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A novel solid‐phase microextraction fiber was synthesized by coating a stainless steel wire with polyoxomolybdate368/polyaniline as a sorbent aimed at extraction of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and doxepin as antidepressant drugs from urine and blood samples. The polyoxomolybdate368/polyaniline composite coating was applied using electropolymerization process under constant potential. This composition leads to enhanced extraction efficiency of the fiber. Scanning electron microscopy images show that huge three‐dimensional structures of polyoxomolybdate368 in composite induced more non‐smooth and porous fiber. In order to optimize of the extraction process, a series of variables including concentration of the composite materials, coating thickness, pH, extraction time, salt addition, and stirring rate was investigated and optimum conditions were determined. Analysis of surface morphology and chemical composition was performed. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used for separation and evaluation of mentioned antidepressant drugs from the matrixes. The experiments indicated a detection limits of <0.2 ng/L and a linear dynamic range of 0.3–100 ng/L (R2 > 0.994). The relative recovery values were found to be in the range of 92–98%. It was concluded that the purposed fiber is highly efficient in analyzing traces of antidepressant drugs in urine and blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a common mental disorder that may lead to major mental health problems, and antidepressant drugs have been used as a treatment of choice to mitigate symptoms of major depressive disorders by ameliorating the chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in brain. Since abusing antidepressant drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressant drugs can cause severe adverse effects, continuous toxicological monitoring of the parent compounds as well as their metabolites using numerous analytical methods appears pertinent. Among them, capillary electrophoresis has been popularly utilized since the method has a lot of advantages viz. using small amounts of sample and solvents, ease of operation, and rapid analysis. This review paper brings a survey of more than 30 papers on capillary electrophoresis of antidepressant drugs published approximately from 1999 until 2018. It focuses on the reported capillary electrophoresis techniques and their applications and challenges for determining antidepressant drugs and their metabolites. It is organized according to the commonly used capillary zone electrophoresis method, followed by non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography, with details on breakthrough findings. Where available, information is given about the background electrolyte used, detector utilized, and sensitivity obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new facile magnetic micro-solid-phase extraction coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry detection was developed for the extraction and determination of selected antidepressant drugs in biological fluids using magnetite-MCM-41 as adsorbent. The synthesized sorbent was characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. The maximum extraction efficiency for extraction of 500 μg/L antidepressant drugs from aqueous solution was obtained with 15 mg of magnetite-MCM-41 at pH 12. The analyte was desorbed using 100 μL of acetonitrile prior to gas chromatography determination. This method was rapid in which the adsorption procedure was completed in 60 s. Under the optimized conditions using 15 mL of antidepressant drugs sample, the calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 0.05-500 μg/L ( r2 = 0.996-0.999). Good limits of detection (0.008-0.010 μg/L) were obtained for the analytes with good relative standard deviations of <8.0% ( n = 5) for the determination of 0.1, 5.0, and 500.0 μg/L of antidepressant drugs. This method was successfully applied to the determination of amitriptyline and chlorpromazine in plasma and urine samples. The recoveries of spiked plasma and urine samples were in the range of 86.1-115.4%. Results indicate that magnetite micro-solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is a convenient, fast, and economical method for the extraction and determination of amitriptyline and chlorpromazine in biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction is used for the determination of doxepin, citalopram, and fluvoxamine in aqueous matrices. This method is based upon the tandem utilization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and by providing a high sample clean-up, it efficiently improves the applicability of the method in complicated matrices. For this purpose, in the first step, the analytes contained in an aqueous sample solution (8.0 mL) were extracted into an organic solvent, and then these analytes were simply back-extracted into an aqueous acceptor phase (50 μL). The overall extraction time was 7 min, and very simple tools were required for this aim. Optimization of the variables affecting the method such as the type and volume of the organic solvent used and effect of ionic strength was carried out to achieve the best extraction efficiency. Under the optimized experimental conditions, tandem dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography and UV detection showed a good linearity in the range of 10-5000 ng/mL. The limits of detection were in the range of 3-10 ng/mL. The Intra-day precisions (relative standard deviation) were 9.2, 4.5, and 4.8, and the recoveries were 58.5, 52.9, and 39.3% for citalopram, doxepin, and fluvoxamine, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, an efficient and environmental friendly method of ionic-liquid-based emulsified microextraction procedure accelerated by ultrasound radiation has been developed. Subsequently, its performance was compared with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and ultrasound-assisted surfactant-based emulsification microextraction methods. The optimization of experimental conditions was carried out by combination of central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of variables were set as follows: 50 μL of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (extracting solvent), 10 min ultrasound time, and 10 min vortex time for agitating 6 mL sample solution in pH 3 in the presence of 4 mg sodium dodecyl sulfate without addition of salt and 200 μL of methanol as diluent solvent. Under these conditions, the responses are linear for doxepin and perphenazine in the range of 0.3-1000 and 5-1000 μg/L, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.1 μg/L for doxepin and 1 μg/L for perphenazine. Relative standard deviations were lower than 3.5 for the determination of both species. Finally, the method was used for the preconcentration and determination of doxepin and perphenazine in urine sample with relative recoveries in the range of 89-98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]