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This article presents a study of the learning of verbal material congruent and incongruent with attitudes. The aim was to select Ss with rather strongly held attitudes and to have them learn verbal materials consistent and inconsistent with these attitudes. The Allport-Vernon Study of Values was given to 319 students in elementary psychology classes and those items pertaining to religious or political-economic attitudes were scored. WA Form R-PE 6 (S) was given to the same groups. Twenty-two Ss were found who met the arbitrary criteria for being designated as Religious (R) S, and 21 Ss for being designated as Political-Economic S. Resulted data are evaluated in two ways, by Chi Square and by the t-test. The evidence summarized in this report suggests that it is easier for Religious Ss to learn paired associates in which the response word is a religious one than it is for them to learn paired associates in which the response word has a political economic meaning. The reverse finding was obtained for Ss with strong political-economic values.

This study examines student participation in formal organizations. The five social participation categories were the four quartiles for the sample, labeled as None, Low, Middle--in the order of increasing participation. Chapin Social Participation Scale reports the reliability coefficient as .887. Social adjustment was measured by the Washburne Social Adjustment Inventory. The chi square was employed to test for statistically significant relationships between participation scores and various background factors such as age, employment and marital status. The data for the study were collected from a random sample of students in a large midwestern university. Of the background factors studied, sex, age, marital status, and military status are significantly related to social participation. Women participate more than do men. The older the student, the less likely he is to participate. Among men, traveling time to campus and mode of travel are related significantly to social participation. Women who participate date significantly more than do low participants or non-participants. Men in the middle and low participant categories are more active in sports than those in the high or non-participant categories. Place of residence is an important factor in social participation. For the females, however, the mean social adjustment scores increased with decreased participation.

As a result of an opinion poll among the students at Grinnell College a sex difference was noted. This investigation was designed to test the significance of this difference and to seek the cause for it. It was found to be significant when tested by chi-square, and the chief reason seemed to be in underlying attitudes of (a) greater emotionality of response on the part of women and (b) greater interest in the war and world events on the part of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on leadership as related to Bernreuter personality measures. The purpose of the present study is to attempt to pick out the individual items on the inventory which show a significant difference in the responses of the leaders and the non-leaders. Also an analysis of the "traits" which appear to determine these differences in response is made. To a lesser extent we are interested in the validity of the trait scales and the appropriateness of the names applied to them. The subjects are 81 college women -- 36 leaders and 45 nonleaders. The increase in the number of non-leaders is due to the inclusion of some day students. The exclusion of day students in the previous study was found not materially to change the results. The first step is the tabulation of the responses made by the two groups to each of the 125 items on the inventory. The items which appear to show a difference in response are selected from the total list. The application of the Chi-Square Test reveals that few of the 125 items in the Inventory show a significant difference in the responses of the leaders and non-leaders

The article presents a comparative analysis of MMPI profiles of black and white psychiatric patients. An analysis was conducted wherein corrected chi-square was computed for each item on the race criterion in each sample. Eight factors comprising 53 of 58 items were derived in the psychiatric patient sample. The black psychiatric patient more often than the white psychiatric patient characterized herself as an individual who, although considering herself morally conscientious, was unable to affect her environment, as she felt manipulated by powerful external agents. Ten factors comprising 56 of 65 items were derived in the prison sample. The black prison inmate more often than the white prison inmate characterized himself as having intense feelings, and as conscientious, self-confident, sensitive to self and others. Item-level comparisons have value for further investigations, as scale scores conceal racial differences and as many discriminating items are not keyed so that scale-level comparisons do not utilize all available data.