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Agronomic bio-fortification remains a crucial focus area for enhancing wheat productivity and quality while alleviating environmental pressures. Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), persist among the Indian population, especially affecting women. These deficiencies can be effectively addressed through agronomic bio-fortification of wheat grains. To tackle this issue, a comprehensive multilocation (4) field experiment was conducted, incorporating four high-yielding wheat cultivars (HD-3226, HI-1544, DBW-187, and PBW-1-Zn) alongside six foliar fertilizer applications (Control, 2% S, 2% N, 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O, 1% KCl, and combined treatments) during 2021-22 and 2022-23 utilizing a split-plot design with three replications. Analysis over the years revealed that significant impacts of location and cultivar on yield and its attributes, and Fe, Zn, and protein content of grains. Warmer locations like Hisar exhibited higher yields primarily due to significantly increased earheads/m2 and grains number/m2 compared to other locations. Moreover, Fe content in wheat grains was notably higher in Gurdaspur followed by Hisar, surpassing Ludhiana. Notably, cultivar DBW-187 outperformed others with a 14.75% higher grain yield than the least yielding cultivar, HI-1544. PBW-1-Zn exhibited the highest grain Fe and Zn content among the cultivars studied. The interaction between cultivar and location significantly influenced all yield parameters and grain Fe content. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 (0.5%) during stem elongation and milk stages resulted in significantly higher grain Zn content compared to applications of KCl (1.0%), N (2.0%), and S (2.0%) alone, with an increase of 9.9% over no spray. In conclusion, the selection of appropriate cultivars tailored to specific regions, coupled with strategic agronomic bio-fortification approaches, is imperative for enhancing wheat productivity and grain quality, thereby ensuring nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of long-term Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) based nutrient management in regulating soil micronutrient status and optimizing crop productivity under a maize-wheat cropping system in an acid Alfisol. The experiment was initiated during monsoon 2007, consisted of eight treatments viz., control, farmers' practice, general recommended dose, soil test-based, STCR based targeted yield of 25 (wheat)/30 (maize) and 35 (wheat)/40 (maize) q ha−1 with FYM @ 5 t ha−1 and without FYM. Results revealed that the soil available Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn exhibited depletion in unfertilized plots over initial status. However, the STCR (Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply; IPNS) based targeted yield approach of fertilizer application maintains higher values of DTPA extractable micronutrients in comparisons to all other treatments. After nine continuous years, the highest DTPA- extractable Fe (27.6 mg kg−1), Mn (25.1 mg kg−1), Zn (1.25 mg kg−1) and Cu (0.75 mg kg−1) were recorded in treatment where, FYM was added along with fertilizers for targeted yield of 35 q ha−1. The micronutrient uptake by wheat was higher in STCR (IPNS) treatments. Low SRC values of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn indicated that long-term prescription based chemical fertilizers and FYM application can meet the plant nutritional requirement of wheat crop. Hence long-term STCR based integration of FYM (with NPK fertilizers) has an advantage in regulating the supply of micronutrients in soil-plant system and addressing the micronutrient deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soluble fertilizers are among the main costs in strawberry production, so knowing the nutrients balance in plant tissue is essential. In this sense, the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) method is presented as a multivariate analysis tool for the nutritional diagnosis of the crop. The main goal of this paper was to establish CND standards and critical nutrient levels in strawberries cultivated in a soilless system. This study uses the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) method to analyze nutrient levels grown in a soilless system. Commercial production greenhouses were evaluated for yield and leaf nutrients contents to develop the standards. Data were collected from 52 plots, each consisting of diagnostic leaves from 10 plants, and subsequently analyzed to determine critical nutrient deficiencies and excesses. The CND methodology was sensitive in diagnosing the differences between high and low-yield populations. Thus, adjusting the critical nutrient levels for soilless strawberry cultivation was possible. Due to deficiency, the most limiting nutrients for strawberry production were N, Mg, and S, and Zn and Cu due to excess. Results indicate specific nutrient thresholds, with significant findings from the integration of all indices, it was possible to calculate the sufficiency ranges for soilless strawberry: N = 26–31, P = 4–7, K = 8–11, Ca = 10–15, Mg = 3–4, S = 0.3–0.5 in g kg−1, and B = 18–95, Cu = 1–2, Fe = 46–96, Mn = 80–203, Zn = 1–40, Mo = 1.3–2.7, Ni = 0.1–0.4 in mg kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of nutrients in the soil is a dynamic process that can fluctuate between states of deficiency and excess, causing significant stress on plants. In response to this stress, plants have evolved several physiological strategies to adapt and cope with these fluctuations. These strategies are aimed at improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake and utilization while minimizing the negative impact of nutrient stress. In this paper we explore the important roles and regulation of nutrient transporters in plant adaptation, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and sulfur transporters. The paper discusses the mechanisms through which plants utilize these transporters to adapt to nutrient deficiencies and optimize nutrient uptake and utilization. The paper presents a comprehensive review of current understanding in these areas, highlighting their importance for plant growth and development, as well as their potential applications in agriculture. Additionally, the paper identifies research gaps and suggests future directions for research. In this review, we contribute to understanding the complex mechanisms that underpin plant adaptation and nutrition, and provides valuable insights for improving crop production and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient stand establishment and low seedling development of Persian Clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) are major problems. A study involving laboratory and greenhouse conditions was conducted to determine seed priming effects on germination rate and growth index. To determine the best time for seed priming, pre-experiments were performed for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h. Afterward, germination parameters were measured in the laboratory by 16 different nutrient priming (B, Fe, Mg, Ca, and a combination of these) and two priming duration (one and two hours selected from pre-experiment). The greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of nutrition priming with B + Fe + Mg + Ca to compensate for the deficiency of these soil nutrients where growth index (CGR and LAI) and SPAD index were measured in four treatments (control, nutrition priming, Nitrogen as starter fertilizers and nutrition priming + Nitrogen as a starter). Laboratory data for pre-experiment showed that one and two hours of hydro priming was suitable for clover seed. One hour of hydro priming led to a significant increase in germination rate (20%), length (26%) and weight (10%) vigor. Control, Priming with B + Ca, B + Mg and B + Mg + Ca led to highest germination percentage (≈96%), also B + Ca caused the highest length and weight vigor (61 and 2.22). The greenhouse experiment data illustrated that nutrition priming increased by about 10% in TDW, 23% in LAI, and 4% in SPAD index in the first 40 days of early growth stages, but increased by 27% in CGR, 47% in LAI, and 10% in SPAD index if combined with the application of nitrogen as a starter fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSMicronutrient deficiency is a critical obstacle to producing healthy groundnut crops, achieving sustainable yield and quality. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), popularly known as ‘peanut,’ is a vital edible oilseed crop across the world. However, achieving optimal groundnut yield and quality is challenging due to various factors, including micronutrient deficiencies arising due to imbalanced nutrient management in intensive agriculture. This led to global nutritional insecurity. Currently micronutrient deficiency in groundnut is addressed by soil application of individual elements, which has efficiency of less than 3%. A Combined foliar micronutrient mixture would be a practical, easy to apply solution for swiftly correcting multiple micronutrient deficiencies during critical crop growth stages. This approach allows for targeted nutrient delivery directly to the foliage for quicker absorption, bypassing soil limitations. Field experiments were conducted in summer irrigated groundnut during 2019 and 2020 in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India to evaluate the performance of four different grades of newly developed foliar micronutrients on groundnut yield and quality. The MN grades ranging from I to IV were assigned to increasing concentration of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B levels. Experiment laid in split plot design, replicated thrice with four micronutrients grades as the main plot and four different foliar spray timings as sup plots. Concentration of micronutrients and spray timings significantly influenced the groundnut pod and stover yields. Among the four micronutrient grades tested, the Grade IV mixture with highest concentration of all constituent ((Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B) micronutrients that sprayed twice at the vegetative and flowering stages recorded significantly highest stover (4120 kgha−1) and pod yield (2806 kgha−1). This optimal combination resulted an increment of 12–13% pod yield, 37–43% in kernel yield, 17–18% in oil content and 39–33% soluble protein content of groundnut over the control with no supply of micronutrient. Future research may explore integrating soil application and foliar spray of micronutrients for enhanced sustainability. Foliar micronutrient formulation can address multiple micronutrient deficiencies in groundnut crops during their active growth stages, overcoming all soil limitations and ensuring sustainable yield and high quality groundnut for nutritional security.Performance of four newly developed foliar micronutrient mixtures for groundnut were field studied during 2019 and 2020 with different spray timings. The objective was to identify the most effective combination to address the multi micronutrient deficiency of groundnut crop in Tamil Nadu and launch it as a product ‘Groundnut Foliar MN Mix’ of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The micronutrient grades ranging from I to IV were assigned to increasing concentration of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B levels. The Grade IV micronutrient foliar mixture sprayed twice during vegetative and flowering stage was more effective in alleviating the deficiency and improving the 37–43% in kernel yield and 17–18% in oil content over the control with no supply of micronutrient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIron and zinc are essential for plant and human health. Biofortification is crucial for improving crop performance. We studied how biofortification of iron and zinc to flaxseed affected its yield, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant capacity in soil water and nutrient deficiency conditions. We tested nutritional impacts of iron and zinc (0, 4, and 8 g l−1) during the onset of stem elongation (VS) and flowering (RS) within two distinct environments (well-watered (WW) and after-anthesis water deficit (WD), and their interactions, on yield and fatty acid composition of flaxseed in 2018 and 2019 in Kermanshah, Iran. Based on the results in WW, seed, oil, protein, and mucilage yield were 1756, 646, 285, and 131 kg ha−1, and WD reduced seed and oil yield by 24, 33, and significantly increased saturated fatty acids, total phenol, and zinc in the seeds. In WW and WD, iron and zinc fortification significantly increased seed, oil, and protein yield, total phenol, unsaturated fatty acids and iron and zinc in the seeds. Path analysis showed that the number of seed capsule−1 and capsule plant−1 in the WW and WD, respectively, had the most direct and positive impact on seed, oil, mucilage, and protein yield. These findings suggest that oil yield was more sensitive to WD compared to seed, mucilage, and protein yield, and application of iron and zinc can boost the oil quantity and quality, iron, zinc content, and antioxidant capacity by minimizing the harmful impacts of WD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractUltrastructural changes and visual symptoms resulting from nutritional disorders involving boron, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and nickel depend on the species of the plant, and are unknown in passion fruit plants (Passiflora edulis Sims). A hydroponic experiment evaluated the symptoms of nickel addition and micronutrient deficiency in passion fruit seedlings “BRS Gigante Amarelo” and determined the micronutrient contents in leaf and root tissue, root development, ultrastructural changes (leaf tissue deformations) and dry matter accumulation when visual symptoms were observed. Results showed that the order of manifestation of deficiencies was Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Mo > B. Nickel toxicity appeared 40 days after the experiment was started, presenting chlorosis in the new leaves followed by general yellowing and some white parts. Boron omission of resulted in deformations in the leaf limbus and loss of apical dominance, showing deformation of the growth points. Mn omission caused reduction of growth and generalized chlorosis of young leaves with a thick reticulum. Iron omission of resulted in internerval chlorosis with a fine lattice appearance. Omission of zinc and copper resulted in deformation and elongation of the leaves, reducing height and root development. Molybdenum omission caused chlorosis in the older leaves, which was observed to spread over time. Iron was the nutrient that most reflected symptoms of deficiency by the formation of root hairs. The findings of this research suggest that the knowledgement of plant micronutrients status permits an understanding of the physiological responses of passion fruit plants to crop fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is the third largest growing cereal crop in Northwest India (Punjab) after wheat and rice, faces significant challenges posed by increasing temperature, changing rainfall patterns and nutrient deficiency. These challenges can be addressed and maize production can be improved by optimizing management practices, such as sowing date, nitrogen level and cultivar selection. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sowing date, nitrogen levels and cultivar dynamics on the phenology, plant growth, biomass yield, grain yield, and associated yield-related characteristics of maize in Northwest India (Punjab). A field experiment was conducted in a split–split plot design (SSPD) with three replications, comprising twenty-four treatment combinations of sowing dates (SD1: May 25, SD2: June 4, SD3: June 14 and SD4: June 24), cultivars (PMH1 and PMH2) and nitrogen levels (NL1: recommended −25 kg, NL2: recommended and NL3: recommended +25 kg). The results showed that plant height, leaf area index, dry matter, biomass yield, grain yield and yield attributing characters were highest in sowing date SD1, cultivar PMH1 and nitrogen level NL3. The postponed sowing date from SD1 to SD4 resulted in a reduction of 14.18% in grain yield in 2020 and 13.66% in 2021. Compared to cultivar PMH2, the cultivar PMH1 produced higher grain yield of 5343.6 kg ha−1 in 2020 and 5615.8 kg ha−1 in 2021. Among the nitrogen levels, treatments with an additional 25 kg nitrogen (NL3) resulted in a significantly higher grain yield of 428.4 kg ha−1 in 2020 and 331.8 kg ha−1 in 2021, surpassing those observed under NL2; however, it reduced the grain yield in NL1 by 616.5 kg ha−1 in 2020 and 579.7 kg ha−1 in 2021 compared NL2. The finding suggests that early sowing (SD1), cultivar PMH1 and an additional 25 kg nitrogen (NL3) can lead to higher grain yield, while postponed sowing (SD4) and lower nitrogen level (NL1) can result in reduced grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLiming is essential for enhancing economic viability and increasing crop production in acidic soil in tropical and subtropical regions. However, continuous limestone application has been associated with cationic micronutrient deficiency, including zinc (Zn). In an experiment under greenhouse conditions using three soils of different textural classes (Typic Alfisol, Typic Oxisol, and Typic Entisol), we evaluated the growth of soybean after fertilization with limestone and Zn. We applied dolomitic limestone at two rates (equivalent to 0 and 5.0 Mg ha−1) and Zn at four rates (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg kg−1), each with four replicates. These three soil types exhibited distinct nutrient availability. Liming significantly altered soil chemical attributes, particularly causing considerable reduction in Zn availability in Typic Alfisol. Furthermore, liming led to a reduction in Zn concentration in soybean leaves and grains in all the three soil types. Grain yield (GY) increased in the presence of liming, and yield was further enhanced with increasing Zn concentrations. Positive effect was also seen on photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf N, Ca, and Zn concentrations, except on P concentration. Even with adequate nutrient concentrations and limestone application, sandy soils had a lower GY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minerals are essential for plant metabolism, serving as crucial components of enzymes, structural elements, and signaling molecules. Stress-induced changes in mineral uptake and distribution can disrupt these physiological functions, compromising plant health and resilience. Understanding how drought and salt stress affect the mineral composition of vine saplings is essential for identifying potential nutrient deficiencies or imbalances that may arise in stressed environments. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of combined and separately applied drought and salt stress on the mineral contents of vine saplings. For this purpose, a trial was carried out with potted own-rooted "Alphonse Lavallée" (AL), three rootstocks (1103 P, 41 B, and 5 BB) and also AL grafted onto these rootstocks. 0, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl for salt stress and 25%, 50%, and 100% water levels of evapotranspiration (ETP) for water stress in combined and separately were applied to vines during two years. At the end of the experiment, the highest foliar damage was found in 41 B rootstock treated with 100 mM NaCl + 25% ETP and Alphonse Lavallée grafted onto 5 BB treated with 50 mM NaCl + 25% ETP in the first and second year, respectively. Saplings were significantly affected by salt and water stress in terms of mineral contents, which varied depending on whether they were grafted or not. Particularly in grafted AL, the amount of Cl was low, but the Nacontent was high compared to own-rooted Alphonse Lavallée and rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary agriculture, sustainability challenges like climate change, declining productivity, and nutrient deficiencies threaten food production. Judicious use of methodologies, dosages, and timing is crucial for sustainable practices. Nano-fertilizers gain importance due to their nutrient-release properties and increased use efficiencies. Chili is a commercial crop that requires high nutrients, the present field trial was carried out at AHRS, Bavikere, Shivmogga (India) during 2020 and 2021, to investigate its growth and yield responses to foliar applications of nano nitrogen (nN) and zinc (nZn) alongside conventional urea and ZnSO4. The experiment comprised combinations of recommended doses of nitrogen (RDN) (75, 100 & 125%) along with two foliar sources, nano (nN & nZn @ 0.4%) and conventional (urea @ 2% & ZnSO4@ 0.2%) against control. Foliar application of nN and nZn @0.4%+125% RDN (T3) improved growth and yield attributes & green chili yield (33.07 t ha−1), compared to RDF (T1, 23.8 t ha−1) and conventional sources (T6, 30.9 t ha−1). The utilization of nano-fertilizers in T3 resulted in a substantial enhancement of 39.0% in yield. Increments of 57.2% and 49.3% in net returns compared to conventional N and zinc sources respectively were also noted. Further, the land productivity reached $13.5 per day in T3, indicating economic viability. Application of 75% RDN with nN and nZn saved 25-50% of RDN compared to conventional sources. The results propose cutting nitrogen fertilizer by up to 50%, showcasing the eco-friendly aspect of nano-fertilizers. They boost productivity and profitability while supporting sustainable farming by reducing nitrogen usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In greenhouses, the nutrient-rich drainage water is frequently released into surrounding areas, raising pollution issues. Soilless agricultural systems, which have an increasing trend in greenhouse industries, are ideal for recycling water and nutrients because the drainage can be easily captured for reuse. This study was conducted to investigate the reusability of drainage water discharged from an open-system soilless agricultural greenhouse. For this purpose, tomato plants were grown in cocopeat environments. Tomato plants were grown by irrigation mixing different ratios of the drainage water obtained from the open system soilless agriculture greenhouse and the nutrient solutions used for growing plants in soilless agriculture. The study was carried out in five cocopeat environments with four tomato plants in each cocopeat according to a completely randomized experimental design. Some physiological characteristics, yield parameters and the nutritional status of the tomato plants and their fruits were determined. The highest N (5.54%) and K (4.96%) contents in tomato plant leaves were obtained in 100% drainage water applications, while the highest P content (0.84%) was obtained in 100% solution applications. The highest plant height was determined at 100% drainage water application. The highest yield per plant (915.67 g plant−1) and Class I marketable fruit sizes were determined at a 50% drainage and 50% solution mix ratio. No nutrient deficiency or toxicity was detected in tomato plants grown using drainage water. It was concluded that the drainage water discharged from the system can be re-used in greenhouses where open system soilless agriculture is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) are increasing, but little is known about how this will affect macronutrient (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)) accumulation and partitioning in the aboveground biomass (AGB) for different hard spring wheat genotypes. We examined the responses of six spring wheat genotypes ('Discovery', 'Duchess', 'Reliance', PFR-3026, PFR-3019, PFR-2021) to two CO2 levels (ambient [aCO2] and elevated [eCO2]) and six nitrogen rates (N; 1–10 mM), at the stem elongation growth stage of wheat grown in controlled environment chambers. The AGB yield increased by 35.2% with increasing [CO2] when N rate was >2 mM. Increasing N supply also increased AGB by up to 3.2-fold over the entire N range applied. The AGB responses to N differed among the genotypes, being lowest for PFR-3019 (7.71 ± 0.11 g/pot) and highest for PFR-2021, PFR-3026 and Duchess at 8.84 ± 0.11 g/pot at both CO2 levels. Macronutrient concentrations decreased with eCO2 by 28.0% for Ca to 17.4% for P and K. Nevertheless, absolute nutrient uptake was higher for eCO2 treatments, because the AGB increase (20.0–52.0%) was proportionally higher than the 4.0–28.0% increase in nutrient uptake. The AGB non-response to [CO2] at N rates <2mM indicates that this nutrient deficiency was more limiting than the effects of CO2 level. Therefore, the impact of eCO2 in the future will depend on N fertilizer management. These results suggest that critical nutrient concentrations used to diagnose the nutrient status of wheat crops will need to be reassessed for eCO2 conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soils of South-Western Punjab are alkaline and exhibited widespread nutrient deficiencies. Foliar applications of micronutrients under such circumstances hold great importance. However, micronutrient sprays on Kinnow grown in such soils are limited only to Zn and Mn. Therefore, the response of Kinnow to foliar applications of micronutrient mixture (containing Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, and Mo) was expected. In this viewpoint, studies were carried out during 2015–2019 to see the effect of foliar sprays (0.3 and 0.6%) of non-chelated and EDTA-chelated micronutrient mixtures in Kinnow mandarin. The results were compared with standard practice i.e., 0.3% sprays each of zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate on spring and summer flushes. The data was analyzed in Randomized Block Design, repeated in octuplet. The overall performance of treatments was evaluated using weighted aggregated sum product assessment model (WASPAS). The WASPAS score varied between 0.638–0.649 and 0.194–0.245 in treatments received non-chelated and chelated micronutrient mixtures, respectively, pointing out the superiority of the former. In overall, treatment followed standard practice registered highest WASPAS score and ranked at number 1 among all. Highly significant (p < 0.01) correlation between WASPAS score and leaf Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations clearly demonstrated the importance of foliar sprays of these micronutrients in the citrus production under the prevailing conditions. The study also suggests that multi criteria decision making analysis holds a key importance in agriculture domain for insightful decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Correction Notice from the Journal of Plant Nutrition addresses errors in the publication of Figure 1 and Figure 3 in the article "Citrus nutrition in Iran: Lessons from calcareous soils." The corrected figures now accurately depict the results of bibliometric analysis of citrus cultivation on calcareous soils and the typical symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in Iranian citrus orchards. The authors have rectified the inaccuracies and republished the corrected information for readers. [Extracted from the article]

Kinnow (Citrus reticulata), a type of citrus fruit grown in Pakistan, is world-famous due to its unique taste. However, deficiency of nutrients, environmental stresses, and pests and disease attacks are causing low fruit productivity, juice quality, and fruit dropping. In this study, integrated management of hormones and nutrients was performed in orchards with high premature fruit dropping from major citrus-producing areas of Pakistan to improve fruit yield and quality. Thirty trees (10 to 20 y old) were selected from each orchid. Salicylic acid (100 mg L−1 SA), potassium (100 mg L−1 K), zinc (100 mg L−1 Zn), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 mg L−1 2,4-D), indole acetic acid (10 mg L−1 IAA), and their combinations (SA + K, SA + Zn, SA + 2,4-D, SA + IAA, and SA + K+Zn) were foliar applied at the initiation of flowering, fruit formation, and fruit color initiation stages. Each treatment was repeated thrice while water was sprayed for control. The pathological study and soil and leaf nutrient analysis showed that the yield, quality, and citrus fruit dropping were influenced by insect pests, microbial pathogen infestations, and nutrient deficiency. The results indicated that SA + 2,4-D proved most effective in closely enhancing fruits' weight and size, followed by SA + K+Zn. However, the SA + K+Zn showed the highest net photosynthesis and fruit drop control, followed by SA + 2,4-D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar nutrient diagnosis is a potent tool for nutrient management in crops. Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) plantation in China dominates the worldwide litchi cultivation, and Feizixiao is the most widely cultivated species in China. Herein, 538 leaf samples were collected at fruit swelling stage and the terminal shoot maturing stage during 2016–2017, and the fruit yields of all the sampled trees were recorded. The suitability of four nutrient diagnosis methods including critical value approach (CVA), sufficiency range approach (SRA), modified diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (M-DRIS), and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) in Feizixiao were compared. Only a few of foliar nutrients could be diagnosed by CVA. Similar evaluations were achieved by both M-DRIS and CND, but the diagnosis accuracy highly varied with the severity of nutrient deficiency or abundance and the diagnosis year. Finally, SRA was accepted to establish the diagnosis norms due to its stable assessments for all nutrients. The optimal foliar nutrient range for Feizixiao is recommended as N 16.7–19.2, P 1.06–1.25, K 5.1–6.7, Ca 7.7–11.0, Mg 2.5–3.7 and S 1.51–1.81 g kg−1, and Zn 19.6–32.6 and B 11.5–19.2 mg kg−1 at the fruit swelling stage , and N 19.7–22.0, P 1.69–1.95, K 10.8–12.7, Ca 3.0–4.1, Mg 2.5–2.9 and S 1.38–1.57 g kg−1, and Zn 15.0–18.9 and B 10.8–16.8 mg kg−1 at the terminal shoot maturing stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A N2O2 donor Schiff base polydentate ligand was synthesized by the condensation of benzidine and benzil in ethanolic medium. The formed ligand was condensed further with VOSO4.xH2O to get the corresponding vanadyl complex. Both the ligand and the complex were characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analyses. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) was selected as a plant material. Various morphological and biochemical parameters, e.g. leaf senescence assay, chlorophyll content, and different reactive oxygen species (ROS) were estimated and were compared to those with ammonium vanadate. Outcomes of the experiments revealed that the Schiff base complex has less toxic effects than ammonium vanadate on mung bean seedlings and provide better tolerance to vanadium toxicity. Though different stress marker and ROS accumulation were less and minimum pigment damage was noticed in the Schiff base complex-treated seedlings but the optimum positive impact largely depends on the dose. Beyond certain concentration, the complex may show inhibitory effects on the plants. Therefore, the present study revealed that heavy metal Schiff base complexes can be used as potential supplement to meet up micronutrient deficiency and at the same time such complexes can minimize the toxicity generated by application of different heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nutrient deficiencies on growth, photosynthetic activity, and water status was studied in two cultivars of pear trees, local cultivar Meski Ahrech and an introduced cultivar Alexandrine. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution to induce N, Mg, Mn, and Zn deficiencies. Tree height (PH) was higher in Meski Ahrech than Alexandrine under nutritional stress treatments. However, the average leaf area (LA) of both cultivars was not affected by any nutritional stress treatments. As expected nutrient deficit stress reduced chlorophyll index (SPAD), net photosynthesis (AN) in both cultivars, and as result it reduced stomatal conductance (gs) comparing to control treatments. Relative water content (RWC) was maintained almost in the same value in all the treatments and in both cultivars. Leaves were sampled periodically to determine leaf-nutrient concentration. Alexandrine appeared more sensitive to N, Mg, Mn, and Zn deficiency due to the main decrease in growth, AN and SPAD and gs compared to Meski Ahrech. When a symptom appeared, the symptomatic leaves were collected to be photographed. Deficiency symptoms appeared in the range of 66 d after treatments for N and in 94 d for Mg, Mn, and Zn. Leaf-nutrient concentrations to which the symptoms appeared were determined in these two cultivars: leaf N concentration was around 1.6%, leaf Mg concentration was 0.5% in Meski Ahrech, and 0.4% in Alexandrine. Leaf Mn concentration was 30 ppm in Meski Ahrech, 21 ppm in Alexandrine and finally leaf Zn concentration was 15 ppm in Meski Ahrech and 17 ppm in Alexandrine. We deduced that Meski Ahrach is more efficient for mineral nutrition uptake and that Alexandrine exhibited a more conservative strategy with all treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionome is defined as the mineral element composition of an organism or tissue and is genetically and environmentally influenced. Although nutrient deficiency changes the plant ionome, the differences among different species have not been elucidated fully. In the present study, we examined the ionomic responses to nutrient deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to understand the differences in response to nutrient deficiency among different plant species. The plants were cultivated in fields with four fertilizer treatments: complete fertilization, without nitrogen, without phosphorus, and without potassium. Each plant species was sampled just before the flowering stage, and mineral concentrations of each organ were analyzed. The species-specific and nonspecific changes in accumulation by the treatment were observed in different elements. Under phosphorus deficiency, sunflower showed a different variation in the ionome profile than the other species, particularly in the increased accumulation of many metal elements. Increased accumulation of many elements was observed in all plant species under potassium deficiency. Under nitrogen deficiency, leaf molybdenum accumulation was increased in non-leguminous plants. An unknown role of molybdenum in the metabolic responses to the nitrogen deficiency was predicted. To carry out further research based on the results of such ionomics studies may reveal the unknown function of essential elements in metabolic responses in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All living organisms need essential nutrient elements to survive and thrive. For plants, of the 14 essential nutrient elements, over half show deficiency symptoms that include chlorosis. However, this is for plants with green leaves. For purple leaf basil, there has been no reported research on how microelement deficiency is expressed, diagnosed and/or corrected. The purpose of this research was to visually and quantitatively identify micronutrient element deficiencies, specifically, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), in 'Red Rubin', a purple leaf basil. To do this, three cultivars of basil, Italian Large Leaf, a green leaf basil; Aromatto, a mottled purple and green leaf basil; and Red Rubin, a purple leaf basil, were grown for 13–16 weeks. The experiment design was a split-plot with four treatments and the three cultivars. Data included visual observations, relative greenness (SPAD) measurements and tissue nutrient analysis. 'Red Rubin' leaves had similar SPAD values to both of the other cultivars. When Fe, Mn or Zn was deficient, purple pigment was lost. However, visual deficiencies such as yellowing and an increase in green color either veinally, interveinally or on the leaf margins varied. Based upon overlapping symptoms and based on tissue analysis, it is possible that there exists a 3-way or even 4-way interaction/balance among the minor elements Fe, Mn, Zn and possibly copper (Cu). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa production in the state of Tamil Nadu is severely constrained by the deficiencies of micronutrients viz., iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and boron (B) resulting in yield loss to the tune of 40 − 50%. A preliminary survey was conducted in forty cocoa growing locations across seven districts of the state to develop diagnostic norms and indices for the yield limiting micronutrients in cocoa population aging more than five years. The whole population was divided into high and low yielding sub populations based on the yield (20 kg pods per plant per year as the critical yield). Index leaf samples and soil samples each numbering 160 were collected and the micronutrients were determined. Nutrient indices were worked out for both the populations adopting Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) of Beaufils. The order of limitation of nutrients for higher yield in the plant system was Mn > Cu > Zn > Fe > B. The extent of micronutrient deficiency in the soil system was Zn > Fe > Cu > B > Mn. Micronutrient requirement for cocoa plants is in the order Fe > Mn > B >Zn > Cu. The optimal foliar concentrations of the micronutrients in cocoa under coconut intercropping systems is Fe − 531 mg kg−1, Mn − 90 mg kg−1, Zn − 31 mg kg−1, Cu − 11 mg kg−1 and B − 80 mg kg−1. In low yielding cocoa sub population, DRIS index was positive only for B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the possible use of flower analyses in assessing the nutritional status of apple orchards at the initiation of vegetation. In successive years, samples were taken from 150 orchards at the initiation of bloom for flowers and at seven different time points covering the timeframe between 14 and 98 days after full-bloom for leaves. When the flower nutrient contents were ordered from lowest to highest, the lower and upper percentage quartile was accepted as the reference value for each nutrient and as the cutoff for nutrient deficiency or excess. Reference values were 3.33–3.98% N, 0.46–0.54% P, 2.10–2.47% K, 0.39–0.51% Ca, 0.25–0.31% Mg, 67–110 ppm Fe, 35–65 ppm Cu, 20–31 ppm Mn, 37–50 ppm Zn and 55–79 ppm B. Correlations between nutrient contents of the flowers and leaves sampled at all time points were also investigated. The presence of significant correlations showed that flower analysis can be used to determine the nutritional status of apples. Positive outcomes were observed for P, Mg, Mn and B. In addition, cultivar-induced differences were also observed in flower for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of the nutritional stress caused by macronutrient and boron deficiencies on the biosynthesis of capsaicinoids and the mineral nutrient contents of dry Capsicum annuum fruits. The experiments were carried out in a shade house at Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil, in sand fertigated with a nutrient solution, in randomized blocks applying an 8x2 bifactorial scheme, with eight treatments [Complete treatment and applying the element omission technique for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S) and boron (B)], and two fruit harvesting dates, with four replications. Pepper fruits produced under potassium deficiency displayed increased capsaicin contents, whereas sulfur deficiency decreased capsaicin contents. Capsaicin contents were different depending on the harvesting dates, ranging from 0.369 to 1.224 mg g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correct nutritional balance is necessary to achieve maximum productivity and fruit quality in pineapple culture. The aim was evaluate the effects of macronutrients and boron deficiencies in pineapple 'Vitória', in order to profile the deficiency visual symptoms and the plants nutritional contents. The experiment was conducted from October 2016 to April 2018, in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil. The experimental design was random blocks, with eight treatments (complete solution, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S and -B) and six replicates. The seedlings were planted in 20 L pots. Foliar contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B were evaluated at eight, nine and sixteen months after planting. Nine months after planting, at the time of floral induction, the length, width, fresh mass and area of 'D' leaf were evaluated. The foliar contents found in the 'D' leaf at the ninth month of planting were: N: 12.5 g kg−1; P: 1.67 g kg−1; K: 29.8 g kg−1; Ca: 3.01 g kg−1; Mg: 2.60 g kg−1; S: 1.33 g kg−1 and B: 14.1 mg kg−1. Deficiencies of N, P, K, Mg and B reduced the fresh mass of 'D' leaf at the time of flower induction. Nitrogen deficiency caused visual symptoms on plants. Calcium and boron deficiencies reduced the firmness of the fruit peel, while nitrogen deficiency increased. Boron deficiency increased the occurrence of crooked peduncles in plants. Phosphorus deficiency reduced the diameter and length of the peduncle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophyll content meters have been used successfully to estimate foliar chlorophyll content in various plant species in non-destructive way, especially to study stress physiology and abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency. The main aim of this work was to compare the records of different chlorophyll content meters with the results obtained by the destructive method under the deficiency of main macronutrients in plants growth medium. Four devices (CL-01, SPAD-502, Dualex, and CCM-200) were used to estimate chlorophyll content in maize and tomato plants. In maize plants, all devices validated high accuracy for potassium and nitrogen deficiency and low accuracy for phosphorous and magnesium. In tomato, they showed a high degree of accuracy for calcium, potassium, and iron deficiencies, and low accuracy for phosphorus deficiency. All devices proved to be suitable to provide a reasonably estimation of chlorophyll content under optimal nutrient conditions. However, under nutrient deficiency conditions, tested devices showed different values for the same plant under the same nutrient deficiency. This suggest that, these devices should be validated by a sampling destructive method under such conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Plants are key sources to obtain drugs and related medical compounds. In the species Catharanthus roseus L.G. Don, ordinarily known as vinca, contains significant amounts of the alkaloid ajmalicine, which is used as an antihypertension drug. The aim of this research was to verify the effect of macronutrient deficiencies and boron over ajmalicine bioproduction in vinca roots. The experiment was performed in random blocks with eight treatments: complete, nitrogen deficient (-N), phosphorus deficient (-P), potassium deficient (-K), calcium deficient (-Ca), magnesium deficient (-Mg), sulfur deficient (-S) and boron deficient (-B), with four replicates. Seedlings were initially watered once a day with a complete solution and after 55 days after germination the treatments were started. Plants were collected 135 days after germination and evaluated in relation to root's dry matter, concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B and ajmalicine. Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B within the root's dry matter of the vinca plants in deficient treatments were respectively of 62, 61, 93, 52, 70, 61 and 44% lower when compared with complete treatment. Potassium deficiency resulted in ajmalicine increment of 19% within roots, while deficiencies in N, P, Mg and S reduced ajmalicine concentration in 55, 33, 22 and 26% respectively when compared with complete treatment. Deficiencies in Ca and B had no significant effect in ajmalicine concentration within the plant roots. Within plants with the complete treatment, nutrient contents of ajmalicine from the roots' dry matter were respectively of 18,5 g kg-1 N, 1,46 g kg-1 P, 13,5 g kg-1 K, 4,47 g kg-1 Ca, 1,43 g kg-1 Mg, 1,53 g kg-1 S, 61 mg kg-1 B and 1,28 mg g-1 of vitexin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying lime to ameliorate soil acidity has been observed to induce manganese (Mn) deficiency in canola (Brassica napusL.) crops grown on acid sandy soils near Albany and gravelly acid sands of the Great Southern Districts of southwestern Australia. These soils were often Mn-deficient in patches for wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) production when they were newly cleared for agriculture requiring application of Mn fertilizer to ensure grain yields were not reduced by the deficiency. Since then, these soils have acidified and in the 1990s, canola started to be grown on these soils in rotation with wheat and lupins (Lupinus angustifoliusL.). These limed soils may now have become marginal to deficient in Mn for canola production. The effect of liming may change the effectiveness of fertilizer Mn. In addition, the effect of liming on the residual value of Mn fertilizer applied to these soils for canola production is unknown. Therefore, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using Mn deficient sand. Three levels of finely-powdered calcium carbonate were added and incubated in moist soil for 42 days at 22±2°C to produce 3 soils with different pH values [1:5 soil:0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2)]: 4.9 (original soil), 6.3, and 7.5. Five Mn levels, as solutions of Mn sulfate, were then added and incubated in moist soil for 0, 50, and 100 days before sowing canola. To estimate the residual value (RV) of incubated Mn for canola production, the effectiveness of the incubated Mn was calculated relative to the effectiveness of Mn applied just before sowing canola (freshly-applied Mn). The RV of the incubated Mn was determined using yield of dried canola shoots, the Mn application level required to produce 90% of the maximum shoot yield, and Mn content in dried shoots (Mn concentration in shoots multiplied by yield of dried shoots). As measured using both yield of dried shoots and Mn content of dried shoots, the residual value of Mn decreased with increasing soil pH and with increasing period of incubation of Mn with moist soil. The critical Mn concentration, for 90% of the total yield of dried canola shoots, was (mg Mn kg−1) ∼17 in youngest mature growth (apex and youngest emerged leaf, YMG), and ∼22 for the rest of dried shoots. These values were similar to current critical values for un-limed soils suggesting critical Mn concentrations remain the same for limed soils. Plant testing of canola is recommended if soils are to be limed to ameliorate soil acidity. When plant tests indicate a high likelihood of Mn deficiency, foliar Mn sprays need to be applied to that crop to ensure Mn deficiency does not reduce grain production that year, and fertilizer Mn needs to be re-applied to the soil when sowing the next crop to reduce the likelihood of Mn deficiency for subsequent crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat genotypes display differential tolerance to manganese (Mn) deficiency. Growing Mn-efficient cultivars in Mn deficient soil could be effective in improving yields. A pot experiment was conducted with eight genotypes grown in Mn deficient soil treated with 0 (no Mn fertilizer) and 50 ppm (50 mg Mn kg−1soil applied as mangansese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4.H2O) Mn. The genotypes were classified on the basis of grain yield and grain physiological efficiency as efficient and responsive (SAMNYT 410, GLUPRO 200, PBW 621, and BW 9178), efficient and nonresponsive, inefficient and responsive (HD 2967), and inefficient and nonresponsive (PDW 314, PDW 291, and PBW 636). The genotypes in different groups differed in morphophysiological characteristics; efficient and responsive genotypes recorded more leaf area, higher SPAD index, higher Fv/Fm ratio, and longer roots than inefficient and nonresponsive. Efficient and responsive genotypes are desirable by farmers, whereas inefficient and responsive genotypes in a breeding program for their Mn-responsive characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the influence of P deficiency on secondary metabolites of flavonoid inChrysanthemum morifoliumRamat. The regression equation between flavonoid and phenolic acid content was Y = −294.46X + 150.66 (R2= 0.9205, P < 0.01) in check and Y = 42.62X + 2.49 (R2= 0.9564,P< 0.01) in P deficient treatment (Y, flavonoid content; X, phenolic content). There were two principal components to control the flavonoid major synthesis process, that was principal 1 [phenolic acid, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid andp-coumaric acid] (88.17%) and principal 2 [4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL), Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H)] (9.64%) domination under normal growth ofC. moriloium.However, under P deficiency condition, the principal components were principal 1 (phenolic acid, cinnamic acid andp-coumaric acid and C4H) (81.46%) and principal 2 (PAL) (18.53%) domination, respectively. The influence of P deficiency on flavonoid major synthesis pathway was caused by the change of PAL and C4H activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine how phosphorus (P) concentration affects growth, concentration and distribution of nutrients inLeucospermum cordifolium‘Flame Spike’ (Proteaceae). The trials were performed at the School of Agriculture (ETSIA) of the University of La Laguna (28° 28′ 43′′ N, 16° 19′ 7′′ W) with 64 plants (1-year-old) grown for 12 months in silica sand, fed with nutrient solutions containing different levels of Pi(5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L−1). At 6, 9, and 12 months, whole plants were taken from each experimental unit and divided into root, stem (main, first, second, and third growth) and leaves (adult, first, second, and third growth), which were measured, weighed, and analyzed. The data enabled a nutritional diagnosis, including the limiting P concentrations and nutrient interactions. P concentrations above 5 mg L−1caused a reduction in growth, which in the third samples was significant (P< 0.05). Plants treated with 15 and 20 mg L−1P attained similar dry weights (P> 0.05). Some young leaves showed a certain degree of chlorosis, probably due to iron (Fe) deficiency. Fully developed young leaves (YFEL) were suitable for nutritional diagnosis of P, and the P concentration of the nutrient solution affected the foliar manganese (Mn) concentration. This latter factor was related to the zinc (Zn) concentration in the roots. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An aquaponic system was designed to investigate the effects of foliar applications of potassium (K) on mint, radish, parsley, and coriander growth and physiological characteristics. Plants were sprayed with 100 mL pot−1of 0.5 g L−1potassium sulfate (K2SO4) twice a week. Fresh and dry masses of shoot in all species were higher in K-treated plants. Potassium concentration increased with K spray in the shoots of all species. K-sprayed parsley accumulated a greater amount of Fe and chlorophyll in shoots. Values of SPAD index in all species decreased significantly in untreated plants. The highest Quantum Photosynthetic Yield (Fv/Fm) values were observed in coriander plants treated with K, which was attributed to higher SPAD value in these plants. Potassium application had a negative effect on sodium (Na) and positive effect on magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in plants. These results indicated that foliar spray of K can effectively alleviate nutrient deficiencies in leafy and root vegetables grown in aquaponics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study carried out in the Upper Oueme Catchment in Benin (West Africa) was to assess the nutrient status in yam (Dioscorea rotundata) through the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), to compare yield, foliar nutrient concentrations and the variance of nutrients of low-and high-yielding groups. Field experiments were carried out in 2001 and 2002 using a randomized complete block design with four treatments, 2001: n = 80, 2002: n = 109) at three sites: Beterou, Dogue, and Wewe. Nitrogen (N), followed by potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) were identified as the most limiting nutrients in 2001 whereas sulfur (S) followed by N was identified as most limiting ones in 2002. Imbalanced nutrition was observed in both the years but was higher in 2001 compared in 2002. They may be utilized as a basis for calibrating the fertilization program of yam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the total amount of micronutrients absorbed by the above-ground plant tissue and the occurrence of visible micronutrient deficiency symptoms in two strawberry cultivars as influenced by elevated phosphorus (P) levels in fertigation solution was investigated. The plants were cultured with a fertilizer solution containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 6 mM P and tissue nutrient content were determined at 120 days after transplanting. Young leaves of the plants grown with nutrient solution P levels higher than 4 mM and 2 mM, respectively, in ‘Keumhyang’ and ‘Seonhong’, developed interveinal chlorosis. Tissue concentrations (mg·kg−1 dry weight) of metallic micronutrients [iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] in both cultivars did not decrease, but the total amount absorbed by the aboveground plant tissue decreased in the treatments in which nutrient deficiencies were observed. These results indicate that total amount of micronutrients is a better indicator of P-induced micronutrient deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fluorescence imaging was utilized to demonstrate the potential of blue-green fluorescence (BGF) and chlorophyll-a fluorescence (ChlF) to discriminate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) deficiencies in sunflower plant showing similar growth inhibition. Only K-deficient leaves displayed significant increase of the BGF intensity. The epidermal UV-transmittance estimated by the ratio of ChlF intensities induced by UV and blue excitations (ChlFUV/ChlFBLUE) markedly decreased in both N- and P-deficient leaves but only in the latter that we observed significant decrease of the ratio of red and far-red ChlF intensities (RF/FRF) (that is inversely related to leaf chlorophyll concentration). The BGF increase in K-deficient was limited at leaf apex and margins and was spatially correlated to localized RF/FRF increases. Images analysis allows a better interpretation of the fluorescence changes by showing the spatial relationships between BGF, the ChlFUV/ChlFBLUE and the RF/FRF ratios that are indicative of physiological disturbances occurring in leaves of nutrient deficient plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between tolerance to Zn-deficiency and Zn-dense in grain was examined. The results showed that the plant height and leaf growth rate (number) decreased more in the Zn-dense genotype (Biyuzaonuo) than in the Zn-efficient genotype (IR8192) when grown at pZn2+ ≥ 11.0. Shoot dry matter yield decreased about 6 times for the dense CV whereas only around 3 times for the efficient CV at Zn activities pZn2+ 9.7-11.4. Zinc uptake by the whole plant was greater in the Zn-dense genotype than in the Zn-efficient genotype, and the lowest in the Zn-inefficient genotype grown at pZn2+ ≥ 11.0. However, both the efficient and the dense cultivars showed higher Zn translocation efficiency at low Zn activity. These results indicate that Zn uptake by rice seedling and translocation might be more suitable than growth parameters for identifying Zn-efficient and Zn-dense genotype at seedling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To observe the effects of copper (Cu) deficiency on growth, metabolism, and reproductive yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. '13.G-256', plants were grown in refined sand at deficient (0.1 μM) and adequate Cu (1 μM), supplied as copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O). At d 35-40, at deficient Cu, the growth of plants were depressed and the young leaflets appeared reduced in size, chlorotic, with narrow pointed tips. The primary branches collapsed later, and secondary branches were stunted with reduced number of leaves. The flowering was disturbed, less flowers matured, as a consequence pods and seeds were reduced, malformed and low in productivity, which lowered biomass and economic yield and is accompanied by decrease in Cu concentration in leaves and seeds. The quality of seeds deteriorated at deficient Cu as the concentration of proteins, carbohydrates (sugars and starch), protein nitrogen were lowered, and phenols, non-protein nitrogen, increased. Whereas in leaves, the concentration of carbohydrates (sugars and starch), phenols, and non-protein nitrogen were elevated and protein nitrogen was reduced. Copper deficiency also alleviated the concentration of chlorophyll (a and b) in leaves. At deficient Cu, the activity of antioxidative enzyme viz. peroxidase along with that of acid phosphatase and ribonuclease increased in leaves, seeds and pod wall of chickpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To see the deleterious effects of excess chromium (Cr) on carrot (Daucus carota L.) the cv. 'Pusa Keshari' was grown in refined sand under controlled glasshouse conditions with a complete nutrient solution (without Cr) for 48 days. On the 49th day, pots with two plants each were separated into three sets. One set served as a control. In each of the other two sets, Cr was supplied as dichromate at 0.1 and 0.5 mM to the basal nutrient solution. At 0.5 mM Cr toxicity symptoms appeared at d 52 (4 days after Cr supply) as reduction in growth and leaf size and loss of turgor. Old leaves became chlorotic and wilted. Chlorosis intensified and turned necrotic in another few days. These symptoms spread to next upper leaf. The development of chlorosis in leaves was delayed in plants receiving 0.1 mM Cr. At excess Cr (0.5 mM) in carrot, the biomass, concentration of chlorophylls a and b, iron (Fe), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) in shoots, and activity of catalase (CAT) in leaves decreased whereas the concentration of Cr and the activity of peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ribonuclease (RNAse), and acid phosphatase (A P) in leaves increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco seedling plant biomass responses to growing media nutrient regimes at transplanting are fundamental yield determinants of the leaf crop in the field. A study was carried out to determine the effect of nutrient deficiencies on tobacco seedling leaf counts, stem height, and girth grown in potted sand media under greenhouse conditions. Thirty clay pots were filled with sand media subjected to nine different nutrient deficient and one complete stock solution treatments in a complete randomized block. Results show that a complete content of vital nutrients supported the tallest stems of 64.3 cm while potassium deficiency stunted stems the most (9.3 cm). Deficiency of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) reduced stem heights by 77-79%. Copper (Cu), N, potassium (K), and P nutrient deficiency induced the thinnest stems, which were 2.23-2.70 mm or 43.8-53% thinner than those in the control media. When compared with stem heights in the complete nutrient combination, the smallest reductions of 1.0 mm in stem girths were recorded in manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) deficient variants. The largest reduction in leaf emergence was recorded in sand media subjected to P and K deficiencies where a 64% reduction in leaf count was recorded. The functional group nutrient deficiencies effect on tobacco seedling biomass responses is reported in this study where any member of distinct functional groups of nutrients: (Mn and Zn); [Ca, magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe)]; (Cu, N, K, and P) classified by similar general functions in cell metabolism, induced similar nutrient deficiency effects to those of the group on seedling biomass parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has implicated nitrogen (N) deficiency as a major contributor to waterlogging-induced yield loss in soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.]. However, this stress is recognized as also reducing leaf concentrations of other nutrients. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of waterlogging stress on leaf N compared with other macro and micronutrients. A secondary objective was to assess the effects of waterlogging at different developmental stages on soybean yield. Compared with other nutrients [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn)], N demonstrated the greatest association with waterlogging-induced yield loss. This conclusion was based on concomitant occurrence of decreased yield with decreased N, depression of N below the critical level, and symptomology. Soybean was as sensitive to waterlogging stress when applied at a vegetative stage (V4) compared with reproductive stages (R1, R3, and R5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of zinc (Zn) [50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 μ g zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)/g of soil] reduced the foliage and the total growth of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Huth]. The root-shoot length ratio, varying little with age, was relatively low in the treated plants. Decrease in dry weights of stem and root was more pronounced in the late stages of plant development. The root-shoot dry weight ratio, maximum in the flowering stage, was lower in treated plants than in the control. Number of pods per plant declined, showing a positive correlation with Zn concentration. Net photosynthetic rate, declining with plant age, was significantly low in the treated plants. Density and size of stomata and trichomes, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, quantity of green pigments, nitrate reductase activity, and the nitrate and protein contents in the leaves also declined significantly. Proportion of vascular tissues both in stems and roots increased with plant age with a concomitant reduction of pith and cortex. Under zinc stress, the relative proportion of tissues varied inconsistently. Dimensions of vessel elements and fibers in stems and roots, increasing with the plant age, were always smaller in the treated plants. The vulnerability factor and mesomorphic ratio of treated plants declined, suggesting induction of water stress due to zinc treatments. Accumulation of Zn2 + in different plant parts was considerably high at each developmental stage of the treated plants, and showed a positive correlation with Zn in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arsenic (As) on the physiological and mineralogical properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. 'Minorimugi'). The plants were grown in nutrient solution treated with 0, 6.7, 33.5, and 67 μ M As (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 ppm As, respectively) in the phytotron. Dry matter yield of shoots and roots decreased significantly with the As treatments, indicating that barley plants are As-sensitive and As-toxicity depends on the As concentration in the rooting medium. Necrosis in older leaves and chlorosis symptoms (whitish color) in the fully developed young leaves were observed at the 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. Arsenic concentration, accumulation, and translocation increased with the increase of As concentration in the rooting medium. Arsenic was mostly concentrated in roots and a little amount was moved to shoots, indicating that As was not easily translocated to shoots of barley seedlings. Concentrations and accumulations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) decreased significantly in shoots for 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments as compared to the 0 μ M As treatment. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu decreased in roots, but Zn concentration increased in roots at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu in roots also decreased significantly at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulation of P and the cations showed negative relationship with As. Concentration of Fe decreased in shoots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments where chlorosis was induced in the young leaf but increased in roots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. It was suggested that As might induce iron (Fe)-chlorosis in the plants. Among the micronutrients, Fe translocation was more affected than others by As. Phytosiderophore (PS) accumulation in roots, which is a symptom of Fe-deficiency in grasses, did not change significantly between 0 and 33.5 μ M As treatments; indicating that As-induced chlorosis did not enhance PS accumulation in roots and decreased due to As-toxicity at 67 μ M As treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global nutritional problem in crops grown in calcareous soils. However, plant analysis criteria, a good tool for interpreting crop Zn requirement, is scarcely reported in literature for onion (Allium cepa L.). In a greenhouse experiment, Zn requirement, critical concentrations in diagnostic parts and genotypic variation were assessed using four onion cultivars ('Swat-1', 'Phulkara,' 'Sariab Red,' and 'Chilton-89') grown in a Zn-deficient (AB-DTPA extractable, 0.44 Zn mg kg-1), calcareous soil of Gujranwala series (Typic Hapludalf). Five rates of Zn, ranging from 0 to 16 mg Zn kg-1 soil, were applied as zinc sulphate (ZnSO4·7H2O) along with adequate basal fertilization of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and boron (B). Four onion seedlings were transplanted in each pot. Whole shoots of two plants and recently matured leaves of other two plants were sampled. Zinc application significantly increased dry bulb yield and maximum yield was produced with 8 mg Zn kg-1. Application of higher rates did not improve yield further. The cultivars differed significantly in Zn efficiency and cv. 'Swat-1' was most Zn-efficient. Fertilizer requirement for near-maximum dry bulb yield was 2.5 mg Zn kg-1. Plant tissue critical Zn concentrations were 30 mg kg-1 in young whole shoots, 25 mg kg-1 in matured leaves, 16 mg kg-1 in tops and 14 mg Zn kg-1 in bulb. Zinc content in mature bulb also appeared to be a good indicator of soil Zn availability status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorosis induced by excessive phosphorus (P) fertilizer application is a common problem in many apple orchards in Iran. This experiment was conducted to study the relationship between P, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in apple trees. Young ‘Delicious’ apple trees were planted in the pots, in which the soil P was added at rates of 0, 1500, and 3000 μ g P (as diammonium phosphate) per g of soil. In the second year, when trees were established and leaf chlorosis appeared, a commercial Fe-EDDHA chelate applied at two rates of 0 and 9.5 μ g Fe per g of soil. Results showed that adding P to the soil increased soil available P and Zn. Increasing soil available P up to 4 times of recommended ranges, had no negative effect on leaf chlorophyll index, leaf surface area, or dry weight of young and old leaf and root dry weight. Young leaf and root P concentrations and total leaf dry weight increased as soil available P increased. Increasing soil P level caused no Fe or other nutrient accumulation in roots. Iron chelate applications corrected chlorosis and increased Fe concentration in young and old leaves, but decreased manganese (Mn) concentration of roots. These changes were not affected by increasing soil P levels. Iron chelate declined root Zn in control treatment, but as the soil extractable Zn increased by applying P to the soil, no changes in Zn concentration was observed. Based on this experiment, it seems that ‘Delicious’ apple is not sensitive to high available P in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) chlorosis reduces the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthates, and crop yield. The effect of Fe chlorosis on leaf composition and cell structure was evaluated in Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) with different degrees of Fe chlorosis. Iron chlorosis significantly reduced concentrations of chlorophylls a, b, and a + b, and caused thickening of leaves, due to the increase in palisade and spongy parenchyma cells. The chloroplasts of the chlorotic and albino leaves showed a disorganized ultrastructure; they had an elongated shape with disarrayed thylakoids, underdeveloped grana, scarce starch granules, and hole-like folds in the thylakoid membranes. The accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the upper and lower sides of the epidermis, crystal length, and total crystal content increased with Fe chlorosis severity. The green leaves, in contrast, had chloroplasts with typical ultrastructure. The degree of Fe chlorosis in the leaves significantly affected the concentrations of potassium (K); Fe, manganese (Mn), Fe 2+ , and the phosphorus (P)/Fe and K/calcium (Ca) ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of phosphate deficiency on enzymatic activities and on compounds of the secondary metabolism linked with the production of root exudates in bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants cv. ‘Bianco di Bagnasco.’ Phosphate deficiency induced a decrease in root total soluble phenolic content, but also caused an increase in total soluble phenolic content of exudates. Alteration of phenolic production was paralleled by increased activity of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and decreased activity of chalcone isomerase (CHI) in roots. Two isoflavonoids daidzein and naringenin, have been detected in roots; they are considered signal molecules in the chemical trafficking with soil microorganisms. Naringenin content was reduced by phosphorus (P) deficiency, due to lower activity of CHI, the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis. On the other hand, daidzein content was higher in –P plants than in the control. The results are discussed, considering the possible roles of phenolics and flavonoids in plant-soil microbe interactions and rizosphere modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In solution culture at different iron (Fe) concentrations, both contents of endogenous hormones or the IAA oxidase activities in the roots and the diffusive IAA contents in the stem apex were analyzed for Malus xiaojinensis (an Fe-efficient apple genotype) or M. baccata (an Fe-inefficient apple genotype). The results showed that higher amounts of IAA in M. xiaojinensis were transported from the stem apex into roots under Fe deficiency stress, which resulted in a great enhancement of the root IAA content, being 4–5 times higher at Fe deficiency than at a normal Fe level. Root IAA content of M. baccata did not show any obvious change at both deficiency and normal level of Fe. When the appearance of leaf chlorosis was used as the test point by the time, there was no remarked difference in fluctuation of the root GA3 or ABA contents between M. xiaojinensis and M. baccata , although the developing trends of the root GA 3 or ABA contents were slightly lagging for M. xiaojinensis . The results obtained in this experiment suggested that IAA might be a signal factor of inducing Fe deficiency response in plant of genus Malus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]