early suspicion of the condition is essential toallow timely diagnosisand avoid disease progression andthe need forprolonged treatment. Malakoplakia should be considered in young dogs with chronic urinary tract infections; the diagnosis can be made through a combination of histologic examination and fluorescence in situ hybridization of bladder wall biopsy samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that determine the prevalence of presumed postictal changes (PC) on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in epileptic dogs, describe their distribution, and recognize possible correlations with different epilepsy features. It mentions that MRI Iesions consistent with PC were common in epileptic dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of ophthalmic disorders in 7 brachycephalic dog breeds referred to an academic veterinary ophthalmology service. Animals: 970 client-owned dogs of 7 brachycephalic breeds that were evaluated by the ophthalmology service in a veterinary teaching hospital from January 2008 through December 2017. Procedures: Medical records of 7 brachycephalic breeds (ie, Boston Terriers, English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, Lhasa Apsos, Pekingese, Pugs, and Shih Tzus) were reviewed to collect data regarding patient signalment, ophthalmic diagnoses, affected eyes, and number and dates of visits. Results: Median age at the first examination was 7 years (range, 23 days to 22 years). The number of dogs seen for a first examination increased with age. Corneal ulcers, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal pigmentation, immature cataracts, and uveitis were each diagnosed in ≥ 100 dogs and represented 40.4% (1,161/2,873) of all diagnoses. On the basis of anatomic location, 66.3% (1,905/2,873) of all disorders were located in either the cornea (1,014/2,873 [35.2%]) or adnexa (891/2,873 [31%]). There was a significant difference in breed proportion in the study population; of the 7 breeds studied, Shih Tzus (34.3% [333/970]), Pugs (20.8% [202/970]), and Boston Terriers (16.6% [161/970]) were the most prevalent breeds. The frequency of some diseases within the referral population was associated with breed. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Findings suggested that the most prevalent disorders for the brachycephalic breeds in this ophthalmic referral population were corneal ulcers, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal pigmentation, immature cataracts, and uveitis. Although all dogs shared brachycephalic features, the frequency of specific ophthalmic diseases varied between breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of 13-year-old neutered female Lhasa Apso was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital for investigation of dyspnea and episodes of syncope over the preceding 7 days. Topics include referring veterinarian had previously made a diagnosis of stage D myxomatous mitral valve disease; and Physical examination of the dog revealed a respiratory rate of Cardiac auscultation revealed a grade 6!6 holosystolic murmur over the left and right cardiac apex.

The article presents a case study of a 3-year-old 18.5-kg (40.7-lb) spayed female English Bulldog was evaluated because of a history of chronic mucopurulent ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, and conjunctival swelling of both eyes. The article discuses that Microscopic examination of blood smears or impression smears of affected organs may reveal macrophages containing intracytoplasmic amastigotes.

The article presents a case study of a two-year-old spayed female English Bulldog who had history of progressively labored breathing, lethargy and pyrexia after an incident of vomiting. It mentions that thoracic radiography revealed a severe alveolar pattern with well-defined air bronchograms in the ventral aspects of all lung lobes.

The article presents a case study related to 9-year-old has spayed female English Bulldog was presented to the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Oncology Service for surgical evaluation after a right adrenal mass has incidentally identified by the referring veterinarian during abdominal ultrasonography has performed for evaluation of recurrent urinary tract infections. Topics include the low dose dexamethasone suppression test were within reference limits.

The article describes the case of a 7-year-old castrated male Golden Retriever which was evaluated because of a sudden onset of cutaneous, multifocal, raised, erythematous, plaque-like lesions. Topics covered include the hispathological findings that led to the diagnosis of cutaneous sterile pyogranuloma-granuloma syndrome (SPGS), the symptoms of SPGS in dogs, and the recommended treatment options.

The article presents a case study of a seven-year-old castrated male pit bull-type dog who was diagnosed with progressive tetraparesis. Tables are presented depicting findings from the study's neurologic examination observation and anatomic diagnosis. Computed tomographic images are also featured on the pit bull's cervical portion with progressive tetraparesis.

The article presents case study regarding discovery of a cardiac murmur during a routine preventative care examination of a 6-month-old female French Bulldog. It mentions that planned balloon dilation procedure was considered in the presence of an experienced anesthesiologist. It mentions that anesthesia care was provided to patient assisted via real-time remote telecommunication.

The article describes the case of a 7-year-old sexually intact male English bulldog that was evaluated due to severe expiratory dyspnea which was unresponsive to treatment with furosemide. Topics covered include the result of the antemortem thoracic radiology conducted, the histopathologic findings and the morphologic diagnosis. The clinical characteristics of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are also discussed.

Case Description-A 5-year-old neutered male English Bulldog was evaluated for intermit- tent closed-mouth jaw locking of approximately 1 week's duration. Clinical Findings-Initial physical examination revealed a nonpainful inability to open the jaw with and without manual assistance; however, manipulation of the jaw after the dog was sedated for diagnostic imaging restored jaw function. Anesthesia was subsequently induced, and computed tomography was performed with the jaw open and closed; contrast agent-enhanced images of the closed jaw were also obtained. No abnormalities of the temporomandibular joints or retrobulbar space were detected. Fluoroscopic examination of movement of the temporomandibular joints revealed a dynamic interference of the rostrodorsal aspect of the coronoid process of the left mandibular ramus with the medial surface of the frontal process of the left zygomatic bone or the left orbital ligament. Treatment and Outcome-Partial excision of the coronoid process of the left mandibular ramus was performed. The dog recovered without complication and was able to open and close its jaw and eat within 6 hours after surgery. No additional episodes of jaw locking were detected during the 6 months after surgery. Clinical Relevance-To the authors' knowledge, closed-mouth jaw locking in animals attributable to dynamic interference of the rostrodorsal aspect of the coronoid process of a mandibular ramus with the medial surface of the frontal process of a zygomatic bone or an orbital ligament has not been described. Surgical excision of the coronoid process of the mandibular ramus appeared to provide a successful outcome in the dog of this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case Description—A 4-year-old sexually intact female French Bulldog was evaluated because of lethargy, anorexia, and chronic rhinitis-sinusitis. The dog had nasal discharge of 18 months' duration; dorsal rhinotomies were performed 3 months and 2 weeks prior to referral. Clinical Findings—On initial evaluation, intraventricular pneumocephalus and sinusitis were diagnosed; CSF analysis revealed high total protein concentration and mononuclear pleocytosis. The dog's condition improved with treatment. Two weeks after discharge, it was treated by a local veterinarian because of upper airway obstruction; 3 days later, the dog was referred because of seizures. Computed tomography revealed a large fluid-filled, left lateral ventricle and a soft tissue mass protruding through a cribriform plate defect. The mass was histologically consistent with brain tissue. Findings of clinicopathologic analyses were unremarkable. Results of cytologic examination of a CSF sample were indicative of septic, suppurative inflammation, and bacteriologic culture of CSF yielded Escherichia coli. Treatment and Outcome—Amputation of the herniated olfactory bulb and antimicrobial treatment resolved the septic meningoencephalitis, but neurologic deficits recurred 6 weeks later. Definitive correction of the cribriform plate defect with bone and fascial grafts was attempted. Postoperative rotation of the bone graft resulted in cerebral laceration and hemorrhage, and the dog was euthanized. Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that following dorsal rhinotomy and nasal polypectomy surgery, the dog developed herniation of the left olfactory bulb, intraventricular pneumocephalus, and septic meningoencephalitis because of a cribriform plate defect. Care must be taken to prevent rotation of bone grafts used in cribriform defect repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents case study of a two-year-old sexually intact male English Bulldog with a 4-day history of inappetence and vomiting. It mentions that the owner reported the dog to be a frequent scavenger and had signs of pain on abdominal palpation. It adds that abdominal ultrasonography was performed on the dogs. It also adds that laparotomy was performed which revealed the presence of linear foreign body in the stomach that was removed by gastrostomy.

The article presents a case study of a 04-year-old 10 kg female french bulldog with pleural effusion and aspiration pneumonia following treatment with oral administration of activated charcoal. It notes thoracic radiography, lateral thoracotomy was performed to evaluate the right lung lobes and use of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.

The article focuses on the case of a female English Bulldog with ambulatory paraparesis. It says that the laboratory abnormalities observed were mild neutrophilia and hyperglobulinemia and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the L5 and L6 spinal disks show low signal intensities. Moreover, it adds that aspirate culture from the L5 to L6 disk space revealed Diskospondylitis due to Staphylococcus organism, in which the dog received a one week dexamethasone tapering course and cephalexin treatment.

The article presents a case of an 8-week-old sexually intact male English Bulldog evaluated with dyspnea and weakness of 12 hours' duration. The dog had signs of depression having pale mucous membranes and weak femoral pulses. It notes that the dog underwent complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemical analyses, and radiographs of the thorax. It mentions that the findings suggests that the dog has pericardial disorders due to its enlargement of the cardiac silhouette.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Bulls on parade" in the June 15, 2008 issue.