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Copyright of Journal of Qingdao University of Science & Technology (Social Sciences) / Qingdao Keji Daxue Xuebao: Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Daxue Xuebao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Qingdao University of Science & Technology (Social Sciences) / Qingdao Keji Daxue Xuebao: Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Daxue Xuebao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Qingdao University of Science & Technology (Social Sciences) / Qingdao Keji Daxue Xuebao: Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Daxue Xuebao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)