Search

The morphological structure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films deposited by both Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) and solution spin-casting methods are investigated. The MAPLE samples possessed a higher degree of disorder, with random orientations of polymer crystallites along the side-chain stacking, π–π stacking, and conjugated backbone directions. Moreover, the average molecular orientations and relative degrees of crystallinity of MAPLE-deposited polymer films are insensitive to the chemistries of the substrates onto which they were deposited; this is in stark contrast to the films prepared by the conventional spin-casting technique. Despite the seemingly unfavorable molecular orientations and the highly disordered morphologies, the in-plane charge carrier transport characteristics of the MAPLE samples are comparable to those of spin-cast samples, exhibiting similar transport activation energies (56 vs. 54 meV) to those reported in the literature for high mobility polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 39–48

It has recently been shown that thin polymer films in the nanometer thickness range exhibit anomalous swelling maxima in supercritical CO2 (Sc-Co2 )i n the vicinity of the critical point of CO2. The adsorption isotherm of CO2 on carbon black, silica surfaces, porous zeolites, and other surfaces, is known to exhibit anoma- lous maxima under similar CO2 conditions. It is believed that because CO2 possesses a low cohesive energy density, there would be an excess amount of CO2 at the surfa- ces of these materials and hence the CO2/polymer interface. This might cause excess CO2 in the polymer films near the free surface, and hence the swelling anomaly. In addition, an excess of CO2 would reside at the polymer/substrate and polymer/CO2 interfaces for entropic reasons. These interfacial effects, as have been suggested, should account for an overall excess of CO2 in a thin polymer film compared to the bulk, and would be responsible for the anomalous swelling. In this study, we use in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to investigate the role of interfaces on the anoma- lous swelling of polymer thin films of varying initial thicknesses, h0, exposed to Sc- CO2. We examined three homopolymers, poly(1,1 0 -dihydroperflurooctyl methacrylate) (PFOMA), polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), that exhibit very different interactions with Sc-CO2, and the diblock copolymer of PS-b-PFOMA. We show that the anomalous swelling cannot be solely explained by the excess adsorption of CO2 at interfaces. V C 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1313-1324, 2007

Dynamic mechanical analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermogravimetric analysis experiments were performed on pure poly(methyl methacrylate) and on in situ polymerized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/PMMA nanocomposites. The addition of less than 0.1 wt % SWNT to PMMA led to an increase in the low-temperature elastic modulus of approximately 10% beyond that of pure PMMA. The glass-transition temperature and the elastic modulus at higher temperatures of the nanocomposites remained unchanged from those of pure PMMA. These changes were associated with excessive cohesive interactions between the large-surface area nanotubes and PMMA and were not due to changes in the microstructural features of the polymer during synthesis.

The glass-transition temperatures (Tg's) of nanocomposites of polystyrene (PS) and single-walled carbon nanotubes were measured in the bulk and in thin films with differential scanning calorimetry and spectroscopic ellipsometry, respectively. The bulk Tg of the nanocomposites increased by approximately 3 °C and became much broader than that of PS. For the nanocomposite films thinner than 45 nm, Tg decreased with decreasing film thickness [i.e., ΔTg(nano) < 0]. This phenomenon also occurred in thin PS films, the magnitude of the depression in PS [ΔTg(PS)] being somewhat larger. The film thickness dependence and the differences in the magnitude of ΔTg in the two systems were examined in light of current theory, and a quantitative comparison was made. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 3339–3345, 2003

The stability of a sufficiently thin, supported, homopolymer film against the development of local thickness fluctuations which can become amplified, eventually leading to structural destabilization of the film, is typically determined by long and short-range intermolecular forces. In A-B diblock copolymers, the connectivity between the blocks, the preferential attraction of one block to an external interface, combined with an incompatibility between the A-B segments, the situation is very different. Two cases, largely dictated by χN, wher χ is the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and N is the degree of polymerization, can arise in thin copolyme films. When χN is large, thin films exhibit comparatively stable topographical structures, where the dimensions of the topographies normal to the substrate reflect a natural length-scale associated with phase separation in the material. In the other situation, where χN is sufficiently small, the copolymer bulk structure is homogeneous. An ordered structure can be induced into the otherwise compositionally homogeneous structure in the vicinity of a substrate. Here, depending on film thickness, a series of transient and stable topographies can develop. Wetting, early stage structural destabilization dynamics leading to the formation of droplets, and late stage coarsening of the droplets are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2219–2235, 2003

Forward recoil spectrometry is shown to be a useful technique for measuring diffusion of d-polymer chains in h-polymer melts. Concentration profiles of a deuterated diffusing species may be determined with a depth resolution of 80 nm and a sensitivity of 0.1 vol % d-polymer in h-polymer. Consequently diffusion coefficients as small as 10−16 cm2/s can be readily measured. If polymer chains diffuse by a reptation mechanism, the concentration profile o(x) of diffusing polydisperse polymer should be quite different from om(x), the Fickian solution, which one obtains for monodisperse polymer. This idea was tested by measuring o(x) of polydisperse d-polystyrene (d-PS) diffusing into h-PS. The results are in excellent agreement with the o(x) predicted from the reptation model and the experimentally determined molecular weight distribution.