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Background: Neonatal sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality in developing countries because of its non-specific presentation. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosing sepsis, but culture results take 48 – 72 hours. Therefore, there is a need for an indicator that could be used as a simple parameter to indicate the possibility of evolving sepsis to the clinician. The efficacy of mean neutrophil volume as an indicator must be evaluated. Materials and methods: The study aims to evaluate the utility of the mean neutrophil volume in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Following ethical clearance, the study involved analyzing mean neutrophil volume from peripheral smears of 50 newborns clinically diagnosed with neonatal sepsis. The control group included mean neutrophil volume findings from peripheral smears of normal newborns. Maternal or fetal factors like pregnancy-induced hypertension and birth asphyxia that could cause changes in neutrophils were excluded. The mean neutrophil value was calculated after establishing the mean diameter of 100 neutrophils per case using the National Institutes of Health Image J software. Results: The average mean neutrophil volume was found to be significantly increased in the sepsis group (181x104fl) than in the control group (739x103fl). A statistically significant difference (p= < 0.0001) in the mean neutrophil volume was observed. Conclusions: Mean neutrophil volume is a potential indicator to distinguish neonates with and without sepsis and help clinicians in the early diagnosis and management of sepsis.

Background: Infertility is a public health problem worldwide. One of the important factors involved in infertility is the poor quality of endometrium which leads to death of the ovum before and after implantation. Glycogen is known to be a direct source of nutrients for the early conceptus and its depletion may result in inadequate preparation of endometrium around the time of implantation and leading to infertility. Materials and methods: This is a prospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital for 2 years. The study included 75 cases of infertility (primary and secondary). Relevant data were collected from all the 75 biopsied infertile cases during the study period. Periodic acid Schiff stain was performed on all cases to detect the amount of glycogen in the endometrium. The findings were compiled, analyzed, and compared with other studies. Results: Primary infertility accounted for 77.3%and Secondary infertility 22.7% of the 75 cases. On histology, anovulatory cycles accounted for 52% of cases. In the remaining cases, 38.7% showed secretory phase, 4%cases each showed luteal phase defect and hyperplasia, and 1.3% tubercular endometritis. Glycogen content of the endometrium was (1+) in 54.6%, (2+) in 9.3%, (3+) in 9.3% and (4+) in 26.8% in the infertility patients.Glycopenia was seen in 12% of the 75 cases studied. Conclusions: Endometrial factors are important causes of infertility and depletion of glycogen, that can be corrected by hormonal therapy to improve the fertility potential needs to be evaluated in all cases of infertility.