Following an initial springboard study, a further more extensive piece of research was conducted to identify and evaluate approaches used to manage patient aggression and violence on three acute mental health wards. Data were gathered using an incident form, a questionnaire and interviews. The views of patients (n = 80), nurses (n = 72) and medical staff (n = 10) were explored. Findings revealed a clear distinction between the way staff and patients view both the problem and the response. Patients' view present staff approaches as 'controlling' and believe that environmental and poor communication factors underpin aggressive behaviour. Staff, conversely, attribute aggressive behaviour to internal patient and external factors, which may explain the reason for approaches used. A strong correlation was found between type of patient aggression and response (r = 0.36, P < 0.000) and a high percentage of incidents reported were of an aggressive, as opposed to violent, nature. For example 70% of incidents involved verbal abuse or threat. Despite this, 47% (n = 103) of approaches incorporated the use of medication, restraint or seclusion. These are commonly referred to as traditional methods. Patients clearly view this controlling style as a part of the problem and an emphasis upon control and symptom reduction may be inappropriate given the type of aggression encountered. Key issues were further analysed using an internal, external and situational model, each of which endeavour to explain reasons for patient aggression from different perspectives. It is this emphasis upon sole perspectives that may both contribute to and result in the use of a limited number of management approaches adopted in practice. The integration of all three models to examine the complex nature of patient aggression and violence from a variety of perspectives may be the way forward. As a result, approaches to deal with this problem could be more meaningful and subsequently effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]