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The article discusses African American geographies and bodies on Northern urban public transportation from 1915 to 1940. The article focuses on public transportation in the cities of Chicago, Illinois and New York. The author explains that public transportation forced African Americans to share a space with whites. The frequency with which African Americans used public transportation in New York following the 1935 Harlem riot is addressed. The author argues that public transportation helped to breach communal geographical boundaries and test individual physical boundaries.

Examines the significance of police within an urban environment throughout the history in the United States. Citations on works related to the importance of urban police; Increasing public demands on police; Influence of social change on the role of police.