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There currently exists a great deal of available evidence that shows how important self-talk is for performance and self-regulation in sport. Hence, it is not surprising that, during the past few decades, research into sport self-talk has consistently been growing. Nonetheless, the term self-talk refers to di!erent cognitive processes, which makes the conceptual delimitation of self-talk difficult. The purpose of this interpretative review was to present the state-of-the-art in sport self-talk research in order to solve this conceptual confusion and thereby to promote research in the Spanish-speaking world. Specifically, in this review we focused on (a) the development of the major research trends in sport self-talk and, in relation to them (b) the de#nitions of di!erent types of self-talk in sport, (c) self-talk assessment instruments and their relationships with other examined variables, and (d) the di!erent types of self-talk interventions and their respective e!ects on sport performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscular Dysmorphia (DM) is a body dysmorphic disorder whose sufferers are dissatisfied with their size and / or body shape. It has been studied in athletes of differents sports (Baghurst and Lirgg, 2009), but researchs is not enough. Therefore, the objective of this work was detected DM symptons among 485 athletes (387 men and 98 women). The sports represented were weightlifting (7.8%), artistic gymnastics (12.8%), swimming (10.9%), football (44.1%) and triathlon (24.3%). This study required the implementation of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Somatomorphic Matrix, in addition to collection the anthropometric measures of the participants. The results revealed the existence of DM symptoms among athletes, as well as muscular dissatisfaction and significant relationships between the domains of physical selfconcept related to this (general physical selfconcept and physical attractiveness (r = .73, p <.01), and general selfconcept with physical condition (r = 0.72, p <0.01)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to explore the most important Dual Career (DC) planning competences depending on the academic level. One-hundred and thirty-eight elite student-athletes were divided in three groups: (a) Secondary education (Mage = 15.18; DT = 0,62); (b) High School (Mage = 17,37; DT = 1,03); and (c) University (Mage = 21,48; DT = 2,34). Student-athletes Spanish and Catalan version of Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes (DCCQ-A), where elite student-athletes choose the 5 most important competences to plan their own dual career. Results shows that dedication to succeed and capability to make decisions were the most important competences chosen by student-athletes. On the other hand, eight competencies to plan were different between the tree groups studied. As the most important competences have shown to be transversals and stables on time during all the stages studied, we recommend to acquire them during initiation stage and develop them throughout all stages of dual career. This, could facilitate to student athletes to manage different situations during their dual career in a medium and long term (e.g., career transitions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach's alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was driven by Lane and Terry's (2000) theoretical model, and was carried out with the aim of studying the profile of mood states in adolescent athletes, in addition to the relationship between mood dimensions and sports performance. 212 athletes (82.5% men, 17.5% women) with an average age of 15.44 (SD = 1.14) took part. All of them completed the POMS questionnaire on mood states and 2 subjective performance indicators. On the basis of scores on Depressed Mood, the sample of participants was divided up into 2 groups, Non-Depressed (n = 104) and Depressed (n = 108). The Depressed group reported significantly higher values for Tension, Anger, and Fatigue, and significantly lower values for Vigour. with respect to the size of the correlations amongst factors, the overall coefficient was higher in the Depressed-mood group, although the difference observed was not statistically significant. Finally, we found significant relationships between the POMS Friendship factor and satisfaction with performance in the Non-Depressed group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to analyse dependence on exercise and body dissatisfaction in endurance athletes and its relation with motivation to do sports. 126 men (M = 36.02 ± 10.62 years) and 23 women (M = 28.18 ± 8.65 years) took part who did: long-distance running, swimming, triathlon and cycling. In the total sample, the prevalence of exercise dependence was 13.6% and body dissatisfaction was 16.3%. For exercise dependence, triathletes showed higher scores with significant differences when compared to the runners. Introjected regulation is a common predictor for exercise dependence and body dissatisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to analyze the effects of affective, personal and demographic variables in the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (DPCE). 286 athletes aged between 10 and 19 years of both sexes participated in the study. We used the Commitment Exercise Scale, the Body Shape Questionnaire and the "Criterion of Economic Classification Brazil" to assess the DPCE, body dissatisfaction and socioeconomic status, respectively. The results showed significant effects for females (p = .001). These same analyzes for males showed no significant effects. It was concluded that affective, personal and demographic factors promoted effects in DPCE only in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic training and planning are fundamental in ensuring the integration of elite athletes into the labour market. The main goal of this study was to analyse the extent to which academic measures are applied by the system's different stakeholders. When the information process was analysed, certain shortcomings were noted. Most calls by athletes were for the dates of exams to be changed due to their coincidence with an official competition, as confirmed by requests to all bodies. The period from 20 to 30 years of age is critical in academic terms and a fully comprehensive service should be ensured for these top athletes in order to provide ongoing guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine differences in the performance of an attention-related task involving martial arts skills. 12 expert martial arts athletes and 13 novices took part, performing the Test of Variables of Attention (Leark, Greenberg, Kindschi, Dupuy and Hughes, 2007). Using a non-parametric statistical permutation method, the test data for each variable, condition and segment of the test was analysed. Comparisons of the groups showed a trend toward a higher global Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) score by the expert athletes as compared with the novices. In order to find out each group's performance during the test, a statistical intra-group analysis was performed. Generally, the results revealed more consistent accuracy and response times by the experts than by the novice athletes. The results suggest that physical and mental training in the martial arts may increase the attention skills of sportsmen and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on evaluating the resilience of 208 athletes with a physical disability and on testing the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale. The mean resilience scores, considered to represent moderate resilience, were similar for men (X = 132.4 ± 30.9) and women (X = 131.4 ± 35.7). Participants with spinal cord injuries and myelomeningocele were observed to have achieved higher resilience scores, while those with cerebral palsy obtained the lowest and those with amputations or polio obtained intermediate scores (F = 3, p = .019). The participants in this research study displayed a significantly lower mean resilience (X = 132.13 ± 32.25) than those reported in other studies with the general population. A factor analysis showed multidimensional causes, with seven factors accounting for 61.27% of the total variation. Moreover, the research tool/questionnaire showed a good internal consistency (α = .88). The moderate resilience scores indicate that there is potential for developing these athletes' resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, emotions have assumed their rightful place in sport psychology research. Emotions are currently one of the most productive themes in the literature in this field. This paper opens by analysing some basic conceptual and methodological issues concerning the definition, classification and assessment of emotions, and it outlines the main theoretical models that link emotions with performance. The paper goes on to examine some of the main research trends in this field (e.g. dimensions of emotions, assessment times, research methodologies, and moderator and mediator variables). To conclude, some of the developments achieved so far in this field are highlighted, namely the growing attention given to different positive and negative discrete emotions, assessed at different competitive moments using a wider range of qualitative and quantitative instruments. Additionally, some fields of future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their intensive sporting activities, athletes might not only experience positive outcomes and a state of psychological wellbeing but also a considerable amount of stress which can contribute to psychopathological states. Research into psychopathology in sport is a relatively recent field of study and investigations have focused rather narrowly on a few limited areas of study. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of psychological intervention after a young tennis player experienced a manic episode which affected the emotional wellbeing of other individuals from the same sporting environment, including the coaches and other athletes. The intervention, directed at the coaching staff and athletes, was based on the Psychological Wellbeing Model developed by Carol Ryff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an abbreviated Spanish form of the questionnaire for the profile of mood states, POMS. It is a new study on the internal validity of this instrument with athletes, and offers evidence to extend its use to the general population. The participants completed the POMS adult version, with 44 items and 6 first-order factors labelled Anger, Fatigue, Vigour. Friendliness, Tension, and Depressed Mood (Andrade et al., 2010). In the athletes' sample (n = 400), the results of the confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable, although they provided guidelines to refine the measurement model. Thus, we proceeded to reduce the number of items, keeping only 5 for each theoretical dimension: the most statistically and substantively appropriate ones. This way we also achieved a significant increase in the goodness-of-fit of the model. Subsequently, we carried out confirmatory factor analysis of the same pattern in the general population sample (n = 400). Finally, we used a multi-group approach to test the invariance of the model on two levels, configuration and metric equivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the emergence of isolated studies in the early 1980s to the concentrated and burgeoning research base of the present day, scholars within sport psychology have been motivated to address the problem of eating disorders in sport. Heavily influenced by the medical model of scientific inquiry, the extant literature offers important insights into prevalence and aetiology. Despite this progress, there is much that is poorly understood about athlete eating disorders and existing approaches are vulnerable to considerable critique. This paper highlights some of the fundamental problems with the medical model and argues that its current dominance has created an overly narrow knowledge base. It is proposed that an increase in qualitative, interpretive accounts, that prioritize the subjectivity of experience over the serialization of symptoms, is necessary if we are to achieve a balanced and more complete understanding of eating disorders in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the Athlete Burnout Inventory (ABI) offers an improved version of the first measurement tool of the syndrome that was used in our country. The ABI, which has made it possible to further knowledge of burnout from both a research and applied perspective, required best statistical fits which, among other issues, would ensure the best possible measurement of this psychological problem in athletes. The present state of the measurement of burnout appears in the introduction, reviewing its evolution. The basic characteristics of the 460 athletes forming the sample are described, in the section on methodology, and throughout the section on results, we find a series of psychometric indicators that lead us to be optimistic as to the developments achieved with ABI-R, as well as the burnout measurement it offers through its three dimensions: Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Reduced Sense of Personal Accomplishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]