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Objective: To identify the scientific literature to determine best available evidence about nursing care for the treatment / prevention of surgical site infection. Method: systematic review of the literature using computerized research on virtual basis, with filter 2010 to 2015. We used the following databases: BDENF, IBECS, Medline, Lilacs and Cochrane via Virtual Library in Health (BVS). Results: Of the 20 (twenty) articles analyzed, 14 (fourteen) investigated the risk factors for surgical site infection, among the most common factors are: smoking, alcohol consumption, age, gender and length of stay. Conclusion: Nursing care is developed with a focus on minimizing risks to patient safety and prevention of surgical site infection. Recommendations: The best way to reduce surgical site infection rates are identifying their risk factors and directing the actions for preventive practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]