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Abstract: The supercritical CO2 extraction of four different plants from Lamiaceae family, namely oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus zygis), sage (Salvia officinalis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) was carried out in an experimental pilot-plant comprising an extraction cell of 2L capacity. 600g of leaves of each plant material, with the same pre-treatment, were extracted at the same pressure and temperature (30MPa and 313K) and using 2.4kg/h of CO2. Further, the same fractionation procedure in a two on-line decompressing separators at, respectively, 10MPa and 0.1MPa was employed. In this way, a thoughtful comparison of the extraction kinetic was established and discussed, in terms of the extraction yields attained in the separators, the variation of the essential oil composition with time and the content of key bioactive substances identified in the different fractions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Supercritical CO2 extraction has been proved to be a potential tool in the recovery of aroma compounds from different natural sources and in the removal of ethanol from aqueous solutions. In this work, both ideas are combined to develop a two-step process toward the production of a low-alcohol beverage from wine, but maintaining the aroma and the antioxidant activity similar to that of the original wine. First, the recovery of aroma from wine was attained in a countercurrent packed column (white and red wines were investigated) using very low CO2/wine ratios. Then, the aroma-free wine recovered from the bottom of the extraction column was dealcoholized by applying different extraction conditions. The results obtained from these studies permit the design of a two-step countercurrent CO2 extraction process at 9.5MPa and 313K, in which the different CO2/wine ratios employed in each step lead to the recovery of aroma or the removal of ethanol. The two-step process was applied to rose wine and the low-alcohol beverage obtained proved to have similar antioxidant activity and similar aroma profile to that of the original wine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The relevant applications that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has attained in the food industry in the last decades increased the interest in the development of thermodynamic models to represent the phase equilibria of systems comprising food-related substances and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2). The targets are twofold: (i) calculation of solid solubilities in SCCO2 pure or with polar co-solvents (mainly ethanol in food applications), what directly affects the selectivity of one of the most applied processes, e.g. the semi-batch SFE of plant material, and (ii) calculation of vapor–liquid equilibrium compositions of liquid raw materials processed in countercurrent packed columns, what is straightforwardly related with the number of theoretical stages necessary to achieve the desired separation. Cubic equations of state derived from the equation proposed by van der Waals (vdW-type EoSs, e.g. Peng–Robinson and Soave–Redlich–Kwong EoS) are the most common thermodynamic models applied to achieve these objectives. In this work, the application of vdW-type EoSs to food-type substance+SCCO2 is reviewed. More than 100 systems, comprising lipids, antioxidants, pigments, alkaloids, vitamins, etc. were investigated from 2003 up today. Even though phase equilibria modeling of SCCO2 +food-related systems involves serious difficulties, the extensive and, in many cases, successful application of vdW-type EoSs demonstrates that though developed 100 years ago the van der Waals equation is lively and younger than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The supercritical removal of ethanol from alcoholic beverages (brandy, wine, and cider) was studied using the GC-EoS model to represent the phase equilibria behavior of the CO2 +beverage mixture. Each alcoholic drink was represented as the ethanol+water mixture with the corresponding ethanol concentration (35wt% for brandy, 9–12wt% for different wines and 6wt% for cider). The thermodynamic modeling was based on an accurate representation of the CO2 +ethanol and CO2 +water binary mixtures, and the CO2 +ethanol+water ternary mixture. The GC-EoS model was employed to simulate the countercurrent supercritical CO2 dealcoholization of the referred beverages; the results obtained compared good with experimental data from the literature. Thus, the model was used to estimate process conditions to achieve an ethanol content reduction from ca. 10wt% to values lower than 1wt%. The model results were tested by carrying out several extraction assays using wine, in a 3m height packed column at 308K, pressures in the range of 9–18MPa and solvent to wine ratio between 9 and 30kg/kg. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Chrastil (1982) demonstrated that the solubility of a substance in a supercritical fluid (SCF) can be correlated with the density of the pure supercritical gas. Therefore, Chrastil''s equation permits calculation of the supercritical phase composition of binary SCF+substance mixture based on the knowledge of the supercritical gas density and avoiding the use of equation of state based models. In this work, it is demonstrated that the supercritical fluid density also defines the liquid phase composition of binary systems; a density-dependent relationship is presented to calculate the solubility of supercritical gases in organic liquids. The isothermal solubility of several gases commonly employed in supercritical processing, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ethane, in different organic liquids, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, acids, ketones, esters, terpenes and aromatic compounds, was successfully correlated as a function solely of the pure supercritical fluid density. As an application, pressure vs. composition phase diagrams of binary SCF+substance mixtures were obtained circumventing the use of equation of state models. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The removal of ethanol from alcoholic beverages using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as solvent was studied considering the CO2 +ethanol+water mixture as model system. The extensive phase equilibria data reported in the literature for this ternary system, together with new experimental data of different CO2 +alcoholic beverage mixtures, were employed to analyze the effect of temperature and pressure on the phase behavior of the supercritical dealcoholization process. It was demonstrated that phase envelopes and tie-lines of the ternary CO2 +ethanol+water phase diagram depend on CO2 density. Thus, different combinations of extraction temperature and pressure can produce the same removal of ethanol from the alcoholic beverage. The GC-EoS thermodynamic model was used to represent phase equilibria behavior and to simulate a countercurrent multistage dealcoholization process. Despite extraction temperature and pressure, at constant CO2 density almost the same elimination of ethanol was attained and the concentration of ethanol in the dealcoholized product was mainly determined by the ratio between the solvent to beverage flows. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Prebiotic carbohydrates are defined as non-digestible carbohydrates that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of a limited number of bacteria in the colon. The present study is focused on two prebiotic ketosugars: tagatose and lactulose, which are currently obtained by alkaline isomerization of their respective aldoses—galactose and lactose. It is a part of a broader research devoted to examining the possibility of complex solid carbohydrate mixtures fractionation using supercritical carbon dioxide and alcohol-type cosolvents. We report new experimental solubility data of tagatose, galactose, lactulose and lactose in supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol:water (95:5, v/v) used as a cosolvent at T =(60 and 100)°C, P =(10–30)MPa and cosolvent content from 6 to 21% (w/w). The solubility measured was in the range (0.02–1.09)mgg−1. Additionally, the experimental data was correlated using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong cubic equation of state with the modified Huron-Vidal second order (MHV2) mixing rule. The latter employs the mS-UNIFAC, which introduces two new groups in the original UNIFAC parameter matrix to represent the sugar molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This work explores the capabilities of UNIFAC-based models to predict the solubility of different solid solutes in subcritical water as a function of temperature. The original UNIFAC, its modified (Dortmund) version and the A-UNIFAC model, which explicitly includes association effects between groups, are applied to calculate the solubility of solid compounds in subcritical water in the temperature range 298–500K. The comparison between the three models is carried out using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as test substances and for which reliable physical properties and experimental solubility data are available in the literature. The results obtained indicate that modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) provides the best representation of the aromatic compounds’ solubility as a function of temperature. In addition, the application of the A-UNIFAC model confirms the hypothesis that a decrease in the level of association between the subcritical water molecules (in accordance with the dielectric constant decrease with temperature), greatly improves the solubility of hydrophobic organic compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This work presents the main results attained by our research group merging chemical reaction, supercritical fluid extraction, thermodynamic phase equilibrium modeling and chemical analysis to study alternative supercritical extraction processes related with oil-type materials. Different fatty oil raw materials were fractionated in a countercurrent packed column using supercritical carbon dioxide and following different process targets, such as the deacidification of lampante olive oil and the recovery of minor lipid compounds (squalene, tocopherols and phytosterols) from industrial byproducts and wastes. If necessary, in order to facilitate the concentration of the preferred minor lipids in the raffinate product, the raw material employed was previously esterified. The GC-EoS model was used as the thermodynamic tool to represent phase equilibria behavior of the multicomponent oil-type material+CO2 mixture, and was employed to guide experiments so as to simulate and optimize the supercritical extraction processes. The coupling of thermodynamic modeling with experimental work has offered an efficient low-time consuming tool to analyze the viability of supercritical extraction processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present work, the viability of the selective fractionation of carbohydrate mixtures (lactose–lactulose) using supercritical CO2 has been evaluated. As a first step towards the optimization of the fractionation process, the composition of the co-solvent used in the supercritical phase was studied by considering different ethanol:water mixtures, which undoubtedly determined the selectivity of the extraction process. The co-solvent which provided a purity higher than 95% in lactulose (a mixture ethanol:water 95:5) was selected to perform the optimization of the extraction conditions able to provide high extraction recoveries. Optimization was carried out using a full factorial (2 levels) design and considering as factors the extraction pressure (from 100 to 300bar), the extraction temperature (from 60 to 100°C) and the modifier flow rate (from 0.2 to 0.4mL/min, which corresponded to a total co-solvent percentage ranging from 4 to 18vol.%). The responses evaluated were the amount (mg) of lactulose and lactose extracted and their recoveries (%). The statistical analysis of the results provided mathematical models for each response variable. The corresponding parameters were estimated by multiple linear regression (MLR) and high determination coefficients (higher than 0.98) were obtained. Then, the mathematical model was employed to predict the behavior of the different responses selected, as a function of the main variables involved in the process. The optimum conditions for selectively extracting lactulose with high recoveries were 100bar, 100°C and 0.2mL/min of co-solvent (4% modifier in the supercritical phase); at these conditions, a 45% recovery was achieved with a purity higher than 95%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Specially designed chromatographic columns were evaluated for antioxidant compounds separation by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with pure CO2. Columns studied involved the use of commercial octadecylsilica particles (ODS) and silica particles coated with a stationary phase commonly used in gas chromatography, such as CW20M (polyethylene glycol) of high polarity. In order to select the appropriate chromatographic conditions to elute antioxidant compounds of phenolic structure, carnosic acid was selected as a model molecule and a theoretical study of the solubility of carnosic acid was performed. Carnosic acid was eluted using CO2 as mobile phase (without modifiers) with a pressure programming up to 37MPa (and at different temperatures) but only when coated particles were used. No elution was possible when ODS particles were tested, probably due to the strong interactions of the acid group of the molecule with the active sites remaining in the column. A separation of a complex mixture of a rosemary antioxidant extract (obtained by supercritical fluid extraction) using the columns designed in the present work is shown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study is devoted to the experimental measurement and thermodynamic modeling of solid carnosic acid solubility in supercritical CO2 +ethanol as a co-solvent. Measurements were carried out at temperatures in the range of 313.15 and 333.15K, pressures ranging from 280 to 400bar, and at different content of the modifier ethanol (from 0.7 to 10%). The Group Contribution Associating Equation of State (GCA-EoS) [H.P. Gros, S.B. Bottini, E.A. Brignole, High pressure phase equilibrium modeling of mixtures containing associating compounds and gases, Fluid Phase Equilibria 139 (1997) 75–87] was applied in this work to represent the experimental solubility data obtained. Due to the lack of information in the literature about pure carnosic acid parameters, its solid volume, critical properties, and sublimation pressures were estimated in this work. The key step in the thermodynamic modeling proved to be the introduction of a solute hard-sphere parameter in the Carnahan–Starling repulsive term of the model, which depends on both temperature and pressure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Grape seeds extracts have shown a broad range of pharmacological activities including, among others, antiulcer and antioxidant properties, which are mainly attributed to the phenolic compounds present. To date, the most abundant phenolic compounds isolated from grape seeds are catechins and their derivatives, e.g. quercetin.The present study is devoted to the experimental measurement and thermodynamic modelling of the solubility of quercetin in supercritical CO2 + ethanol as a co-solvent. The solubility of quercetin was measured at 313.15 K, pressures ranging from 80 to 120 bar, and at different content of the modifier ethanol—from 5 to 30%.Two types of thermodynamic models were applied to model the solubility of quercetin—the group contribution equation of state (GC-EoS), developed by Skjold–Jøgensen, and the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) EoS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Group Contribution Equation of State (GC-EOS) is applied to model high-pressure phase equilibria in mixtures of fatty oils and acid alkyl esters with supercritical fluids. The fatty oil is represented by a pseudo-triacylglyceride with the same molecular weight and degree of unsaturation of the natural oil. The critical hard sphere diameter of the oil, i.e. the size-related parameter, is determined from the correlation of infinite dilution activity coefficients of n-alkanes in high molecular weight triacylglicerides and hydrocarbons. Good predictions of vapor–liquid, liquid–liquid and vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria in mixtures of supercritical solvents (propane, ethane and CO2) with pure triacylglycerides, natural vegetable oils and fatty acid alkyl esters are obtained. These results show the capability of the GC-EOS model to describe the phase equilibria of size-asymmetric mixtures and its potential for modeling supercritical processes involving oils and derivatives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purification of squalene from residues of the olive oil deodorization process using countercurrent supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was studied. The raw material employed is a by-product obtained after distillation and ethylation of olive oil deodorizer distillates. This by-product contains mainly squalene and fatty acid esters. The Group Contribution Equation of State was employed to simulate the separation process and to design the experimental extractions, which were carried out in an isothermal countercurrent column, without reflux, at 343K, pressures ranging from 150 to 230bar and a solvent-to-feed ratio around 13. Satisfactory agreement was found between experimental and calculated yields and phase compositions, obtaining a raffinate product with a squalene concentration up to 90wt.%. Finally, the thermodynamic model was employed to find out optimal process conditions to enhance squalene recovery, including partial reflux of the extract product and recirculation of the supercritical solvent in a continuous countercurrent extraction column. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The extraction of marigold ( Calendula officinalis ) oleoresin with supercritical carbon dioxide SCCO 2 was carried out in a small scale extraction vessel (2.7 × 10 −4 m 3 ) studying different extraction pressures (14, 24 and 34 MPa) and different flow rates (15, 30 and 45 g min −1 ) at 313 K. Then, using semi-empirical engineering scaling criteria (constant solvent lineal velocity or constant solvent residence time) and the Broken and Intact Cell (BIC) model, the scaling up to larger extraction vessels (1.35 × 10 −3 m 3 and 5.16 × 10 −3 m 3 ) was theoretically investigated. According to the BIC model, by keeping constant the CO 2 residence time in the different size vessels a good reproduction of the kinetic behavior should be obtained. Nevertheless, experimental results did not confirm model predictions, and in fact none of the scaling criteria studied resulted adequate in the marigold supercritical extraction scaling up. Thus, using all the experimental overall extraction curves obtained, a new specific correlation was developed between the Schmidt number (Sc), CO 2 mass flow, bed geometry and the supercritical mass transfer coefficients k YA with a good fit (R 2 = 0.9767) for scaling up the supercritical extraction of marigold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the fractionation of an ethanolic extract of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) using supercritical carbon dioxide anti-solvent technique was studied, with the target of increasing the concentration of phenolic compounds in the precipitated fraction. The effect of pressure on the selective precipitation was analyzed, together with the morphology and particle size distribution of the precipitates. In the range of pressures studied (10–20 MPa), up to a 3 fold increase of the total phenolic compound concentration was observed in the precipitates in comparison with the ethanolic yarrow extract. In addition, the selective fractionation of the main phenolic compounds identified in the extract (3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, a glycoside form of apigenin and luteolin, as well as the aglycones) was analyzed. Particle sizes around 250–330 μm were produced with a nozzle of 101.6 μm inner diameter, due to the formation of aggregates. In this respect, increasing pressure from 10 to 15 MPa resulted in smaller particles, while further pressure increasing had no significant effect on particle size decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) from Bulgaria was extracted in a supercritical pilot-scale plant using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). First, the extraction yield was studied as a function of time at 14 MPa, 40 °C and 70 g/min of CO 2 . Then, the extraction time was set in order to study the effect of different process parameters (pressure, temperature, CO 2 flow and use of ethanol as co-solvent) on the extraction yield. The composition of the volatile oil obtained in yarrow extracts was thoroughly studied by GC–MS. Overall extraction yield increased with pressure, temperature and amount of co-solvent. Nevertheless, minor effect of the studied process parameters on yarrow volatile oil profile was found. On the other hand, important differences were found when comparing the volatile oil composition of Bulgarian Achillea millefolium L. extracts with those obtained from other origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ) extraction is an innovative and efficient method to recover valued substances from vegetal materials. The diffusion behavior of the extract in the supercritical solvent is an important parameter to understand the mass transfer behavior of the process. In this work, experimental data from the literature were utilized to analyze the diffusivity of lipophilic chemically similar solutes in SCCO 2 . Substances with similar chemical structure, molecular weight and volatility, have also very similar diffusion coefficients, which are mainly determined by temperature, pressure and, in turn, by the corresponding physicochemical properties of the supercritical solvent (density and viscosity). Based on this premise, general correlations were derived to represent the diffusion coefficient of volatile oils, fatty acids and its esters, and fixed oils (triglycerides) in SCCO 2 as a function solely of pressure and temperature. The diffusion coefficients obtained were satisfactory compared with those calculated with theoretical and semi-empirical models from the literature, which require pure component parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports experimental data to analyze the effect of different green cosolvents, namely ethyl lactate, ethyl acetate and ethanol, on the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ) extraction of caffeine from green tea leaves. The experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale plant using two different approaches: a static procedure in which the cosolvent was introduced in the extraction cell soaking the vegetal material and then SCCO 2 was pumped, and a dynamic assay in which the cosolvent was pumped and mixed with SCCO 2 before introduction into the extraction cell. The overall caffeine recovery from plant matrix was determined for all experiments at the same extraction conditions (30 MPa and 343 K). Additionally, the overall extraction curves of the static experiments were determined at the same process conditions, and the mass transfer model of Sovová was utilized to adjust the kinetic data and to determine the mass transfer coefficients. The highest caffeine yield was obtained with ethyl lactate in both static and dynamic extractions (13.0 and 14.2 mg/g of tea, respectively), followed by ethanol (10.8 mg/g with the static method and 8.8 mg/g with the dynamic method). The yield obtained with ethyl acetate in both extraction approaches was lower than 7 mg/g. These data reinforce previous results obtained by the authors regarding the competence of ethyl lactate in the extraction of caffeine from natural materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betulinic acid (3β, hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid) is a bioactive triterpenic acid which was identified in various botanical sources and in considerable amounts in the bark of plane tree ( Platanus acerifolia L.). In this work, the recovery of betulinic acid from plane tree bark was studied using different liquid solvent based extraction methods, namely solid–liquid extraction (SLE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Furthermore, preliminary studies of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of plane tree bark are also reported. The liquid solvent based extraction techniques (SLE, UAE and PLE) were carried out using ethanol and ethyl acetate, and produced a recovery of betulinic acid in the range 10–15 mg/g of bark, with concentrations around 25–35% mass. A betulinic acid enrichment in the ethanolic extracts was possible by means of a simple precipitation step adding water. The precipitate contained 42–46% mass of betulinic acid and high recovery (>95%). Increasing the extraction temperature, by means of the PLE assays, has not resulted in an improvement of betulinic acid recovery. The preliminary SFE assays produced lower recoveries of betulinic acid (0.5–8 mg/g) with respect to liquid extraction. The addition of ethanol as cosolvent produced a significant improvement of both betulinic acid recovery and concentration in the SFE extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Simultaneous extraction of spinach and rosemary leaves. [•] Extracts with improved antioxidant activity were obtained. [•] No synergic effect between spinach carotenoids and rosemary phenolics were sensed. [•] Antioxidant improvement could be related to enhancement of carnosic acid extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The use of supercritical fluid technology as an innovative technology to extract bioactive compounds has grown considerably in recent decades. Particularly, the recovery of antioxidants from different herbs is a matter of continuous research and development. Antioxidants can protect cells against the effects of free radicals and thus, play an important role in heart illness, cancer and other diseases. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been recognized as one of the Lamiaceae plant with many important biological activities. Particularly, large antioxidant power has been recognized in rosemary and main substances related with this activity were the phenolic diterpenes such as carnosol, rosmanol, carnosic acid, methyl carnosate, and phenolic acids such as the rosmarinic and caffeic acids. Moreover, carnosic acid and carnosol are recognized as the most abundant antioxidants present in rosemary. In this work, supercritical fluid technology was applied to produce rosemary extracts with different compositions and thus, with different bioactivity properties. Selected extracts, from the variety of samples obtained, were used to study the capability of rosemary supercritical extracts to inhibit the proliferation of human liver carcinoma cells. These extracts showed a dose-dependent effect on inhibiting the proliferation of human hepatoma cells. Moreover, observed citostaticity appeared to be significantly influenced by their different composition, suggesting a relevant role of the technology to produce the extracts and the consequently obtained compositions on the potential antitumoral activity of rosemary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) extracts were obtained in a supercritical pilot-scale plant. Based on experimental information available in the literature for analytical or low-scale processes, extraction temperature and pressure were selected to be 313K and 30MPa. At these extraction conditions, the kinetic behavior of the pilot-scale overall extraction curve were determined with respect to yield, antioxidant activity and carnosic acid content. The overall extraction curve was represented using Sovova''s model; the average deviation between measured and calculated yields was lower than 2%. Mass transfer coefficients in the fluid and solid phases were determined and were compared with previous data reported in the literature for low-scale rosemary supercritical extraction. A two-stage depressurization procedure was accomplished and the effect of both on-line fractionation and extraction time on the antioxidant activity of the samples collected was studied. The antioxidant activity of the different fractions could be straight correlated with the carnosic acid content with a regression coefficient of 0.92. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was employed to fractionate thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) extracts, which were obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of thyme leaves. First, different supercritical extracts were produced at 313K and at different pressures (15, 30 and 40MPa). Thymol, a monocyclic terpenoid with recognized antiseptic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, was identified and quantified in the different samples by GC–MS. Then, the supercritical extracts were fractionated by semi-preparative SFC, and different conditions such as pressure, temperature and amount of cosolvent (ethanol) employed were studied. Around a two fold increase of thymol was achieved at 15MPa, 50°C and 3% ethanol cosolvent, recovering 97% of the monocyclic terpenoid extracted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Plant extracts were produced by hydrodistillation and supercritical extraction. • Selected extracts were used in chitosan-based edible coatings applied to berries. • Coatings with supercritical extracts showed less weight loss and fungal decay. • Spoilage preservation was better with essential oil coatings. • All coating treatments did not change significantly the color appearance of berries. ga1 Plant extracts are being studied in the development of novel edible food coatings. The antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds that naturally occur in some plants are the key substances that contribute to preserving food quality. Besides the plant material, the method utilized to produce the extract influences its chemical and preservative characteristics. In general, hydrodistillation produce plant products (essential oils) that are well recognized for containing high concentration of antioxidant or antimicrobial volatile compounds. Supercritical fluid technology produces high quality bioactive extracts with higher yield but lower concentration of volatile compounds, in comparison with hydrodistillation. In this work, six different natural extracts of five different plants were produced by hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were compared. The most active extracts were used to produce chitosan-based edible coatings with the aim of assessing the effect of essential oils versus supercritical extracts on the preservation of strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SC-CO 2 can recover oil from the byproduct of Brazil nut beverage production. • At 400 bar and 60 °C the oil recovery was c.a. 100%. • Extraction rate was greatly dominated by oil solubility in SC-CO 2. • High concentration of squalene and β-sitosterol were obtained at 200 bar and 60 °C. ga1 Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO 2) was performed to recover the lipid fraction of the cake by-product from Brazil nut beverage (BNM) production. Extraction kinetics and the effect of pressure and temperature on the yield, oil recovery, fatty acid (FA) profile and minor lipid compounds were evaluated. The modeling of the kinetic assays indicated that most of the oil is readily accessible and the extraction velocity is dominated by the oil solubility. High yield with c.a. 100% oil recovery was achieved at 400 bar and 60 °C. While the FA profile of extracts did not present relevant variations with the extraction conditions, higher content of squalene and β-sitosterol (590.8 and 283.9 mg/g extract) were obtained at the lowest pressure and highest temperature assessed (200 bar and 60 °C). Therefore, SC-CO 2 extraction is a suitable technique to recover the oil and other minor lipid bioactive compounds of the cake by-product from BNM production, with a potential application in foods, cosmetics or nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]