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Paper microfluidics is used to produce single layer galvanic and hybrid cells to produce energy that could power paper-based analytical sensors. When two aqueous streams are absorbed onto paper to establish co-laminar flow, the streams stay in contact with each other with limited mixing. The interface at which mixing occurs acts as a charge-transfer region, eliminating the need for a salt bridge. We designed a Cu Zn galvanic cell that powers an LED when two are placed in series. We also used more powerful redox couples (formate and silver, formate and permanganate) to produce higher power density (18 and 3.1 mW mg −1 Pd). These power densities are greater than previously reported paper microfluidic fuel cells using formate or methanol. The single layer design is much more simplified than previous reports of multi-layer galvanic cells on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report a rational design and facile synthetic process for the construction of a 3-dimensional N, S co-doped reduced holey graphene oxide/carbonized cellulose paper as interlayer in Li–S batteries. The interlayer has a labyrinth-like structure with plenty of nanosized holes to achieve the permselectivity for Li ions and effective intercept for polysulfides. The coin cell with the interlayer shows a high initial discharge capacity of 1263.5 mAh/g at 0.2 C, a low capacity fading rate of 0.0487% per cycle for 300 cycles at 1 C, and an excellent rate performance of 864.6 mAh/g at 2 C. Moreover, this cell also has excellent anti-self-discharge property and a high areal capacity of 6.1 mA h/cm2 at a sulfur loading of 8.1 mg/cm2 using aluminum foil as the current collector. Thus, this work suggests the permselective and multifunctional interlayer as a practical and effective strategy for the application in the high-performance Li–S battery. The labyrinth-like N and S co-doped reduced holey graphene oxide/carbonized cellulose paper, as the interlayer of lithium-sulfur batteries, achieved the excellent permselectivity toward Li ions and effective intercept toward polysulfides and exhibited significant cycle stability, anti-self-discharge property and a high areal capacity. Image 1 • A labyrinth-like NS-RHGO-CCP was constructed as interlayer for Li–S batteries. • The NS-RHGO-CCP possessed high permselectivity of Li+ to raise rate capability. • The NS-RHGO-CCP achieved interception of polysulfides to enhance cycle stability. • The NS-RHGO-CCP improved conductivity of S and Li 2 S to give a high areal capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]