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The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of sprint interval training (SIT; 10 seconds) and high-intensity interval training (HIT; 30 seconds) on surfing athletes paddling performance (400-m time trial and repeat-sprint paddle performance). Twenty-four competitive adolescent surfers (19 male, 5 female; age = 14.4 ± 1.3 years, mass: 50.1 ± 10.7 kg, and stature: 159.9 ± 10.3 cm) were assigned to perform either 5 weeks of SIT and HIT. Participants completed a repeated-sprint paddle ability test (RSPT, 15-m surfboard sprint paddle initiated every 40 seconds x 10 bouts) and 400-m endurance surfboard paddle time trial before and after training. High-intensity interval training decreased the total time to complete the 400 m by 15.8 ± 16.1 seconds (p = 0.03), and SIT decreased the total time to complete the RSPT by 6.5 ± 4.3 seconds (p = 0.02). Fatigue index during the RSPT (first--slowest effort) was lower after HIT and SIT (p ≤ 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). There were no significant differences in performance changes in the 400 m (total time) and RSPT (total time, fastest 15 m time, and peak velocity) between HIT and SIT. Our study indicates that HIT and SIT may be implemented to the training program of surfers to improve aerobic and repeat-sprint paddle ability, both of which are identified as key aspects of the sport. In addition, these findings indicate that 400-m paddle and RSPT can discriminate between aerobic and anaerobic training adaptations, with aerobic gains likely from HIT and anaerobic gains from SIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which determined the effects of polyester jerseys on psycho-physiological responses during cycling exercise in extreme environment. The researchers tested the polyester jerseys with knits on physiological and perceptual responses in trained cyclists during exercise performed in a hot and moist environment. The study found that polyester jerseys with larger knits could limit the drift of skin temperature and could increase the thermal comfort of cyclists.

The article presents a brief review of case involving a healthy male junior athlete who was hospitalized for exertional rhabdomyolysis during a preseason conditioning program. The athlete was hospitalized for six days where he received intravenous normal saline for rehydration, and daily assessment for creatine kinase (CK) levels. It is suggested that sports coaches should be aware that exertional rhabdomyolysis commonly affects individuals who are new to novel and intense exercises.

The article presents a study which examined the effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric exercise on peak power and jumping performance in women. The researchers investigated the effects of plyometric exercise during a 12-week training and detraining of untrained but physically active female college students. The study suggested that sports coaches must include both unilateral and bilateral modes of plyometric exercise for faster improvement and to guard against detraining.

The article presents a study which examined the relationships between the practice of high-impact and nonimpact sports and bone status in adolescent male athletes. The researchers investigated differences from an age-matched control group and high-impact group of male athletes for variable like bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and limbs. The study found that the high-impact group displayed greater bone mass compared to the bone variables in other groups.

The article presents a study which determined the relationship of optimal duration of a single whole-body vibration (WBV) dose-response to muscle performance. The researchers investigated the WBV exposure of physically active men and the ideal number of sets per intervention to maximize muscle performance. The study indicated a greater effect for the program of six sets of WBV intervention to improve muscle performance.

The article presents a study which examined the effect of adding whole-body vibration (WBV) to preconditioning activity to the 40-m sprint performance. The researchers investigated the WBV effects to body-loaded half squats of amateur soccer players as preconditioning exercise before a sprint test. The study found that preconditioning exercise combined with WBV could enhance the sprint performance in amateur soccer athletes.

The article presents a study which evaluated the kinetic characteristics of varied plyometric exercises. The researchers assessed the gender differences in plyometric training such as line hops, squat jumps, tuck jumps, and countermovement jumps with a ground reaction force platform using multi-analysis of variance. The study suggested that plyometric training can be incorporated in progression training with increasing intensity over the course of a training regimen.

The article presents a study which examined the acute potentiating effects of back squats on athlete performance. The researchers investigated the performance protocols of male rugby players with a specific focus on back squats with movement specificity and individual timing of potentiation. The study suggested that the potentiating effects of squats may exhibit more movement specificity than exercises with similar movement patterns.

The article presents a study which determined the effects of verbal feedback in the upper body performance of athletes in resistance training. The researchers investigated the performances of well-trained rugby players using the bench throw exercise with feedback after repetitions. The study indicated that verbal feedback could result to acute improvement in upper-body power output of trained athletes.

The article presents a study which examined the effect of fatiguing upper extremity aerobic exercises on balance. The researchers investigated both aerobic and anaerobic fatigue for upper and lower muscle groups on balance and leg-stance stability. The study found that the upper body significantly contributed in maintaining unilateral standing balance and supported the rehabilitation and training protocols that could improve the balance.

The article presents a study which determined the kinetic differences during variations of the power clean for athletes. The researchers compared the peak power, vertical ground reaction forces, and rate of force development (RFD) of rugby league players using one-way analysis of variance. The study found that midthigh power clean and midthigh clean pull appeared to be the most advantageous variations of the power clean when training to maximize power and RFD.

The article presents a study which compared the prerace characteristics of the finishers and nonfinishers in the ultra-endurance Swiss Cycling Marathon to qualify for the non-stop cycling Race Across America. The researchers evaluated the cyclists' anthropometry, previous experience, training, and support in races over 720 kilometers. The study found that high-speed training and appropriate nutrition were significantly and positively associated with race time.

The article presents a study which analyzed the timeliness to evolve into high-level performance classification for marathon runners. The researchers examined the time-based data collected from 1969 to 2010 which indicated a nonlinear tendency and disruption in time improvements. The study found that marathon time improvements were significantly linked to factors like sociological, environmental, physiological, and training-methods.

The article presents a study which describes the results of a survey of strength and conditioning practices of strongman competitors. The survey comprised 3 main areas of enquiry which includes exercise selection, training protocols and organization and strongman event training. Results show that strongman competitors incorporate a wide variety of strength and conditioning practices that are focused on increasing muscular size and the development of maximal strength and power into the exercise.

The article presents a study which determines the sustainability of critical power (CP) established during the 3-minute test and the determinants of sustainability. The participants of the study were group of elite cyclists performed a 3-minute all-out test and a time to exhaustion (TTE) trial at CP on 3 different days separated by at least 24 hours. Result suggests that the 3-minute all-out test may overestimate CP in elite cyclists which could lead to overtraining.

The article presents a study which evaluates physical demands of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football players during preseason practices in the heat. It examines 49 football players who participated in practice sessions and their heart rate and global positioning system data were recorded throughout each practice. Result reveals that players exposed to similar practice demands provide similar work output during preseason practice sessions regardless of their playing status.

The article discusses research which was conducted to identify the benefits and underlying mechanisms of agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training (APS) and to determine how the training could be exploited. Researchers determined that the practical applicability of APS training in terms of acute performance enhancement is limited but that it may be a time effective method for developing strength and power.

The article reports on research which was conducted to determine whether repeated shuttle sprints or explosive strength training were more effective in improving repeated sprint ability in young elite soccer players. Researchers evaluated 15 players. They found that both training methods were equally efficient at enhancing maximal sprinting speed in the players.

The article discusses research which was conducted to examine the physical demands of water polo during men's water polo games regulated by the Federation International Natation Association and to examine the impact game activity had on the players' blood lactate levels. Researchers evaluated 77 players. They found that blood lactate levels differed according to position and that as a result water polo training should be individualized.

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the impact four months of strength training with different training loads had on aerobic power, strength, and acceleration in two under-19 soccer teams. Researchers found that the use of loads as a function of the speed of movement, without the need to determine maximum repetitions, is a methodology that can be used to improve strength in under-19 soccer players.

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the intensity and duration of intermittent exercise and recovery during a soccer match and to gain detailed graphical information on the duration and exercise intensity of each position throughout the match. Researchers found that having individualized data about each playing position might prove valuable for tactical decision making, substitution timing, and for planning future training sessions in soccer.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the effect an in-season short-term plyometric training program had on leg power, jump and sprint performance of soccer players. Researchers evaluated 23 players. They found that biweekly plyometric training, including adapted hurdle and depth jumps, improved important components of athletic performance such as leg power and sprinting, relative to standard in-season training.

The article discusses research which was conducted to investigate the effect basketball players' standard and tactical strategy had on the physical game demands in men's international and national level basketball. Researchers evaluated 16 players. They found that physical demands depended on the competitive level of the game and that due to strategic needs of each level of play athletes should be trained in high intensity level activities.

The article reports on research which was conducted to impose a period of quantifiable intensified training to see whether commonly used diagnostic markers of overtraining parallel changes in physical performance and thus overtraining status in athletes. Researchers evaluated eight trained male cyclists. They found that markers of overtraining do not parallel a decrease in performance and should be interpreted with caution.

The article reports on research conducted to present an overview of documented shoulder injuries among resistance training athletes and to investigate the mechanisms of injury and risk factors. Researchers conducted a literature review of several databases. They determined that up to 36% of injuries occurred at the shoulder and that risk factors such as joint and muscle imbalances and improper attention to exercise technique increased the risk of injury.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the effects of energy balance, caloric intake, and the hormonal anabolic-catabolic balance in bodybuilders prior to competition. Researchers evaluated 14 male bodybuilders who were placed in an energy restricted group or a control group that trained and ate regularly. They found that severe energy restriction to extremely low body energy reserves significantly decreased concentrations of three anabolic pathways despite high protein intake.

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the short term effects complex and contrast training had on vertical jump, sprinting and agility ability in soccer players. Researchers evaluated 23 elite soccer players from Portugal. They found that the complex and contrast training led to increases in performance of the sprint and squat jump and that it was an effective training strategy to develop muscle power and speed.

The article reports on research conducted to compare repetition performance when keeping the load constant or reducing the load by different percentages during a lower-body resistance training workout. Researchers evaluated 11 subjects who performed back squats, leg extensions and leg curls. They found that the back squat and leg curl required 15% load reductions per set to maintain repetition performance and that load reductions were not necessary for the leg extension.

The article reports on research conducted to gain a better understanding of how altering feedback can impact discrete dynamic movements that are integral to strength training programs. Researchers evaluated the effects of three types of feedback on the execution hang power clean over 6 training sessions. They found that athletes benefited more from a training program which featured a combination of visual and verbal feedback cues than from visual feedback alone or verbal feedback alone.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate whether different length-restricted strength training regimens affect voluntary explosive concentric power-load curves of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles. Researchers evaluated 32 athletes. They found that strength training regimens with a common restriction to long muscle tendon unit lengths failed to induce length-dependent alterations in athlete's voluntary concentric power-load curves of knee extensors and flexors.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the relationship between training load, recovery, and monthly field test performance in young elite soccer players and to help to develop training guidelines to enhance their performance. Researchers evaluated 18 players. They found that players spent an average of 394.4 minutes per week on training and game play and that every extra hour of training or game play resulted in enhanced field performance.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the relationship between performance testing and psychological measures before and after a 12 week strength and conditioning program in female athletes. Researchers evaluated 28 college field hockey players and 28 soccer players. They found that the program led to improvements in athletic ability in both groups and to increases in perceived strength among the athletes.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the effect a heavy weight training exercise had on sprinting performance and on the effect of repeated exposure to a complex training protocol in rugby players. Researchers evaluated 11 players. They found that the training resulted in decreased velocity and that rugby players may need repeated exposure to weight training to gain any benefit from it.

The article reports on research conducted to describe the results of a survey of 128 U.S. high school strength and conditioning coaches from 24 U.S. states. The survey evaluated examined the coaches' personal background information, compensation, job responsibilities, schools and facilities, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their positions, things they would like to change, and unique aspects of their strength and conditioning programs.

The article reports on research conducted to evaluate research which had been conducted on the effect resistance training had on road cycling performance in highly trained cyclists. Researchers evaluated five studies found in a database. They found that despite a limited amount of research on the subject it appears that replacing a portion of a cyclist's endurance training with resistance training may increase performance and power.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate differences in lower-body strength improvements seen with progressive resistance training {WT) vs. the same training combined with static stretching exercises (WT + ST). Researchers evaluated 32 college students. They found that WT improved knee flexion, knee extension, and leg press 1 repetition maximum (RM) by 12, 14, and 9%, respectively and that WT + ST improved knee flexion, knee extension, and leq press 1RM by 16, 27, and 31.

The article reports on research conducted to determine whether a range of static core stability measures could distinguish shoulder press performance in unstable vs. stable conditions. Researchers evaluated 30 resistance trained men. They found no differences in performance in the unstable and stable conditions. They concluded that core stability training may only lead to significant improvements in functional dynamic performance if the postures, mode and velocity of contraction performed in training are similar to the competitive tasks.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the effectiveness of the Both Sides Utilized (BOSU) balance trainer on ankle muscle activation. The BOSU is used by fitness facilities, therapy clinics and training rooms for strengthening, balance training and injury rehabilitation. It was found that both sides of the balance trainer produced similar difficulty during training.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the effects of whole-body low-frequency vibration (WBLFV) on isometric force/time characteristics during squat training. It was found that there were benefits to adding WBLFV to resistance training, and adding vibration between sets may be an alternative to adding vibration during training.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the vertical ground reaction forces (VGRFs) during popular bilateral plyometric performances. 14 track and field athletes performed different plyometric exercises. It was found that standing long jump exercises resulted in a higher peak VGRF compared to two consecutive jumps.

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on muscle force output, rate of force development (RFD) and motor neuron excitability. Participants performed a series of exercises with or without WBV. It was found that WBV is a plausible warmup method which increases muscle force output in athletes before a competition.

The article reports on research conducted to measure hydration status and gastrointestinal temperature (TG|) in male ice hockey players during practice sessions. Researchers evaluated 17 players. They found that the players they evaluated become hypohydrated during practice participation, which potentially predisposed them to dehydration related illnesses, and that the change in hydration status resulted in a gastrointestinal temperature increase and significant weight loss during activity.

The article reports on research conducted to determine the effects five weeks of training at the same time of day had on the diurnal variations of maximal muscle power performance in athletes and to investigate whether maximal muscle power production in humans is influenced by the habitual time of training. Researchers found that anaerobic muscle power production can be performed at any time of day with the same benefit and that the training increased performance in athletes.

The article reports on research conducted to perform a retrospective analysis of training and injury in British National Squad Olympic distance and Ironman distance triathletes. Researchers found that the number of overuse injuries sustained over a five year period did not differ between the two groups but that training differences between triathletes who specialize in Olympic distance or Ironman competitions may lead to their exhibiting risk for injury to specific anatomical sites.

The article reports on research conducted to compare the effects a flexible nonlinear periodized weight training program and a nonlinear periodized weight training program had on on strength and power. Researchers evaluated 16 beginner weight training students. They found that the flexible nonlinear weight training program improved leg strength in the athletes and could be used successfully by coaches.

The article reports on research conducted to 2010—This study evaluated the effectiveness of a periodized plyometric training program and the impact of the duration of the post-training recovery period on countermovement jump performance. Researchers evaluated 14 women. They found that the training is effective for women and that performance is not influenced by the length of post training recovery.

The article reports on research conducted to examine the effects creatine monohydrate supplementation with and without D-pinitol had on resistance training adaptations. Researchers evaluated 24 male resistance trained athletes. They found that adding D-pinitol to creatine monohydrate does not appear to facilitate further physiological adaptations while resistance training and that creatine monohydrate supplementation helps to improve strength and body composition while resistance training

The article reports on research which was conducted to examine the effects of two in-season short-term sprint and power training protocols on vertical countermovement jump height, sprint speed and agility speed in male elite junior soccer players. Researchers evaluated 20 players. Researchers found that contrast training should be used rather than line sprint training in the short term in young elite soccer players when the aim is to improve soccer- specific sprint performance.

The article reports on research conducted to investigate the effects a pre-cooling intervention had on physiological and performance responses to team-sport training in the heat. Researchers evaluated seven male lacrosse players. They found that the use of a cooling intervention prior to a sprint training session in the heat can assist in reducing thermoregulatory load and improve aspects of training performance for team sports.