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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) refer to a group of battery-operated tiny sensor nodes having vast application areas in daily use. These are spatially dispersed and dedicated wireless sensor nodes for observing and recording the different parameter and physical conditions of the surroundings. There is a recent advancement in the field of network connectivity and computations in WSNs. The key functions of WSNs are a data extraction and to transmit the extracted data to the server placed at an isolated location. Various types of WSNs like underground underwater, terrestrial, and multimedia networks get applications domains such as in industrial automation, traffic monitoring and control medical device monitoring, and many other areas. Despite the thriving market, there are several challenges like energy efficiency, limited storage and computation, low bandwidth, high error rates, scalability, and survivability in harsh environment; hence, network lifespan expanding is a critical demanding issues. So many researchers have earlier focused towards finding the optimal path in between member node and sink node, so that energy depletion can be reduced to improve the network lifespan. There are different challenges in WSNs but one of the most challenging issues is how to minimize the energy consumption; numerous bio-inspired techniques have been proposed previously to obtain an optimal path between the member node and the sink node. In this manuscript, we are presenting a comprehensive survey on optimization technique-based routing and clustering. The study of this comprehensive survey offers in-depth summary of the past researches in the area of WSNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]