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Background: Spontaneous anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy is characterized by the sudden onset of upper limb pain followed by weakness of muscles mainly innervated by the AIN. Although this palsy is conventionally treated conservatively, interfascicular neurolysis to release hourglass-like fascicular constrictions has been recommended. The present study aimed to establish the clinical characteristics and treatment strategy for this condition., Methods: One hundred limbs with spontaneous AIN palsy from 24 Japanese institutions were treated either conservatively or with interfascicular neurolysis according to the patient's intention. Patients were followed periodically from 3 months to either recovery or ≥36 months after onset. Limbs recovering to manual muscle testing grade 4 or better in both the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus of the index finger were rated as Good recovery, with all other results classified as Poor recovery. We performed logistic regression analysis to determine the independent factors associated with Good recovery., Results: Good recovery was achieved in 39 of 49 limbs treated conservatively and 44 of 51 limbs by interfascicular neurolysis. All 26 limbs with conservative treatment displaying ≥1 grade of manual muscle testing improvement within 6 months after onset achieved Good recovery. All 23 limbs with Group I palsy, in which weakness was recognized only in muscles innervated by the AIN, obtained Good recovery with interfascicular neurolysis regardless of when it was performed. In the 59 limbs with no recovery at 6 months by conservative treatment, Good recovery was achieved in 30 of 36 limbs by subsequent interfascicular neurolysis and 13 of 23 limbs continuing conservative treatment. In these 59 limbs, interfascicular neurolysis and Group I palsy were significantly associated with Good recovery., Conclusions: Conservative treatment is recommended within 6 months following symptom onset, after which time interfascicular neurolysis is advisable for cases of no improvement., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this study., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Atypical fractures are caused by the combined effects of severe suppression of bone metabolism (SSBT) due to long-term bisphosphonate therapy and chronic repetitive bone microdamage. Atypical ulnar fractures (AUFs) due to SSBT are rare, and there is no standard treatment strategy for such fractures. The relevant literature was reviewed, and the treatment strategy for AUF is discussed., Methods: A systematic review was conducted. All studies on ulnar fractures in individuals with a history of bisphosphonate use were included, and the data were extracted and analyzed from the perspective of the therapeutic strategy., Results: Forty limbs of 35 patients were included. As for the treatment of AUF, 31 limbs were treated surgically, and conservative treatment with casting was performed for 9 limbs. The bone fusion rate was 22/40 (55.0%), and non-union was seen in all patients treated conservatively. There was a significant difference in the bone fusion rate between patients with surgical treatment and those with conservative treatment. The bone fusion rate of patients with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and surgery was 82.3% (14/17 limbs); the bone fusion rate with PTH and bone graft was 69.2% (9/13 limbs). However, there were no significant differences in the fusion rate in the groups with or without PTH, with or without bone grafting, or the combination of the two treatments. There was also no significant difference in the bone fusion rate in the groups with or without low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment., Conclusions: Based on the literature review, surgery is necessary to achieve bone union, but surgery alone is not adequate to achieve bony union. Bone grafting and the administration of PTH and LIPUS may promote early bone fusion, but the present study did not show significant advantages of these additional treatments for bone union., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: No anti-adhesive materials are currently in clinical use for orthopaedic surgery. We developed a hyperdry amniotic membrane (HD-AM) for easy storage and transplantation as amniotic membrane. The purpose of this study was to examine the application of HD-AM to reduce peritendinous adhesions without impairing tendon healing., Methods: We randomly divided 3 digits (2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits) from each rabbit into three groups: a tendon repair group; a tendon repair with HD-AM group (HD-AM group); and a control group (cast only). The effects of HD-AM on peritendinous adhesions and tendon healing were examined using microscopic, histological, and mechanical analyses in a rabbit flexor digitorum profundus tendon model., Results: Adhesions on macroscopic evaluation of the tendon repair site were significantly smaller in the HD-AM group than in the tendon repair group. Little adhesion formation or foreign body reactions were seen by on histologic evaluation in the HD-AM group. Range of motion following tendon repair was significantly better in the HD-AM group than in the tendon repair group. Maximal tensile strength required to pull the tendon from the site of adhesion was significantly smaller in the HD-AM group than in the tendon repair group. As for tendon repair site, no significant difference was seen between the tendon repair and HD-AM groups., Conclusions: HD-AM prevented peritendinous adhesion macroscopically, pathologically, and mechanically without impairing the sutured tendon. HD-AM has already been clinically applied in neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and otolaryngology, and clinical application as an anti-adhesive materials may be achieved in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: A novel polyglycolic acid (PGA)-collagen tube has been available in Japan since March 2013, and the development of high-resolution ultrasonography has recently allowed detailed evaluation of nerves. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical outcomes and evaluations of in-vivo changes under high-resolution ultrasonography for treatment using PGA-collagen tube for painful chronic nerve injury., Methods: Four patients underwent surgical management of peripheral nerve neuroma, with nerve defects after neuroma resection reconstructed using PGA-collagen tube. Mean duration of follow-up was 30 months. Patients were surveyed to determine visual analog scale scores for pain before surgery and at final follow-up. At final follow-up, sensory function was evaluated using the Semmes-Weinstein test, static 2-point discrimination (2PD), and moving 2PD. Furthermore, we performed ultrasonography for all patients every 1 month after surgery., Results: In all cases, resting pain, radicular pain, and dysesthesia were improved immediately after the operation and remained improved until the last follow-up. At the time of final follow-up, the Semmes-Weinstein test was red in 2 cases and blue in 2 cases. Mean static 2PD was 15.5 ± 5.3 mm and mean moving 2PD was 11.5 ± 5.3 mm. Ultrasonography revealed that the PGA outer wall had disappeared by 3 months postoperatively, and a hypoechoic linear shadow bridged the proximal and distal stumps. Swelling of the junction between nerve and nerve conduits was revealed at 4 months after surgery and remained until last follow-up., Conclusions: All patients were very satisfied with pain relief, but recovery of sensory function was insufficient. Ultrasonographic evaluation after using PGA-collagen tube for painful chronic peripheral nerve injury was useful for observing in-vivo changes., Type of Study/level of Evidence: Therapeutic IV., (Copyright © 2019 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We report a patient with rheumatoid arthritis in whom periodontoid pannus migrated into the spinal canal with reduction of atlantoaxial subluxation. In this case, magnetic resonance imaging in the extension position was valuable for determining the therapeutic strategy.

The effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) in predicting neurological recovery in patients with spinal cord injury was evaluated. HBO has been used to treat spinal cord injury, but HBO does not appear to greatly alter the neurological outcome. This is the first report of the use of HBO as a diagnostic tool to evaluate neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. The study group consisted of 22 patients, aged 21-73 years, with spinal cord injuries. The effect of HBO was evaluated on admission and categorized as one of four grades (excellent, good, fair, or poor). The neurological status was evaluated on admission and at the time of follow-up, according to Frankel grade and the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score. Correlations between the HBO effect and Frankel grade recovery and correlations between the HBO effect and recovery rate of the ASIA motor score were evaluated. The recovery in Frankel grade from admission to the final follow-up became better as the effectiveness of HBO increased (r = 0.445; P = 0.0414). The Frankel grade (r = 0.036; P = 0.871) and ASIA motor score (r = 0.029; P = 0.893) on admission did not correlate with the recovery in Frankel grade. There was a significant correlation between the HBO effect and the recovery rate of the ASIA motor score (r = 0.586; P = 0.0072), but this correlation was weaker than that for the ASIA motor score on admission (r = 0.752; P = 0.0006). We conclude that HBO can be employed to assess the status of spinal cord function recovery after spinal cord injury.