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The human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line is a well-established in vitro model for studying transport phenomena for prediction of intestinal nutrient and drug absorption. However, substances depending on transporters such predictions are complicated due to variable transporter expression and limited knowledge about transporter function during multiple cell passaging and cell thawings. In the case of sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), a key transporter of oral absorption of d-glucose, one reason for compromised prediction could be inadequate expression of SGLT1 in Caco-2 cells and thereby limited sensitivity in the determination of SGLT1-mediated permeability (P SGLT1 ). Here, the objective is to characterize and compare SGLT1-mediated uptake in Caco-2 cells obtained from different cell banks. SGLT1-mediated uptake of the standard SGLT1 substrate, methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, in Caco-2 cells was shown to be highly dependent on cell bank origin. The most robust and reliable SGLT1 functionality was identified in Caco-2 cells from Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ), whereas cells from the American Type Culture Collection and European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures have lower SGLT1 transport activity. Transepithelial P SGLT1 across Caco-2 cells from DSMZ showed that P SGLT1 likely accounts for approximately 97% of absorptive methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside P app(a-b) . In conclusion, Caco-2 cells from DSMZ provide a robust in vitro model for studying SGLT1-mediated uptake and transport-over multiple cell passages and independent cell stock thawings., (Copyright © 2017 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In drug development, Caco-2 cells are often employed to study the influence of membrane transporters on drug permeability. The aim of the current study was to characterize permeability and kinetic parameters of selected organic anionic compounds in Caco-2 cells, and to investigate whether the Caco-2 cell line may be used as an overall model to predict interactions on multiple membrane transporters in the intestine. Taurocholic acid (TCA) and estrone-3-sulfate (E(1) S) were used as model substrates. Possible inhibitors studied were TCA, E(1) S, taurolithocholic acid, fluvastatin, and glipizide. The effects of these compounds on initial uptake, apparent permeability, and intracellular end-point accumulations of the probe substrates were studied. Both interactions on apical and basolateral influx transporters were observed. These interactions were proposed to be mediated mainly by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter and the organic solute transporter α/β, and to less extent by the organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1. However, interactions on efflux transporters were not detected, although they were expected from the literature on the investigated compounds. Biosimulation methods may be the key to further distinguish between interactions on multiple transporters, including the involvement of efflux transporters, by taking into account the changes in dynamics that drug interactions may cause., (Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in restricting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation of cyclic prodrugs of the opioid peptide DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH). The BBB permeation characteristics of these prodrugs and DADLE were determined using an in situ perfused rat brain model and in vitro cell culture model (MDCK-MDR1 cells) of the BBB. The activities of P-gp in these models were characterized using a known substrate (quinidine) and known inhibitors [cyclosporine A (CyA), GF-120918, PSC-833] of P-gp. Cyclic peptide prodrugs exhibited very poor permeation in both models. Inclusion of GF-120918, CyA, or PSC-833 in the brain perfusion medium or the cell culture medium significantly increased the permeation of these cyclic prodrugs. The order of potency of these P-gp inhibitors, as measured using the cyclic prodrugs as substrates, was, by in vitro MDCK-MDR1 cells: GF-120918 = CyA >or= PSC-833; and by in situ rat brain perfusion: GF-120918 > CyA = PSC-833. In conclusion, P-gp in the BBB is the major factor restricting the brain permeation of these cyclic prodrugs. MDCK-MDR1 cells can predict the order of potencies of the investigated P-gp inhibitors to enhance the rat BBB permeation of quinidine and the cyclic prodrugs., ((c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

The objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes versus efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in restricting the intestinal mucosal permeation of cyclic prodrugs (AOA-DADLE, CA-DADLE, OMCA-DADLE) of the opioid peptide DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH). AOA-DADLE, CA-DADLE, and OMCA-DADLE were shown to be rapidly metabolized by rat liver microsomes and human CYP-3A4 and to a lesser extent by esterases. Using an in situ perfused rat ileum model, ketoconazole, a CYP 3A inhibitor, was shown to have no effect (AOA-DADLE) or a slight enhancing effect (OMCA-DADLE, twofold; CA-DADLE, threefold) on their intestinal mucosal permeation. In contrast, inclusion of PSC-833, a P-gp inhibitor, in the perfusate significantly enhanced (7-16-fold) the permeation of the three cyclic prodrugs. Since PSC-833 was found to be a weak inhibitor of CYP 3A4 and to have no inhibitory effects on esterases, phenol sulfotransferases, and glucuronyltransferases, it is suggested PSC-833 enhances intestinal mucosal permeation of these cyclic prodrugs by inhibiting their polarized efflux and not by inhibiting their metabolism. Furthermore, efflux transporters (e.g., P-gp), not metabolic enzymes (e.g., CYP 3A, esterases), restrict the permeation of peptide prodrugs across the rat intestinal mucosa., ((c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association)

The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in restricting the intestinal mucosal permeation of cyclic prodrugs (AOA-DADLE, CA-DADLE, and OMCA-DADLE) of the opioid peptide DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH). In the Caco-2 cell model, the high P(app,BL-to-AP)/P(app,AP-to-BL) ratios of AOA-DADLE, CA-DADLE, and OMCA-DADLE (71-117) were significantly decreased by including known P-gp inhibitors, GF-12098, cyclosporine (CyA), or PSC-833, in the incubation media, suggesting that P-gp is restricting the AP-to-BL permeation of these cyclic prodrugs. In the in situ perfused rat ileum model, AOA-DADLE, CA-DADLE, and OMCA-DADLE were shown to exhibit very low permeation into the mesenteric blood (P(B) = 0.40, 0.56 and 0.42 x 10(-7) cm/s, respectively). PSC-833 was found to increase significantly the P(B) values for all three prodrugs. In contrast, CyA and GF-12918 were either inactive or substantially less active than PSC-833 in increasing the P(B) values of these prodrugs. These data suggest that, while P-gp plays a role, other factors (e.g., substrate activity for other efflux transporters and/or for metabolic enzymes) may contribute to restricting the permeation of AOA-DADLE, CA-DADLE, and OMCA-DADLE across the rat intestinal mucosa., ((c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association)