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Background: The prognosis of hyperproliferative skin lesions, such as psoriasis, basal cell carcinoma, and non‐melanoma skin cancers, is significantly benefited from the levels of tazarotene‐induced gene‐1 (TIG3) expression and subsequent treatment with tazarotene. Such observations suggest that TIG3 could be used as a biomarker for apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation. The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of TIG3 in normal oral mucosa (NOM) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared with normal skin (NS) and skin squamous cell carcinoma (SSCC) using immunohistochemistry. Methods: Seventeen cases each of SSCC, OSCC, NOM, and NS were evaluated. Each section was immunohistochemically stained with a rabbit polyclonal TIG3 antibody. The entire procedure was blinded and evaluated by 5 observers. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi‐square test. Results: There was a significant decrease in TIG3 protein expression in OSCC and SSCC compared with that in NOM and NS (P = 0.008). The progressive loss of expression was observed as the grade of both malignancies increased. However, there was no significant difference in the expression among the normal tissue groups and within SCC groups of similar grades. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the loss of TIG3 is an important event in carcinogenesis. TIG3 acts as a regulator of keratinocyte proliferation and terminal differentiation. Therefore, TIG3 could be a potential biomarker to differentiate aggressive and non‐aggressive neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and other electronic vaping devices are commonly used as a method to help tobacco smoking cessation. However, the data on their safety and efficacy are currently scarce. The aim of this review was to explore the role of e-cigarettes in tobacco cessation among tobacco users.Types Of Studies Reviewed: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature from January 1990 were searched up to and including September 2018. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection according to eligibility criteria.Results: A total of 13 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. The majority of studies were done in the USA, and all studies were longitudinal cohort studies. The odds of increased smoking cessation in association with e-cigarette use ranged from onefold to sixfolds. No significant increase in smoking cessation was found among e-cigarette users compared with non-e-cigarette users. Pattern of e-cigarette had positive influence on smoking cessation among users.Conclusions and Practical Implications: E-cigarette use was not significantly associated with increased smoking cessation among cigarette smokers. We also found that pattern of e-cigarette may have significant effect on smoking cessation capability of e-cigarettes. Well-designed randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to assess the clinical efficacy of e-cigarettes in comparison with approved smoking cessation therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Toombak is a form of smokeless tobacco that is not well known in Western Society but is widely used by the Sudanese population and many others in the sub-Sahara region. However, unlike other smokeless tobacco products, information on the carcinogenic potential of toombak is scarce. The present review explored any potential epidemiological association between the use of toombak and oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Methods: Databases including the Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE and PubMed were searched for literature on the potential association between toombak and oral leukoplakia and OSCC. The search also included grey literature. The search period extended from 1990 to 2018. Following data mining, the study selection was conducted by two reviewers independently.Results: Eight studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included. Based on these results, there was a threefoldto sevenfold increased risk of developing the oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma among toombak users compared with non-users.Conclusion: Based on the results of the systematic review, there is a strong epidemiological evidence to suggest toombak to be a major risk factor for both oral leukoplakia and OSCC. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the molecular pathway of toombak-induced oral carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer database is a systematic collection and analysis of information on various human cancers at genomic and molecular level that can be utilized to understand various steps in carcinogenesis and for therapeutic advancement in cancer field. Oral cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. The current research efforts in this field are aimed at cancer etiology and therapy. Advanced genomic technologies including microarrays, proteomics, transcrpitomics, and gene sequencing development have culminated in generation of extensive data and subjection of several genes and microRNAs that are distinctively expressed and this information is stored in the form of various databases. Extensive data from various resources have brought the need for collaboration and data sharing to make effective use of this new knowledge. The current review provides comprehensive information of various publicly accessible databases that contain information pertinent to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and databases designed exclusively for OSCC. The databases discussed in this paper are Protein-Coding Gene Databases and microRNA Databases. This paper also describes gene overlap in various databases, which will help researchers to reduce redundancy and focus on only those genes, which are common to more than one databases. We hope such introduction will promote awareness and facilitate the usage of these resources in the cancer research community, and researchers can explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of cancer, which can help in subsequent crafting of therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to find out the efficacy of WhatsApp application for obtaining second opinion on histopathological diagnosis in oral pathology practice.Methods: A total of 247 cases comprising of 34 different oral pathologies were photomicrographed using smartphone cameras through compound microscopes and sent for second opinion diagnosis (SOD) to 20 different oral pathologists using WhatsApp.Results: Of 4795 (97.06%) total second opinion received, correct SOD were received for 4710 (98.22%) cases. Hundred percent times correct SOD was received for lesions including adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, keratinizing cystic odontogenic tumor, odontome, and dentigerous cyst. Lesions such as myoepithelial carcinoma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia received less percentage of correct SOD (85.71-75.75%). Correct SOD was obtained for variants of ameloblastoma (99.01%), grading of epithelial dysplasia (87.54%), and squamous cell carcinoma (95.26%). A positive correlation was observed between correct SOD and age (P = 0.0143) and experience (P = 0.0189) of the pathologist. The time taken for giving second opinion by the pathologists ranged from 81.98 ± 32.89 to 90.72 ± 38.88 min.Conclusion: Smartphone camera is a handy and efficient tool in capturing photomicrographs from the compound microscope. Transfer of such photomicrograph via WhatsApp is an effective and convenient approach in procuring second opinion on histopathological diagnosis of oral pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: CD68 and lysozyme expression in cannibalistic tumor cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is well established. Transformation of cancer cells into cannibalistic cells is a process involving sequential events. Initial event could be genetic expression of proteins that is required for execution of cannibalism. Hence, it is quite possible that some non-cannibalistic tumor cells can also show expression of cannibalistic markers (CD68 and lysozyme).Methodology: Formalin-fixed tissues of 30 OSCC cases with cellular cannibalism (CC) (positive control), 30 OSCC cases without CC, and 17 normal oral epithelium specimens (negative control) were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for CD68 and lysozyme expression.Results: OSCC with CC showed CD68 and lysozyme expression in 30 (100%) cases each {CD68: [weak: 21 (70%), strong: 9 (30%)]; lysozyme: [weak: 24 (80%), strong: 6 (20%)]}. In OSCCs without CC, CD68-positive tumor cells were present in 13 (43.33%) cases [weak: 10 (33.33%); strong: 3 (10%)] and lysozyme expression was present in 13 (43.33%) cases [weak: 12 (40%); strong: 1 (3.33%)]. Control group showed negative expression for CD68 and lysozyme in the oral epithelium. The CD68 and lysozyme expression in OSCCs without CC, OSCCs with CC, and control group showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). Significant correlation was also observed between CD68 and lysozyme expression and different grades of OSCC.Conclusion: CD68 and lysozyme expression in non-cannibalistic tumor cells of OSCC can be related to CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]