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Glenoid component loosening remains a common complication following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA); however, plain radiographs are unable to accurately detect early implant migration. The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy of a method of postoperative, three‐dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging with metal artifact reduction (MAR) to detect glenoid component migration following anatomic TSA. Tantalum bead markers were inserted into polyethylene glenoid components for implant detection on 3D CT. In‐vitro validation was performed using a glenoid component placed into a scapula sawbone and incrementally translated and rotated, with MAR 3D CT acquired at each test position. Accuracy was evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE). In‐vivo validation was performed on six patients who underwent anatomic TSA, with two postoperative CT scans acquired in each patient and marker‐based radiostereometric analysis (RSA) performed on the same days. Glenoid component migration was calculated relative to a scapular coordinate system for both MAR 3D CT and RSA. Accuracy was evaluated by RMSE and paired Student's t‐tests. The largest RMSE on in‐vitro testing was 0.24 mm in translation and 0.11° in rotation, and on in‐vivo testing was 0.47 mm in translation and 1.04° in rotation. There were no significant differences between MAR 3D CT and RSA measurement methods. MAR 3D CT imaging is capable of quantifying glenoid component migration with a high level of accuracy. MAR 3D CT imaging is advantageous over RSA because it is readily available clinically and can also be used to evaluate the implant‐bone interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate feasibility of a clinical CT imaging and analysis technique to quantify regional variations in trabecular bone architecture and mineralization of glenoid bones. Specifically, our objective was to determine to what extent clinical CT imaging of intact upper extremities can describe variations of trabecular bone architectures at anatomic and peri‐implant regions by comparing trabecular bone architectures as measured by high‐resolution, micro CT imaging of same excised glenoid bones. Bone volume fraction (BVF), trabecular bone thickness (TbTh), number of trabecular bone (TbN), spacing (TbS), pattern factor (TbPf), bone surface area (BSA), and skeletal connectivity (Conn.), in addition to bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), were quantified from both clinical and micro CT images using whole bone, anatomic, and peri‐implant bone masks. Strong correlations of BVF, TbTh, TbSp, BMC, and BMD were found between clinical CT and micro CT imaging methods. The variations in BVF, TbTh, TbSp, TbN, BMC, and BMD at anatomical and peri‐implant regions were larger than those at whole bone regions. In this study, we have demonstrated that this clinical CT imaging methodology can be used to quantify variations of a patient's glenoid bone at anatomic and peri‐implant levels. Statement of Clinical Significance. An in vivo quantitative assessment of glenoid trabecular bone architecture in the anatomic and peri‐implant regions may improve our understanding on the role of bone quality on glenoid component loosening following total shoulder arthroplasty. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:85–96, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcomes after rotator cuff surgery are typically assessed with measures of strength, joint motion, or pain, but these measures do not provide a direct assessment of tissue function as healing progresses. To address this limitation, this manuscript describes biplane X-ray analysis as a technique for quantifying in vivo soft-tissue deformation. Tantalum beads were implanted in the humerus and infraspinatus tendon in a canine model of tendon injury and repair. Biplane X-ray images were acquired during treadmill trotting and tissue deformation was estimated from the three-dimensional bead positions. Changes over time were characterized by the mean, range, and normalized range (i.e., range/mean) of interbead distance. Intact tendon repair tissue demonstrated significant decreases over time in the mean ( p = 0.003), range ( p = 0.001), and normalized range ( p = 0.001) of interbead distance. Failed tendon repair tissue demonstrated significant decreases over time in the range ( p = 0.05) and normalized range ( p = 0.04) of interbead distance. In an uninjured control, differences over time in the interbead distance parameters were not detected. This approach is a promising technique for estimating changes over time in soft-tissue deformation. These preliminary data indicate appreciable differences between normal tendons, intact repairs, and failed repairs. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:822-827 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]