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Light-reflecting characteristics play a crucial role in optically rewritable liquid crystal display (electronic paper). By using a special optimizer software, light-reflecting characteristics of the twisted nematic cell were calculated. The achieved values of the normalized reflection coefficients range within ∼ 0.03 - 0.43, which is comparable or better than other commercial technologies. The calculated contrast ratio of the device is 10 : 1. A 2D image, which can be displayed on the electronic paper was obtained. Comparison of the simulated background color and contrast ratio is very similar with the results, which were obtained in experimental cells of other studies. Our calculations indicate that angular dependence of the reflectance coefficient is almost uniform within a wide range of viewing angles.

This study focus on the removal of textile dyeing effluent by analyzing the physio-chemical parameters such as color, turbidity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Activated carbon is used for removing color from the wastewater collected from silkworm textile industry, Bishnupur, West Bengal. We have used activated carbon made with coconut shell which is ecofriendly and low in cost. The results of the analysis were compared with the water quality standards of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) for further application of the treated water in agricultural field. Also, this paper included the case study on textile dyeing industry in Bankura district, West Bengal, India and its impacts of pollution load in the environment.

Biomass-based energy conversion and storage applications have proven to be the most effective technology for practical and sustainable applications. However, their further development was hindered by poor electrode performance. Naturally, abundant biomass is a green alternative carbon source with many desirable properties. This study presents a relatively easy approach for the synthesis of activated carbon-based electrode materials derived from natural biomass with an emphasis on supercapacitor applications. The selected biomass waste is Longan leaves. The precursor was converted into activated carbon through ZnCl2 impregnation at three different concentrations in high-temperature pyrolysis. All activated carbon confirmed a good amorphous structure. Furthermore, oxidative compounds were also found to have an effect on their electrochemical properties. supercapacitor cells prepared in a two-electrode system exhibit high electro-capacitive properties with a specific capacitance of 169.83 F g−1 at a constant current density of 1.0 A g−1 in an aqueous electrolyte of 1 M H2SO4. Furthermore, the optimum energy density was found in LF0.5 samples as high as 19.04 Wh kg−1 at a maximum power density of 124.37 W kg−1.

This study attempts to apply the concept of sustainability by reducing the environmental pollution of plastic waste, especially Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) that are used in production soft drinks bottles. The plastic bottles were collected, roughened) Roughen the surface by using a metal clip after exposing it to heat, and then place it on smooth surfaces) and shredded into fibres of specific size and shape with an aspect ratio (L/D) of 34.5. Various proportions of PET (i.e. 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) have been used in the production of ordinary concrete. The influence of PET fibers on the properties of concrete was studied, such as workability, compressive and splitting tensile strengths. Furthermore, the shear characteristics of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams with dimensions of (150×300×2000) mm produced from such concrete were also investigated. For all percentage of replacements, The fresh property, compressive strength, and tensile strength of PET fibre encapsulated cement concrete were investigated. With the addition of plastic fibre, compressive strength increased marginally, but tensile strength measurements showed a substantial improvement over the control specimen. it has been found that there was an apparent impact of waste plastic fibers on the structural behavior of the investigated beams in terms of its brittleness. The increase in the ultimate load capacity With the increase in the percentage of fiber until a percentage(1%), then it begins to decrease after this percentage of continuous deep beams refers to the use of waste plastic fibers to improve the tensile properties of concrete and to limit the spread and width of cracks within the structure.

Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) can be applied to degrade textile wastewater. In this study, a DBD plasma reactor was composed of two electrodes of stainless-steel mesh as the outer electrode and Cu wire as the inner electrode with pyrex glass as the dielectric barrier. The electrodes were connected to an AC voltage of 3.07 kV. As much as 1500 ml of textile wastewater has flowed continuously into the system. Variations time of treatment were 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Physical parameters of textile wastewater such as pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), and absorbance were measured before and after treatment to determine the effect of plasma. As a result, the highest degradation efficiency of 54.29% was obtained after treating the textile wastewater for 120 min.

The paper is devoted to experimental study of heat exchange and pressure drop of channel with various geometry twisted bands. The studies were carried out in the range of operating modes parameters of the nuclear power units’ heat exchange equipment. The three different designs of intensifiers are presented in the paper. The values of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are obtained. The dependences of the Nusselt number (Nu) on the Reynolds number (Re) were calculated. The comparative analysis of intensifiers is made. The efficiency factor was also calculated on experimental data. The most optimal geometry form of intensifier was selected.

This paper investigates the potential sources of renewable energy, in particular biofuels. Biofuels tend to contain multiple harmful impurities that need to be separated if the biofuel is to have good energy performance, and the systems that run on it to produce electricity or heat are to operate more reliably. The paper discusses use of hydrocyclones as the most productive and reliable biofuel purification method. It dwells upon the factors that negatively affect separation of mixtures in a hydrocyclone, which are attributable to the complex hydrodynamics of the flow in such a unit. In order to eliminate these factors, the authors hereof have developed two hydrocyclone designs. An experimental test bench was designed and made to test these designs. Parts of the units were 3D printed from an environmentally friendly material. For testing, we used a biodiesel made from waste cooking oil with an impurity content of 23%. Experiments showed a maximum separation rate of 94.2%. The proposed solutions did improve the effectiveness of biodiesel mixture separation. These designs can be effectively used to separate non-homogeneous mixtures.

Cladding tube is one of the key components in nuclear power reactor. In this paper, the forming process of a new cladding tube is investigated, namely ribbed tube. The influence of semi die angle on the forming process of ribbed tube is studied. Firstly, the strain-stress curves of 316L stainless steel (SS) at different strain rates are obtained. Based on the strain-stress curves, a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model which ignore the influence of temperature are used, and the parameters of the modified model are determined. Then, the modified Johnson-Cook is used to establish the finite element (FE) model of ribbed tube drawing process, and two pass drawing process is adopted in this paper. Finally, the influence of semi die angle on the forming process (forming quality and drawing force) of ribbed tube is elucidated, and the credibility of the simulation is confirmed by comparing the simulation and experimental results. The results show that when the semi die angle less than 8 °, all the formed ribbed tubes meet the requirement, but there are inner grooves appear at the inner wall, and the inner grooves cannot be avoided in the drawing process. Moreover, when the semi die angle is 8 °, the inner grooves have smallest depth.

Infrared thermography technology is widely used in the thermal condition detection of insulators due to its advantages of non-contact, sensitive, online detection. To realize the automatic detection of the operating condition of insulators in complex environments, this paper proposes a method for the recognition and location of the insulator based on Region-based Fully Convolutional Networks (R-FCN). The model was trained and tested on the constructed insulator infrared data set, compared with the SSD model. The results showed that the R-FCN detecting insulators can not only accurately locate insulators, but have an AP (average precision) value as high as 89.2%. Therefore, the findings in this paper have verified that R-FCN has great advantages in the recognition and location of infrared images of insulators and has practical application value.

Since from ancient times weight of bullock cart is concentrated on the neck of the bullock reducing its efficiency. This paper presents various design of the yoke structure for the cart and its analysis whose aim is to reduce the stress acting on the single point i.e. on the neck of the bullock. The stress needs to be distributed over the entire body of the bullock instead of concentrating only on the neck. This paper gives an idea of how the stress is distributed on the bullock and the deflection of the yoke corresponding to the load. The design iterative process is based on the presently used bullock cart yoke structure. This paper also includes the design concepts which provide cushioning at the contact of the wooden frame to the bullock. The best design is then selected based on the structural behaviour for particular boundary and loading conditions. The modelling is done in SOLIDWORKS 2017 software and simulated/analysed using ANSYS 18.2 software.

A torsion vibration isolator composed of oblique springs with high-static-low-dynamic stiffness (HSLDS) is proposed to attenuate the transmission of torsion vibration along the shipping shaft in this paper. It is good at in low frequency vibration isolation as it can significantly reduce the resonance frequency of the system with the same load capability. Firstly, the model of HSLDS torsion vibration isolator is introduced in this paper. Secondly, the non-dimensional torsion stiffness is formulated using mechanics theory, and the HSLDS characteristic of designed torsion vibration isolator is verified. Finally, the torque transmissibility is analyzed using the Increment Harmonic Balance (IHB) method, and the effects of the system parameters on it are analyzed. The results show that the resonant frequency increases accordingly as the stiffness ratio and the excitation torque are increased. However, the peak value of the torsion transmissibility is decreased as the damper ratio increasing.

As a component of the Internet of things, high-voltage cables are the power supply infrastructure for the modern development of cities. The operation experience shows that the high-voltage cable has been broken down many times, due to the defective operation. At present, due to the limitation of detection technology, the research on detection and identification of defects in high-voltage cables is progressing slowly. Therefore, a new DR technology based on X-ray digital imaging is proposed in this paper to realize real-time detection of defects in the semi-conductive buffer layer of high-voltage cables, and intelligent detection of DR images of high-voltage cables by using image depth processing technology to realize intelligent identification of defects in the buffer layer of power cables. The results show that using the new DR technique proposed in this paper, the accurate and intuitive DR image of high-voltage cable can be obtained quickly, and the intelligent identification of defects can be realized.

There are many factors affecting insulator leakage current of transmission line, resulting in low accuracy of leakage current monitoring. This paper designs a monitoring method for insulator leakage current of transmission line under typical environmental conditions. The influence of different factors on the accuracy of leakage current monitoring is analyzed. Based on the fuzzy mathematics theory, the insulator operating characteristic quantity is analyzed, and the uncertain factors in the insulator operating characteristic quantity are calculated, so as to realize the insulator leakage current monitoring of transmission line under typical environmental conditions. The example analysis shows that the leakage current monitoring accuracy of the method studied in this paper is high in the case of no arc, local arc, adjacent flashover, pollution and saturated environment, which proves the effectiveness of the method studied.

The paper considers the actual task of construction engineering: the elimination of harmful (undesirable) vibration phenomena in composite metal building structures and bridge cable-stayed systems – complete damping and vibration of the bridge cable-stayed system entails the calming of the entire bridge structure. Similar problems arise when designing devices that lead to dynamic rest of network antenna structures. The presentation of the material is based on the main provisions of the modern theory of optimal control of distributed differential systems with network carriers. An extensive literature is devoted to the sanctification of the research of the mentioned problem, however, an exhaustive solution of the problems of controlling elastic structures by external influences of various types (distributed, boundary, starting, and point control) and a comparative analysis of their properties did not find their place in these studies. In addition, the ways of algorithmization of previously obtained results are not always specified. The paper uses a mathematical model describing small oscillations of a spatial string system. It is convenient to use such a system and approaches to the analysis of its mathematical model as a fairly simple fundamental object when considering a more complex object, which is an elastic system of more complex elements. The results of the work are presented in a form that makes it possible to formalize the computational procedure, which is convenient for algorithmizing the process of determining the solution, and therefore for the modern application of computer technology. It remains to add that the work indicates ways to transfer the obtained results to the case of analyzing optimal control problems with carriers on multidimensional network-like domains.

The research object is a pulsed bipolar power supply based on a bipolar pulse shaper of increased frequency for magnetron sputtering systems. The research subject is the electrophysical and electromagnetic processes occurring in the bipolar pulse shaper when it is operated with a magnetron sputtering system, as well as the control characteristics. The purpose of the paper is the possibility of creating a pulsed power supply with a power of up to several tens of kW, which makes it possible to increase the stability of the magnetron sputtering system. Besides, the outcomes of computer simulation of a power source based on a bipolar pulse shaper and control algorithm ensuring its stable and reliable operation in association with a magnetron sputtering system are reflected in the paper. The results show that the deviation of the output control characteristics of the bipolar pulse shaper from the analytically obtained characteristics does not exceed 3%. Circuit modeling is carried out in the Swicher CAD/LTspice software package. The mathematical SPICE models of the field-effect STY112N65M5 transistor, transistor IGBT of IRF4PF50WD and STTH8006 diode are taken from the websites of STMicroelectronics and International Rectifier manufacturers.

The self weight of steel box girder is light, and the stability effect is smaller than that of concrete bridge. In this paper, the anti overturning research of the main line bridge and ramp bridge is carried out. It is found that for the variable cross-section continuous beam bridge with wind barrier along the whole line, when the pressure reserve of the side pier is small under the action of self weight, the compression of the bearing under the action of basic combination can not ensure that the bearing will not be empty under the action of standard value combination; Centrifugal force, wind load and temperature load caused by vehicle load have great influence on bridge overturning, which can not be ignored; Temperature load and foundation displacement may lead to stability or instability according to the stiffness distribution of the main beam. In this paper, it is proposed that both the basic combination and the standard value combination should be considered when checking the bearing void. It is recommended to adopt the calculation method of “the stability effect is the standard value effect that makes the superstructure stable, and the instability effect is the standard value effect that makes the superstructure unstable” as the stability coefficient.

In this paper, the electric field intensity of the electrode structure of the thermally emitted electron gun of UTEM is simulated, and the relation between the electric field intensity distribution and the electrode plate is analyzed. Using the electronic optics software, the optical system of the electron gun is simulated, the performance parameters of the electron gun are obtained, and the advantages and disadvantages of the whole optical system are analyzed. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for the design and simulation of similar electron gun.

s This paper presents algorithm for draping 2D textile fabric on curved surface. Using computer analyze to predicting strength and stiffness of textile reinforced composite details allows to achieve better characteristics of received parts. Part of this task is stacking initial cloth on the surface. Modeling of draped fabrics on surface produced by representation initial cloth by pin-jointed net model, which are describes position of each thread. This algorithm also provides to analyses angles between each pair of threads in considered object. It is used to find areas with critical tension, or places of formation of folds of fabrics. In this paper threads of fabrics are inextensibility.

With the popularization of the Internet and the rapid development of information technology, the types and quantities of data are increasing at an unprecedented rate. We are in an era of ever-increasing data penetration, and “big data” has arrived. Nowadays, all walks of life are using big data, and human production and life can no longer leave big data. It has been widely used in many fields, including large-scale hydropower and ceramic glaze. This article mainly introduces the literature reference research method, analytic hierarchy process and investigation research method. This paper uses the analytic hierarchy process to analyze the application of big data in ceramic glaze, and establishes a potential mathematical model. The model is solved by the analytic hierarchy process, and the application status of big data in ceramic glazes is studied, and the model is revised using historical data to improve the accuracy of the application status of big data in ceramic glazes. The experimental results of this paper show that the analytic hierarchy process increases the efficiency of the application research of big data in ceramic glazes by 13%, and reduces the rate of false alarms and false alarms. Finally, by comparing the application value analysis of big data in ceramic art glaze and the modernization demand analysis of ceramic art glaze, the influence of the application of big data in ceramic art glaze is systematically explained.

The paper designs a square hole model and uses a delta3D printer to carry out printing experiments with different process parameters. It mainly conducts experimental research on four process parameters, including printing speed, layer thickness, filling density and platform temperature. The paper carries out the analysis of the influence of process parameters on the external dimensions of the hole, the inner depth of the hole, etc., and graspes the law of the influence of different process parameters on various sizes in order to provide a certain reference for the research of the 3D printing process of special parts.

Metamaterials are synthetic special structural units, usually in the wavelength or subwavelength range. When the incident light is coupled with the structural element, the free electrons on the surface can generate surface plasmons under the periodic drive of electromagnetic wave. In this paper, we mainly study the transparency of dynamically adjustable plasma-induced periodic graphical graphene nanoribbons. This paper discusses the geometric parameters that affect the variation of PIT. The gap distance G and the disc moving distance S can change the coupling strength of the light and dark modes, and the variation of coupling strength can adjust the transparency and frequency band width of PIT window. The Fermi energy of graphene can be changed by adjusting the electrical conductivity of graphene, and the change of Fermi energy can also regulate the PIT effect.

Micropitting is a fatigue failure phenomenon that concentrates at the surface roughness level between interacting surfaces. This type of surface fatigue is commonly recognized to exist in gears and bearings, where specific film thicknesses are sufficiently low that the rough surfaces run in the EHL condition, where the direct asperity contacts are prominent. This paper is an experimental and theoretical study to investigate a number of fatigue failure theories concerning the multi-axial fatigue models which are depended on a critical plane analysis in the mixed lubrication regime. These failure theories are namely the Findley, the Matake, the Dang Van, McDiarmid and, Fatemi and Socie model, where they are used to perform fatigue investigation for Micro- EHL contacts problem. Numerical analysis to investigate the cumulative damage and fatigue parameter in a Micro- EHL contact is established in this paper. The results of applying failure theories have indicated that the different multiaxial fatigue criteria adopted provide significant results for contact analysis in lubricated conditions, and they are more relevant to the applications of the rough surface Micro-EHL mode.

This paper makes a deep comparison and research on the cost of prefabricated concrete structure which is popularized vigorously by our country. By comparing the cost of three high-rise concrete residential projects with different prefabrication rates, this paper makes a detailed comparison of the total above-ground cost, civil construction and installation, and the cost of prefabricated components. On this basis analyzes the influence of adjusting prefabricated components on the prefabrication rate and the influence of prefabrication rate on the change of cost. Finally, it is discussed that the cost of prefabricated housing project is higher than that of traditional cast-in-place concrete housing mainly because of the increase of steel and concrete content of prefabricated components, transportation cost, main material consumption and comprehensive unit price. In this paper, the cost comparison and difference of prefabricated housing provides reference and reference for the future cost analysis of prefabricated housing.

Electrical impedance spectroscopy combined with Neural Networks can be a powerful combination to identify biological materials. This paper utilizes a data set containing two biological samples taken from different species and applies the most popular methods of dimensionality reduction. This is done in order to find out which method is able to minimize computational demand and maximize accuracy in the classification test. This paper proposes that the classic PCA method is the fastest and the most accurate under the configurations used.

The complicated thermal characteristics critically affect the reliability of double-row cylindrical roller bearing (DCRB) in the high-speed railway, which will cause the deformation and vibration and severely lead to bearing failure. Thus, research on the heat distribution and steady temperature field is essential for DCRB. In this paper, the Green’s function was established and programed with MATLAB under certain boundary conditions to verify the temperature field of DCRB. It computes fast than the finite element analysis (FEA), According to the simulation of ANSYS, temperature in outer ring is higher than inner ring and it is the maximum in roller, while the rib reduces the temperature in bearing and temperature near rib is larger, which result in asymmetry in raceway. All these results are consistent with the accrual working. This paper provided a heat portion equation between the rollers and the raceway and calculated more accurate and comprehensive than other equation. All results in this paper made sure the more exact temperature field in the DCRB with more convenient calculation and verification.

In this paper, the mechanism of electromagnetic induction current of overhead ground wire is analyzed, the models of overhead ground wire with different voltage levels are established on ATP-EMTP, the electromagnetic induction current of optical fiber composite overhead ground wire (OPGW) is calculated, and the factors affecting the induced current on OPGW are analyzed, including the change in loads of transmission lines, the value of grounding resistance and the location of lines. The results of this paper provide a reference for the actual measurement and the use of this induced current for induction power supply.

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology implemented antenna for home automation in IoT is presented in this paper. SIW exhibits a low copper loss, reduce surface waves, low radiation loss and low dielectric loss property. In this paper the rectangular waveguide has been designed, simulated, and fabricated to operate in 5 – 15 GHz frequency range. The important performance characteristics of antenna are simulated and measured. The rectangular waveguide has two parallel metallic cylinders consisting of via holes in which we can prevent the entering of unwanted radiations.

Buckling is possible for thin composite skins of light aircraft wing high-lift devices loaded above limit level. Aim of this work is to create a method for orthotropic panels minimal thickness definition with possible post-buckling behavior considering residual strength support. Hinge supported composite panels loaded in compression and shear jointly are considered. Method based on analytic solution of non-linear problem and design method by post-buckling state is suggested in the paper. In order to explain peculiarities of above-mentioned method examples of panels design loaded with tangential force supporting strength and stability are shown in this work. It is demonstrated that for panels minimal thickness calculation by strength, stability, and post-buckling behavior conditions corresponding linear, second- and third-degree equations in unknown thicknesses are derived. In order to develop design method by post-buckling state with combined loading analytic solution of non-linear problem using Bubnov-Galerkin method is shown in the paper. Chai criterion including all components of acting forces and stress critical values for residual strength has been used for composite package based on the conditions of combined loading. Variants of developed applied methods of design based on post-buckling state with only tangential force acting and with combined loading by compression and shear flows are shown in this work.

Asphalt removal is a complex, energy-intensive technological operation. The paper is devoted to the research of power and energy properties of cutting by the cutting elements of road milling machines. We have analyzed works devoted to the development of different road-building materials; based on the analysis, we deem it possible for the correlation to exist between the strength properties of asphalt concrete and the cutting resistance forces produced by the working units of road milling machines. The most suitable strength property is the contact strength of asphalt concrete determined by the static penetration method. The paper describes the methodology of experimental research in this area and presents the results of experimental studies. We prove a direct correlation between the tangential component of the cutting resistance force and limit contact stresses for three types of asphalt concrete. This makes it possible to quickly and reasonably determine the cutting resistance forces when milling asphalt concrete of different grades at different temperatures without having to conduct complex, expensive research. The established relationship between the asphalt concrete contact strength property and the tangential component of the cutting resistance force suggests that the asphalt concrete strength properties previously determined by temperature, composition, and structure can be replaced by one, namely, its contact strength. This can replace the huge list of existing materials with a single parameter — contact destruction strength.

In aluminium industry, it is very important to know the type or grade of aluminium metals and its composition present within the aluminium metals using non-destructive testing (NDT). A method is required which is unique and help to know the type of the aluminium material in order to characterize the aluminium samples. Ultrasonic testing is one of the best NDT techniques which are used for characterization of properties of the material. Recently it is observed that ultrasonic testing parameters are significantly depends on microstructural or mechanical properties of materials and the parameters are affected by change in structural properties of materials. To extract the more information from ultrasonic signals, signal processing techniques are the best tools which are using now days. In this paper new technique is introduced to obtain the concentration of aluminium in aluminium material in terms of ultrasonic parameters hardness, velocity, attenuation & modulus of elasticity by using linear regression analysis using Statistical package for Social Sciences i.e., SPSS statistics. The regression equation which is obtained to calculate aluminium percentage is compared with the experimental value of aluminium percentage in the materials. In the present paper the accuracy or reliability of the mathematical model has been estimated. To estimate the aluminium percentage in aluminium this type of model will be very helpful.

Rapid industrialization in concrete industry dominates the infrastructural development globally. Where, the crowded places, old structures, monuments gets maintain and rehabilitate to strengthen then we use high grade concrete. For this purpose we use reactive powder concrete and without destroying the structure know its strength parameters. This investigation mainly focus on mix proportion of different ingredients of reactive powder concrete and check the freshly prepared specimen for non destructive test as per codal provision. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test gives the idea about the uniformity of material, dense particle and homogeneity. Higher the pulse velocity or wavelength which passes through specimen higher is the compression strength. In this examination specimen were prepared from silica fumes, silica sand and steel fiber to achieve the durability. Here, RPC M30 and RPC M60 cubes were prepared and tested after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90days. The specimen was cured and age by accelerated curing and conventional curing to see increment in compression strength. The accelerated curing temperature was kept 600C with relative humidity 60% and conventional curing at 250C i.e. on room temperature ±20C. In reactive powder concrete there is a less cement use because of silica fume which was again by product of SiO2 i.e. silicon dioxide. This is resulting into less significant greenhouse effects to improve sustainable development goal. This paper gives sufficient idea about the wavelength and its characteristics. Uses of silica sand in study of RPC and structural changes occur in compression strength. In this paper linear relationship was establish with the help of regression analysis for compactness of material and studying the wavelength. The R2 value is ranges 0.8 to 0.99 means the relationship was good and material is homogeneous. Plasticizer and water cement ratio plays an important role in case of workability and cement binder ratio.

This paper presents the results of Millimetron microvibration analysis at low frequencies. Millimetron telescope structure behavior was studied in order to predict its central mirror response from microvibration disturbance caused by mechanical cryocoolers. The results contain the most significant values of acceleration which appeared on the mirror surface as well as rotational deflections which affect the telescope optical axis stability. To make it possible the microvibration analysis technique was derived from the theoretical aspects and other researches results. This technique was adapted to Millimetron microvibration analysis using its finite-element model and taking into account several assumptions which were also discussed at this paper.

Currently, white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) are emerging lighting techniques and are highly desirable. These are one of the world’s highest lighting technologies. LEDs have attracted special attention of research society, scholars and society through their benefits and applications. Phosphor-converting light-emitting diodes (PC-LEDs) show immense potential for the future and, in the coming years, it is expected that LEDs will be easily available at a cheaper price with lower energy consumption. Rare earth activated phosphors are an integral and important part of white light generation. In this review, we have studied numerous research papers about phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LED). The main objective of this review paper is to analyze inorganic materials that have been synthesized by various methods and are suitable for eco-friendly lighting applications. In this review, we propose the plan and discovery of new LED phosphors from two alternate points of view, i.e., basic crystal structure in various host systems and co-doped activators through energy transfer. The color-tunable properties of rare-earth activated phosphors explain in detail. Numerous color-tunable phosphor materials have been studied and discussed in this review. In addition, utilizations, difficulties and development or improvement of pc-WLEDs will be discussed.

Ductile damages often happen on metal structures under large deformations. In the current paper, the ductile damage criteria are discussed from the microscopic mechanism to metal ductile fracture models. Abaqus FEA makes the metal ductile damage criteria easy to be applied for practical problems. Therefore, the paper finally presents the detailed implementation of the ductile damage criteria in Abaqus FEA to describe the metal damage and degradation, simulating the ductile failure process with higher fidelity.

To erect modern constructions needs many ducts and pipes to accommodate essential services such as telephone, electricity, air conditioning, and computer network. Transverse web openings throughout the Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams enable the installation of these services. In recent decades, the researchers suggested several strategies for improving the structural behavior for deep, continuous, and simply-supported beams; involving transverse web-holes underwent shear forces, bending, torsion, and cyclic loads by utilizing supplementary internal steel reinforcing bars, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) rods or plates, steel fiber, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets. The current paper presents the previous investigations on the structural action of the RC-beams with the transverse web-openings. The effect of the shape, size, position of the opening, and type of strengthening on the structural performance of RC beams highlight and discussed in this paper. It found when the diameter of circle opening equal or greater than 40% of the depth of beam attributed by reducing in beam strength and earlier cracks occurred. Besides, the deflection of beams was rose when the openings settled below the centroid of the section. Finally, this study proves that the few previous studies discussed the RC beam’s behavior with openings under cyclic loading. However, this paper aims to develop insights for future studies about assessing and strengthening methods for the RC beams with the transverse web opening.

In response to the energy density and fast activation requirements of small caliber ammunition fuzes for power supplies, this paper designs a piezoelectric stacked physical power supply that can generate electrical energy using the setback acceleration generated at the moment of ammunition firing as a power source. The paper designs the structure of the power supply according to the performance parameters of the selected piezoelectric materials and tests the power generation performance of the power supply using a simulated experimental setup. The experimental results demonstrate that the output voltage of the piezoelectric power supply has a linear relationship with the load. When the piezoelectric power supply charges the capacitor, the voltage across the energy storage capacitor also increases approximately with the increase of load, and the piezoelectric stacked power supply designed in this paper can meet the requirements of small caliber ammunition.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a direct wideband gap semiconductor material with a band gap of 3.37eV at room temperature. It can absorb ultraviolet light with a wavelength shorter than 385nm and is light blind to visible light. Using different growth methods or different growth conditions, the final prepared ZnO nanomaterials have different growth structures, which can be presented as nano dots, nanowires, nanoribbons, nano rings, nano tubes and other structures. In this paper, the ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) of ZnO nanowires (NWs) was first prepared by wet etching and hydrothermal method. Then, gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) was used as metal nanoparticles with surface modification to characterize the performance of the PD, and the study of NPs modification on the performance of the detector was explored. After testing, the NPs modification improved the responsivity by about 12 times and the absorption was also improved to a certain extent. This paper provides a valuable reference for the material selection of UV PDs based on ZnO NWs surface modification.

This research paper summaries the research carried by various researcher in the field of Nanofuids and after treatment devices on performance and emission of CI engines. Basically there are two methods of reducing the emission in the engines. First method is completely burn the fuel i.e. converting hydrocarbon and eliminating the emission. Suppose if the fuel is not completely combustible and it produces emission but it can be reduced by treating it before it enter the atmosphere, this is another way of reducing exhaust emission. The major exhaust emission are NOx and PM i.e. particulate matter. It is evident from many research papers that combustion can be improved by adding Nano additives to reduce the emission. Researcher have used various nano particle of various size and material to improve the performance of the engine and reduce emission. Also they have used various after treatment device reduce emission.

Green energy source has a vital role for production of electricity. Since present day, conventional fuel was considered as the core sources of electricity. In this paper, source of green energy discussed is very rare. Solar and wind power have been considered as inherent energy sources of electricity through solar cells and wind mill. Sound energy in the form of noise is comparatively unexplored source around us for generation of electricity. This noise can be successfully converted into electricity by using suitable transducer. Piezoelectric transducers has major role for noise to electricity. Multiple transducers can be used to produce electricity which can be stored and utilized further. The present object of this paper can offer renewable green energy source which can be beneficial in worldwide search of nonconventional source of energy.

Leaky Wave Antennas (LWAs) allow electromagnetic wave to leak along its structure. LWAs being low profile have been effortless to fabricate. The SIW can be designed by inserting two rows of metallic via on a dielectric material which work as a wall to prevent the radiation. CRLH property can be generated by cutting the slot on the upper stub which provide the capacitance. In this paper, a periodic CRLH based C-shaped SIW-LWA is proposed which operates in a single band between the frequencies of 13.2 to 15.5 GHz. With the help of SIW and CRLH property designed antenna scans in continuous backward to forward direction with suppressed stop band. This paper shows a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based on leaky wave antenna (LWA) including better gain, efficiency and backward to forward beam steering. The periodic C-shaped slot substrate integrated waveguide leaky wave antenna (SIW-LWA) are made-up and the calculated and replicated results acknowledges marvellously. It seems that there is a good contract between them. The beam steering of SIW-LWA is from-60 degree to 29 degree when frequency sweeps from 13.2 GHz to 15.5 GHz. The SIW-LWA offers the peak value of gain as 5.733 dB and peak value of efficiency are 77.545%. The broad side radiation will be at 14 GHz. Below 14 GHz the antenna works as a LH material and scans negative angles and above 14 GHz antenna works as RH material and scans positive angle. This antenna, substrate integrated waveguide leaky wave antenna (SIW-LWA), is proposed only to obtained better beam steering so as to use for such application where beam scanning is used.

The aim of this paper is to boost the power output of the hybrid energy harvester effectively and to provide electrical optimization for a hybrid energy harvesting system that produces two electrical outputs from a single source of mechanical input namely vibration. Two different electrical outputs are produced by using the concept of piezoelectricity and electromagnetic induction. In this paper, an electrical equivalent is obtained for the standalone piezoelectric system and the electromagnetic system. The rectification of the piezoelectric system along with its results is discussed. Different circuits for amplification is studied and simulated to improve the voltage. All the practical experimental outputs and the different software used to gain these outputs are recorded. The various applications of the hybrid system are reviewed and discussed.

Efficiency of optoelectronic devices can be enhanced by using Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR). Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) is a multipair layered structure of high and low refractive indices. High reflectivity of DBR is due to constructive interference of reflected light from interfacial layers of DBR. In the present paper, reflectivity of DBR composed of II-VI compound semiconductor is simulated using Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). In this paper, reflectivity of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 periods for the incidence angle of 45+ is simulated. Also, the effect of interchange of constituent layers in DBR stack, on reflectivity is simulated.

In this paper investigation on electrical and thermal performance of the AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT device is carried out by comparing the device grown on substrates like 4H-SiC and Sapphire. The investigation was carried out based on Silvaco TCAD Atlas simulation. The DC characteristics of the device with varying ambient temperature were evaluated. A deterioration of drain current from 0.9 mA to 0.5 mA is observed as temperature rises from 300K to 500K on 4H-SiC substrate. The HEMT grown on 4H-SiC substrate has a high power dissipation, resulting in reduced temperature compared to sapphire substrate. This increases the lifetime of the device by 1000s of hours and also its overall performance. The HEMT proposed here is found to have an electrically and thermally optimal performance on 4H-SiC substrate than on sapphire

High-power electronic tetrode is the RF wave transmitting component in the ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating system in EAST. In high-frequency use, its inter-electrode capacitance is an important factor that cannot be ignored, which will have a significant impact on the operating frequency and output power. Based on the theory of electrostatics and considering the influence of each electrode, this paper established a three-dimensional solid model of the electronic tetrode, and the numerical simulation about the inter-electrode capacitance is calculated by the finite element software COMSOL. The obtained inter-electrode capacitance simulation calculation values are all within the actual test value range. On this basis, the relationship between the inter-electrode capacitance and the inter-electrode distance is studied, and the adjustable range of the electrode diameter is calculated. The finite element numerical simulation method calculated the inter-electrode capacitance of high-power tetrodes and the quantitative relationship between the inter-electrode capacitance and inter-electrode distance more accurately, which can provide a reference for the simulation and design of megawatt-level electronic tetrodes in the future.

This paper introduces a self-developed DC voltage source, which uses the Zener reference LTZ1000 as the voltage reference element. Selecting high precise resistors and using appropriate measures to insulate and isolate, the short—time relative stability of 7V output voltage provided by LTZ1000 is 1.5×10-8. The voltage of 10V is increased up by a network, composed by high precise resistors with the same temperature coefficient, and its short—time relative stability is 2.2×10-8. The voltage of 5V is divided by a network, composed by high precise resistors with the same temperature coefficient, and its short—time relative stability is 3.6×10-7. The circuit is suitable for signal acquisition, voltage calibration and other applications.

These days halide perovskite is a very popular material to be applied both in photovoltaics and photonics due to its unique properties and low-cost methods of fabrication. High photoluminescence quantum yield and good nonlinear coefficients of perovskite material allow achieving multiphoton absorption in perovskite. Encapsulation of perovskite quantum dots in polymer matrix enables to prevent interaction with the environment and increase the material lifetime. In this paper, we present a semitransparent visualizer of infrared lasers working on two-photon absorption in halide perovskite nanocrystals encapsulated in the polymer matrix.

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of the distribution of thermal fields during the formation of Cr-Zr surface alloy using a pulsed low-energy high-current electron beam (LEHCEB). The melting thresholds of the Cr-Zr system for different thicknesses of Cr films were calculated. The melting threshold of the Cr-Zr system increases linearly with increasing Cr film thickness. A linear regression dependency model of the melting threshold on the film thickness is proposed. Evaporation thresholds of the Cr-Zr system for different thicknesses of Cr films were calculated. The evaporation threshold of the Cr-Zr system increases linearly with increasing Cr film thickness. A linear regression dependency model of the evaporation threshold on the film thickness is proposed. The value of the LEHCEB energy density at which the lifetime of the film and substrate are equal is calculated. This value is a maximum value for the effective formation of Cr-Zr. A model of the LEHCEB energy density, at which the lifetime of the film and the substrate are equal, in the form of a third-degree polynomial is proposed.

The goal of this article is to investigate the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the process of milk pasteurization. Ultrasound can potentially intensify heat transfer and reduce the formation of thermal sediment (soot deposit) on the walls of heat-exchange devices. The paper presents the results of experimental studies demonstrating the growth rate of thermal sediment on the wall of the heat-exchange apparatus and its amount in the volume of milk under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations and without it.

After the wear of elevator traction wheel, there is a traditional detection method which can measure the geometric dimensions of wheel groove. But this method has low measurement accuracy and cannot accurately reflect the actual profile of wheel groove. By means of the machine vision inspection technology, the profile of the traction wheel groove can be measured, a new detection method is proposed in this paper, and the corresponding measuring device is designed in detail. At the same time, with help of the computer simulation, the processing of the work piece image is used. In this method, the size and profile of the wheel groove of the traction wheel can be measured more accurately and quickly to reflect the actual wear value of the wheel groove.