Search

A highly efficient synthesis of 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridines was achieved by reaction between 2-(N-propargylamino)benzaldehydes and arylamines in the presence of CuBr2. The in situ generated electron-deficient heterodienes bearing a tethered alkyne partner underwent an intramolecular inverse electron-demand hetero-Diels-Alder reaction followed by air oxidation to furnish the products in high yields. This reaction tolerated a large number of substituents to afford diverse products under mild conditions. This strategy was also successfully extended to the synthesis of 12,13-dihydro-6H-benzo[h]chromeno[3,4-b][1,6]naphthyridin-6-ones starting from 3-amino-2H-chromen-2-one, again in high yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach for the synthesis of monoarylamines from aryl halides is presented. This method employs an inexpensive, nontoxic metal source (copper) and incorporates a stable ammonia surrogate (a-amino acids), obviating the need for special experimental setup or handling of ammonia reagents. This process, which is proposed to proceed via an amination-oxidation sequence, selectively promotes the transformation of a range of aryl and heteroaryl iodides as well as bromides to the corresponding monoarylamines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and practical palladium-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution/C-H activation/aromatization cascade reaction has been developed. A range of 6-unsubstituted phenanthridines could be obtained in moderate to good yields (31-85%) with readily prepared N-Ms arylamines and commercially available 2-bromobenzyl bromide derivatives as starting materials. The potential application of the protocol was also demonstrated by the expeditious synthesis of the natural alkaloid trisphaeridine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report three odorless methods for the thioarylation and thioalkylation of different nitroarenes using alkyl halides (Br, Cl), triphenyltin chloride, and arylboronic acids as the coupling partners. Triphenyltin chloride is capable of delivering all of its phenyl groups to the product. Depending on the reaction, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3⋅5H2O), S8/KF, and S8/NaOH systems are found to be effective sources of sulfur in the presence of copper salts. The use of green solvents, inexpensive catalysts, and user-friendly starting materials has made these methods interesting from a green chemistry standpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unusual regio- and chemoselective oxidation of aromatic amines hindered with ortho substituents (except -NH2, -NHCH3, and -OH) to the corresponding nitro compounds is described by use of nonanebis(peroxoic acid). The mechanistic investigation for selective oxidation of amines ortho-substituted with -NH2 or -OH showed the involvement of H-bonding between the ortho hydrogen of the adjacent -XH group (where X = NH, NR, or O) and an oxygen atom from the diperoxy acid. Various mono- and diamines are oxidized into corresponding mononitro derivatives in high yield and purity without employing any protection strategies. The protocol was also found to successful on the gram scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for the synthesis of chiral β-aryl amines via chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective reductive amination of benzyl methyl ketone derivatives with Hantzsch ester was developed. Various chiral β-aryl amines were obtained in high yields and with good to high enantioselectivities. This transformation is applicable to gram-scale reactions, and the catalyst loading can be reduced to 1 mol % without sacrificing any catalytic efficacy. Furthermore, the resulting β-aryl amine was successfully converted into a tetrahydroisoquinoline compound without any loss of enantioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient I2-catalyzed Povarov-type reaction of methyl ketones, arylamines, and a-ketoesters is developed. This reaction utilizes a catalytic amount of HI coproduct as a promoter for the synthesis of substituted quinolones. This simple procedure represents an interesting new form of reactivity for the Povarov reaction with good functional group compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight acceptor-substituted distyrylbenzene (DSB) derivatives were obtained by postfunctionalization of dialdehyde precursor 1 using Knoevenagel condensation. Solubility in a water/THF 9:1 mixture was achieved through the addition of branched oligoethylene glycol side chains. The acceptor compounds discriminate primary and secondary amines in aqueous solution. The fluorescence responses were analyzed by the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) protocol, a statistical tool. In contrast to 1, the adducts show reactivity toward secondary and aromatic amines. Nitroolefin 2f is the most active dosimeter molecule. Reaction with amines is completed after less than 3 min, and the limit of detection (LOD) is improved by a factor of 10. Propylenediamine can be detected at 75 µM. This is a 10-fold improvement for the detection limit when compared to the detection limit of the starting dialdehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conformational preference of a variety of 2,2-diaryl-1,3-dioxanes bearing remote substituents on the phenyl rings has been studied via equilibration of configurationally isomeric 2,2-diaryl-cis-4,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane epimers, X-ray crystallography, ¹H NOESY analysts, and B3LYP/6-311+G* calculations. When the aryl ring bears a remote electron-withdrawing substituent, the isomer having both the higher dipole moment and the electron-withdrawing group in the equatorial phenyl ring and/or an electron-donating group in the axial ring has the lower energy. These results differ from the conclusions reported in a previous study of similar systems. The conformational energy differences of para-substituted 2,2-diaryH,3-dioxanes are linearly related to the Hammett o values with a slope (p) of 0.6. In addition, there is a trend toward longer bond lengths between the C(2) ketal center and the aryl ring as the electron-withdrawing nature of the para-substituent is increased. Electrostatic interactions, rather than a hyperconjugative anomeric effect, appear to be responsible for the conformational behavior of such molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cu(OAc)2-mediated intramolecular aromatic C-H amination proceeds with the aid of a picolinamide-type bidentate coordination group to deliver the corresponding indolines in good yields. The reaction occurs smoothly even under noble-metal-free conditions, and in some cases the use of an MnO2 terminal oxidant renders the process catalytic in Cu. The mild oxidation aptitude of Cu(OAc)2 and/or MnO2 accommodates the formation of electron-rich thiophene- and indole-fused indoline analogues. The Cu-based system can provide an effective approach to various indolines of potent interest in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthesis of dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles fused with two peripheral arenes or heterocyclic units has been realized through the concise route. These nearly planar compounds were prepared starting from assembling the central core via condensation of 2-aryl or 2-heteroarylbenzaldehydes with aromatic amines and diacetyl, followed by double intramolecular oxidative aromatic coupling. This two-step procedure afforded the desired products in overall yields of 5-36%, and it tolerates structural diversity of starting materials. All the final dyes exhibit strong blue fluorescence in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversely substituted anilines are prepared by treatment of functionalized arylboronic adds with a common, inexpensive source of electrophilic nitrogen (H2N-OSO3H, HSA) under basic aqueous conditions. Electron-rich substrates are found to be the most reactive by this method. However, even moderately electron-poor substrates are well tolerated under the room temperature conditions. Sterically hindered substrates appear to be equally effective compared to unhindered ones. Highly electron-deficient substrates afford product in very low yields at room temperature, but moderate to good yields are obtained at refluxing temperatures. Our method is also amenable to electrophilic amination of several common boronic add derivatives (e.g., pinacol esters). We demonstrate that it can be combined with metal--halogen exchange reactions or a variety of directed ortho metalation protocols in a "one-pot" sequence for the synthesis of aromatic amines with unique substitution patterns. DFT studies, in combination with experimental results, suggest that the reaction occurs via base-mediated activation of HSA, followed by 1,2 aryl B-N migration. This mode of activation appears to be critical for the success of the reaction and allows, for the first time, a general, electrophilic amination of boronic adds at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichloroacetimidates are useful alkylating agents for aromatic amines, requiring only a catalytic amount of a Brønsted acid to facilitate the reaction. Monoalkylation predominates under these conditions. Electron-poor anilines provide superior yields, with electron-rich anilines sometimes showing competitive Friedel-Crafts alkylation. A single flask protocol with formation of the imidate in situ is demonstrated, providing a convenient method for the direct substitution of alcohols with anilines. Reaction with a chiral imidate favors a mechanism that proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and efficient copper-catalyzed amination of N-aryl imines is described. This one-pot, multicomponent reaction, in which imine acts as a directing group by chelating to the metal center, affords a potential route for the transformation of the commercial aryl amines, aldehydes, and azides into valuable benzimidazole structural units with wide substrate scope and diversity. The synthetic and mechanistic aspects are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H monocarbonylation of N-alkylanilines for the synthesis of o-aminobenzoates has been developed. Various aliphatic alcohols and phenol were tolerated in the reaction to afford the corresponding o-aminobenzoates in good yields under mild balloon pressure of CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of our recently reported aniline aqueous borylation, molecular diversity was achieved in a one-pot process by combining other reactions such as esterification, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, hydrogenolysis, or Petasis borono-Mannich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redox equilibrium method was used to determine accurate oxidation potentials in acetonitrile for 40 heteroatom-substituted compounds. These include methoxy-substituted benzenes and biphenyls, aromatic amines, and substituted acetanilides. The redox equilibrium method allowed oxidation potentials to be determined with high precision (≤ ±6 mV). Whereas most of the relative oxidation potentials follow well-established chemical trends, interestingly, the oxidation potentials of substituted N-methylacetanilides were found to be higher than those of the corresponding acetanilides. Density functional theory calculations provided insight into the origin of these surprising results in terms of the preferred conformations of the amides versus their cation radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly efficient transamidation of several primary, secondary, and tertiary amides with aliphatic and aromatic amines (primary and secondary) is described. The reaction is performed in the presence of a 5 mol % concentration of different hydrated salts of Fe(III), and the results show that the presence of water is crucial. The methodology was also applied to urea and phthalimide to demonstrate its versatility and wide substrate scope. An example of its use is an intramolecular application in the synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-5H-benzo[b]-l,4-thiazepin-4-one, which is the bicyclic core of diltiazem and structurally related drugs (Budriesi, R.; Cosimelli, B.; Ioan. P.; Carosati, E.; Ugenti, M. P.; Spisani, R. Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14, 279-287). A plausible mechanism that explains the role or water is proposed on the basis of experimental observations and previous mechanistic suggestions for transamidation reactions catalyzed by transition metals such as copper and aluminum. This methodology represents a significant improvement over other existing methods; it can be performed in air and with wet or technical grade solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cu-catalyzed aromatic C-H amidation with phthalimide under oxygen as a terminal oxidant without using additional additives has been achieved. This reaction has the broad substrate scope and shows moderate to good yields in most cases. This method is complementary to the previously reported metal-catalyzed C-H amination systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionalized spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyridine]-3',4',5',6'-tetracarboxylates were efficiently synthesized by BF3·OEt2-catalyzed reactions of isatin-3-imines with acetylenedicarboxylates in methylene dichloride. Under similar conditions, the BF3·OEt2-catalyzed three-component reactions of acetylenedicarboxylates, arylamines, and isatins afforded functionalized spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyridine]-2',3',5',6'-tetracarboxylates in moderate yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient conditions for the synthesis of tetra-, penta-, and hexasubstituted derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole were developed. The tetraaryl derivatives were obtained in a novel one-pot reaction among aromatic aldehydes, aromatic amines, and butane-2,3-dione. After a thorough examination of various reaction parameters (solvent, acid, temperature) p-toluenesulfonic acid was identified as the crucial catalyst. As a result, 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles were obtained in the highest yields reported to date. The scope and limitation studies showed that this new method was particularly efficient for sterically hindered aldehydes (yields 45-49%). Pentaaryl- and hexaaryl-1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles were prepared from tetraaryl-1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles via direct arylation by employing both electron-poor and electron-rich aromatic and heteroaromatic haloarenes. Strategic placement of electron-withdrawing substituents at the 2-, 3-, 5-, and 6-positions produced an acceptor-donor-acceptor type fluorophore. The resulting multiply substituted heteropentalenes displayed intriguing optical properties. The relationship between the structure and photophysical properties for all compounds were directly compared and thoroughly elucidated. All synthesized products displayed strong blue fluorescence and exhibited moderate to large Stokes shifts (3000-7300 cm-1) as well as high quantum yields of fluorescence up to 88%. Two-photon absorption cross-section values measured in the near-IR region were surprisingly high (hundreds of GM), given the limited conjugation in these propeller-shaped dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unprecedented dehydrative C-C bond formation between unprotected anilines with benzyl alcohols is disclosed. Re2O7 catalyst (5 mol %) at elevated reaction temperature (80 °C) provided C-benzylanilines with high to excellent yields and with good chemoselectivities (over N-alkylation). A probable mechanism has been proposed based on mechanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and selective bis(amidate)bis(amido) titanium precatalyst for the anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of alkynes is reported. Hydroamination of terminal and internal alkynes with primary alkylamines, arylamines, and hydrazines is promoted by 5-10 mol % of Ti catalyst. Various functional groups are tolerated including esters, protected alcohols, and imines. The in situ generated complex shows comparable catalytic activity, demonstrating its synthetic versatility for benchtop application. Applications of this catalyst for the synthesis of amino alcohols and a one-pot procedure for indole synthesis are described. A mechanistic proposal that invokes turnover-limiting protonolysis is presented to rationalize the observed regioselectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetically useful radical thiol-ene reactions can be initiated by visible light irradiation in the presence of transition metal polypyridyl photocatalysts. The success of this method relies upon the use of p-toluidine as an essential additive. Using these conditions, high-yielding thiol-ene reactions of cysteine-containing biomolecules can be accomplished using biocompatibile wavelengths of visible light, under aqueous conditions, and with the thiol component as the limiting reagent. We present evidence that p-toluidine serves as a redox mediator that is capable of catalyzing the otherwise inefficient photooxidation of thiols to the key thiyl radical intermediate. Thus, we show that co-catalytic oxidants can be important in the design of synthetic reactions involving visible light photoredox catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unexpected cascade reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehydes with arylamines catalyzed by scandium pentafluorobenzoate [Sc(Pfb)3] was reported as a facile strategy for the efficient synthesis of a novel class of polycyclic ring-fused aminals N-substituted-6,7,1 1b,13-tetrahydro-6,12-[1,2]benzenoquinazolino[3,4-α]- R quinazolin-13-amines 1. Under similar conditions, a series of the analogues of Tröger's base, 13-substituted-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-6,12-epiminodibenzo[b/f] [1,5]diazodnes 2 were obtained when the arylamines were replaced by methanamines. A possible mechanism for the formation of 1 and 2 was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of indoloquinolinones bearing different aromatic substitutents were readily synthesized starting from an aryl amine, a methyl 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate derivative, and methoxylamine through a series of reactions of coupling/enamination, oxidative annulation, a one-pot sequence of N-alkylation, saponification and methoxyamidation, and final intramolecular oxidative C-N bond formation. The underpinning of the strategy entails Pd(OAc)2/Cu(OAc)2-mediated oxidative C(sp²)-C(sp²) bond formation and I(III)-mediated oxidative C(sp²)-N bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A straightforward synthetic method of both symmetric and tin-symmetric aromatic azo compounds through an efficient and cross-selective oxidative dimerization of aromatic amines using tert-butyl hypoiodite (f-BuOl) under metal-free and mild conditions has been developed. This method was also found applicable to the synthesis of heteroaromatic azo compounds. The spectroscopic study indicates the involvement of N,N-diiodoanilines in the oxidative reaction as the key intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CuCl2-mediated three-component reaction of C60 with amines and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate afforded the fulleropyrrolines in moderate yields. Furthermore, the CuCl2-mediated oxidative [2 + l] reaction of C60 with aromatic amines bearing a strong electron-withdrawing group provided the aziridinofullerenes and the selective cis-l-bisaziridinofullerenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetraformylresorcin[4]arene is obtained in 48% yield via a chromatography-free Duff reaction. The formylated resorcinarene reacts easily with primary aliphatic and aromatic amines. The resulting imines exist exclusively in keto-enamine forms. Owing to a system of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the reaction selectively leads to regioisomers with C4 symmetry. They possess an inherent chirality due to a propeller-like skeleton. For chiral amines, inherently chiral diastereoisomers are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reactions catalyzed by FeCl3 in one pot were developed. Arylamines and N-substituted lactams were reacted, and ring-fused tetrahydroquinoline derivatives were formed by two C--C bonds and one C--N bond formation as well as one C--N bond cleavage. The lactams were also used as solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cascade reaction of (E)-5-(arylamino)pent-3-en-1-ols and thiols with various aldehydes in the presence of 30 mol % BF3⋅OEt2 in 1,2-dichloroethane at 80 °C affords a novel class of trans-fused hexahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]quinolines and hexahydro-1H-thiopyrano[3,4-c]quinolines in good to excel¬lent yields with high selectivity. The condensation of (Z)-S-(arylamino)pent-3-en-1-ol with aldehydes provides the corre¬sponding cis-fused products under similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of pH-switchable fluorescent boryiated aryliso-quinoline dyes via a flexible iridium-catalized route is reported. The obtained dyes feature aromatic amino substitution and lateral aliphatic amino groups as electron donors. The photophysical properties of the internal charge transfer dyes were studied, which was complemented by density functional theory calculations. Appreciable fluorescence quantum yields (Φf up to ca. 0.4) and characteristic spectral fingerprints in the green to red emission range were observed. The fluorescence modulation upon multiple and orthogonal protonation with triflic acid was studied and led to the interpretation of multilevel switching including off--on--off, ternary, and quaternary responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved process for the preparation of sulfur-modified gold-supported palladium material [SAPd, second generation] is presented. The developed preparation method is safer and generates less heat (aqueous Na2S2O8 and H2SO4) for sulfur fixation on a gold surface, and it is superior to the previous method of preparing SAPd (first generation), which requires the use of the more heat-generating and dangerous piranha solution (concentrated H2SO4 and 35% H2O2) in the sulfur fixation step. This safer and improved preparation method is particularly important for the mass production of SAPd (second generation) for which the catalytic activity was examined in ligand-free Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reactions. The catalytic activities were the same between the first and second generation SAPds in aromatic aminations, but the lower palladium leaching properties and safer preparative method of second generation SAPd are a significant improvement over the first generation SAPd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method to synthesize meso-tetraphenylbenzoporphyrin-2²,2³-dicarboxylic anhydride is reported. This compound reacts with alkylamines and arylamines to afford the corresponding "phthalimides" in moderate to excellent yields. The reaction of the title compound with benzene-1,4-diamine or with benzene-1,3-diamine yields the corresponding N,N'-(phenylene)bisphthalimides, whereas with benzene-1,2-diamine or naphthalene-1,8-diamine it affords heterocyclic-fused porphyrins. Molecular mechanics simulations elucidates the multiplicity of signals observed in the NMR spectra of the N,N'-(1,4-phenylene)bisphthalimide 11. This molecule exhibits two preferential conformations corresponding to a coplanar and an almost perpendicular arrangement of the benzoporphyrin units relative to the central benzenic ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed three-component cyclization reaction of arylamines, β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds was developed to synthesize highly substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines and fused bicyclic tetrahydropyridines carrying a quaternary all-carbon center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient procedure has been developed for the preparation of tetrasubstituted unsymmetrical 1,4-enediones via copper-promoted autotandem catalysis and air as the oxidant. Various N-nucleophiles are compatible with this reaction, such as morpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, arylamines, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, and benzotriazole. This reaction also has significant advantages in easily available substrates, atom economy, bond-forming efficiency, and environmental benignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines and fluorinated arylamines was performed in superacid HF/SbF5 through a superelectrophilic ammonium-carbenium activation process. This anti-Markovnikov oriented reaction was applied to the straightforward synthesis of highly valued (fluorinated) nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal-free borylation process based on Sandmeyer-type transformation using arylamines derivatives as the substrates has been developed. Through optimization of the reaction conditions, this novel conversion can be successfully applied to a wide range of aromatic amines, affording borylation products in moderate to good yields. Various functionalized arylboronates, which are difficult to access by other methods, can be easily obtained with this metal-free transformation. Moreover, this transformation can be followed by Suzuki--Miyaura cross-coupling without purification of the borylation products, which enhances the practical usefulness of this method. A possible reaction mechanism involving radical species has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the hope of generating a new dass of materials with large optical rotations, various arylamines were condensed with cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione (2) to give 3-arylimino steroids. These compounds possess moderately high specific rotations ([α]D ~300-800) and strong circular dichroism. One such derivative, 3-(4-methoxyphenylimino)cholest-4-en-6-one (3), crystallizes as the (E)-imine and upon dissolution undergoes mutarotation to an equilibrium mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers with a half-life of approximately 1 h at room temperature, as judged by both NMR spectroscopy and polarimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recently reported a preliminary account of our efforts to develop novel diarylamine radical-trapping antioxidants (Hanthorn, J. J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2012,134, 8306-8309) wherein we demonstrated that the incorporation of ring nitrogens into diphenylamines affords compounds which display a compromise between H-atom transfer reactivity to peroxyl radicals and stability to one-electron oxidation. Herein we provide the details of the synthetic efforts associated with that report, which have been substantially expanded to produce a library of substituted heterocyclic diarylammes that we have used to provide further insight into the structure--reactivity relationships of these compounds as antioxidants (see the accompanying paper, DOI: 10.1021/jo301012x). The diarylamines were prepared in short, modular sequences from 2-aminopyridine and 2- aminopyrimidine wherein aminations of intermediate pyri(mi)dyl bromides and then Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of the amines and precursor bromides were the key steps to yield the diarylammes. The cross-coupling reactions were found to proceed best with Pd(η³-1-PhC3H4)(η5-C5H5) as precatalyst, which gave higher yields than the conventional Pd source, Pd2(dba)3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recently reported a preliminary account of our efforts to develop novel diarylamine radical-trapping antioxidants (Hanthom et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8306-8309), wherein we demonstrated that die incorporation of ring nitrogens into diphenylamines affords compounds that display a compromise between H-atom transfer reactivity to peroxyl radicals and stability to one-electron oxidation. Herein, we report the results of thermochemical and kinetic experiments on an expanded set of diarylamines (see the accompanying paper, DOI: 10.1021/jo301013c), which provide a more complete picture of the structure--reactivity relationships of these compounds as antioxidants. Nitrogen incoporation into a series of alkyl-, alkoxyl-, and dialkylamino-substituted diphenylamines raises their oxidation potentials systematically with the number of nitrogen atoms, resulting in overall increases of 0.3-0.S V on going from the diphenylamines to the dipyrimidylamines. At the same time, the effect of nitrogen incorporation on their reactivity toward peroxyl radicals was comparatively small (a decrease of only 6-fold at most), which is also reflected in their N--H bond dissociation enthalpies. Rate constants for reactions of dialkylamino-substituted diarylamines with peroxyl radicals were found to be >107 M-1 s-1 which correspond to the pre-exponential factors that we obtained for a representative trio of compounds (log A ~ 7), indicating that the activation energies (Ea) are negligible for these reactions. Comparison of our thermokinetic data for reactions of the diarylamines with peroxyl radicals with literature data for reactions of phenols with peroxyl radicals clearly reveals that diarylamines have higher inherent reactivities, which can be explained by a proton-coupled electron-transfer mechanism for these reactions, which is supported by theoretical calculations. A similar comparison of the reactivities of diarylamines and phenols with alkyl radicals, which must take place by a H-atom transfer mechanism, clearly reveals the importance of die polar effect in the reactions of the more acidic phenols, which makes phenols comparatively more reactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different hexaarylbenzenes with three pyrene and three triarylamine substituents in different positions (trigonal symmetric and asymmetric arrangement) were synthesized, and their charge-transfer states were investigated by optical spectroscopy. In these multichromophoric systems triarylamine acts as the electron donor and pyrene as the electron acceptor. A reference chromophore with only one donor-acceptor pair was also investigated. All these chromophores form charge-transfer states upon photoexcitation which relax with a moderate fluorescence quantum yield to the ground state. The compounds do not differ significantly concerning most of their fluorescence properties, which shows that the fluorescent charge-transfer state is very similar in all chromophores. This observation indicates symmetry breaking for the symmetric chromophore within fluorescence lifetime of several tens of ns. This interpretation was substantiated by fluorescence excitation anisotropy measurements in a sucrose octaacetate matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-Methyl-1-sulfonic acid imidazolium nitrate ([Msim]NO3) as a new Brønsted acidic ionic liquid and nitrating agent was prepared and used for the efficient nitration of aromatic compounds (even aniline derivatives). The dramatic effect of this reagent by in situ generation of nitrogen dioxide as a radical on aromatic compounds to give nitroarenes has been studied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A regioselective oxyalkylation reaction of vinylarenes with cyclic ethers was developed under the catalysis of a new heterogeneous catalyst, the diatomite-supported Mn3O4 nanoparticles (SMONP-1). The use of this heterogeneous catalyst provided a novel approach for the synthesis of α-carbonyled β-alkylated aryl derivatives via a sp³ C-H bond functionalization under mild aerobic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The syn and anti diastereoisomers of some 1,3,5-triarylisocyanurate derivatives were isolated and their configuration assigned by NOE experiments and by X-ray diffraction. The kinetics of the syn/anti interconversion were determined, and the experimental activation energies matched satisfactorily the values predicted by DFT computations. Low-temperature NMR spectra were employed to determine the rotation barrier of N-bonded unhindered aryl substituents: these barriers, too, are satisfactorily reproduced by DFT computations. In the case of racemic diastereoisomers, the two expected enantiomers (atropisomers) were isolated by enantioselective HPLC and the absolute configuration established by DFT simulation of the electronic and vibrational circular dichroism spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H functionalizations of benzamide derivatives with olefin were studied by DFT calculations to elucidate the divergent pathways controlled by the N-OR internal oxidants. For substances of N-OMe and N-OPiv internal oxidants, the energy profiles for consecutive N-H deprotonation/C-H activation/olefin insertion sequences were similar, and different properties and reactivities of the generated 7-membered rhodacycles were predicted. When N-OMe is involved, this intermediate is generally unstable, and the olefination occurs easily via a β-H elimination/reductive elimination (RE) sequence to generate the Rh(I) intermediate, which is then oxidized to the active Rh(III) via MeOH elimination from the N-OMe reduction in the presence of a HOAc. However, for 7-membered rhodacycle containing a N-OPiv moiety, the coordination of the acyloxy carbonyl oxygen stabilizes the intermediate and increases the barrier of the olefination pathway. Instead, the migration of the acyloxy from N to Rh(III) via a 5-membered ring TS to form a cyclic Rh(V) nitrene intermediate is more kinetically favorable, then the facile RE of this Rh(V) species forms the heterocycle product and regenerates Rh(III). Notably, for both reaction, the direct C-N formation from intermediates containing a C(sp³)-Rh(III)-N(sp³) unit would be very difficult with barriers over 40 kcal/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tert-Butyl phenylazocarboxylates are versatile building blocks for synthetic organic chemistry. Nucleophilic substitutions of the benzene ring proceed with aromatic amines and alcohols under mild conditions. The attack of aliphatic amines may be directed to the aromatic core as well as to the carbonyl unit leading to azocarboxamides. The benzene ring can further be modified through radical reactions, in which the tert-butyloxycarbonylazo group enables the generation of aryl radicals at either elevated temperatures or under acidic conditions. Radical reactions include oxygenation, halogenation, carbohalogenation, carbohydroxylation, and aryl--aryl coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct three-component aza-Diels-Alder reaction of aromatic aldehyde, aromatic amine, and 2-cyclo-hexen-1-one was catalyzed by hen egg white lysozyme for the first time. Under the optimized conditions investigated in this paper, the enzyme-catalyzed aza-Diels-Alder reaction gave yields up to 98% and stereoselectivity of endo/exo ratios up to 90:10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of N,N-dimethyl 2-[2-(2-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl]anilines (1) with 1.2 equiv of iodine in CH2Cl2 gave benzo[a]carbazoles (2) in good yields. Mechanistic studies showed this reaction must go through the haloindole (3) followed by iodonium ion catalyzed atom-transfer cyclization reaction to give the benzo[a]carbazoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydroamination--double hydroarylation cascade using aniline derivatives bearing a trienyne moiety as the substrate was efficiently promoted by a gold(l) catalyst to produce benzo[a]naphtho[2,1-c]carbazole derivatives in good yields. This reaction is applicable to various substituted trienyne-type anilines, including 2,3-diethynylthiophene derivatives. The reaction of anilines bearing a tetraenyne and pentaenyne moiety allows direct construction of highly fused carbazoles by tetra- and pentacyclization, respectively, through hydroamination and consecutive hydroarylation without producing any theoretical waste products from the substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]