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This study investigated the possible protective and therapeutic effects of Myrtus communis subsp. communis ethanol extract (MC) in aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and D-galactose (D-Gal) induced Alzheimer's disease in rats. MC was orally given to rats as a protective treatment for 90 days and, in other two groups starting from the 60th day MC (100-200 mg/kg) was administered, concomitantly with AlCl3 and D-Gal. Learning and memory functions were evaluated by the behavioral tests. Biological activities of MC treatment were examined in hippocampal tissues by ELISA tests. D-Gal and AlCl3-treated rats showed increased amyloid beta (Aβ) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8- OHdG) levels, acetylcholinesterase activity and decreased neprilysin, Na+-K+ATPase and SOD levels in parallel with a decrease in Novel Object Recognition Test, Morris Water Maze and Passive Avoidance Test scores. On the other hand, MC administration reversed the behavioral impairments and improved learning and memory. Moreover, MC treatment decreased Aβ and 8-OHdG levels and acetylcholinesterase activity and increased neprilysin levels, Na+-K+ATPase and SOD levels. Our results suggest that MC has beneficial effects on cognitive and neuronal functions through its anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, methanol extract (CSM) and their hexane (CSH), chloroform (CSC), ethyl acetate (CSEA) and aqueous methanol fractions (CSAM) prepared from aerial parts of Centaurea saligna (K.Koch) Wagenitz were investigated for in vitro antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Anticancer, antioxidant, antiinflammatory activities of these extracts were carried out by MTT, DPPH-ABTS, 5-lipoxygenase methods, respectively. Methanol extract and its fractions of C. saligna were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, HeLa, HT-29, PC-3 cell lines at a concentration of 50 µg / ml. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents of extracts were detected by AlCI3 and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Analysis of phytochemical of CSEA, showing a strong anti-inflammatory activity with good antioxidant activity, was performed by LC-MS/MS. CSC exhibited the best antiproliferative activity against HeLa, HT-29, MCF-7 cell lines with 50.18%, 46.88%, 45.42% mortality, respectively. CSEA showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 82.05 µg/ml and 108.4 µg/ml against ABTS and DPPH radicals, respectively. The highest total phenolic amounts have been determined in CSEA with value of 379.2 mg GAE/g extract. In the same way, the highest total flavonoid amounts have been observed in CSEA with values of 170.3 mg QE/g extract. CSEA showed strong anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value of 0.10 µg/ml when compared to indomethacine as standard (22.39 µg/ml). Analysis of CSEA by LC-MS/MS revealed that the major compounds were quinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, apigenin C-hexoside-C-pentoside, p-coumaroylquinic acid, quercetin glucoside, di-caffeoylquinic acid, isorhamnetine glucoside, isorhamnetin glucuronide and isorhamnetin derivative. These results proved that CSEA has significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and CSC has good antiproliferatif activity. Also, the results demostrate that CSEA and CSC are a good source for further bioactivity-guided isolation in discovering new active antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of essential oils of aerial parts of Daucus carota (DEO) and Foeniculum vulgare (FEO) was specified by GC/MS. Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of oils were tested by α-glucosidase inhibitory, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory, DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging, and broth microdilution methods, respectively. Thirty components were identified in DEO (87.7%). Carotol (27.7%), elemicin (18.1%), and limonene (16.0%) were determined as the main compounds in DEO. Seventeen constituents were identified in FEO (100.0%). Estragole (34.0%), limonene (27.1%), and α-pinene (19.5%) were found as major components in FEO. Both oils displayed weak antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. However, the oils were not effective on Grampositive bacteria. DEO with IC50 values of 1359 and 1579 µg/mL and FEO with IC50 values of 3106 and 1654 µg/mL showed weak antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. DEO and FEO exhibited good antilipoxygenase activities with IC50 values of 87.24 and 58.35 µg/mL, respectively. DEO presented significantly α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 44.78 µg/mL while FEO displayed poor activity with an IC50 value of 1967 µg/mL. This study is the first report on the 5-lipoxygenase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of aerial parts of DEO as well as on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aerial parts of FEO. These results indicated that DEO, which has a good antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity, is rich in oxygenated sesquiterpene and monoterpene. Also, it showed that FEO, which has a significant anti-inflammatory activity, is rich in monoterpene and phenylpropanoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]