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Background While high body mass index (BMI) and visceral obesity are reportedly associated with a prolonged duration of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) via the transperitoneal approach, factors that might prolong the retroperitoneal approach remain unknown. We therefore investigated factors associated with prolonged LRN using a retroperitoneal approach applied by non-expert surgeons. Methods We defined surgeons who were not certified to perform laparoscopic surgery by the Japanese Society of Endourology as non-experts. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 59 consecutive patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with LRN using the retroperitoneal approach by non-experts at our hospital between 2014 and 2019. Relationships between surgical duration and age, sex, body mass index, visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA), laterality and location of the tumor, length of major tumor axis (tumor length), clinical T stage, ipsilateral adrenalectomy and specimen weight were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Results The surgical duration positively correlated with ipsilateral adrenalectomy (rs = 0.3162, p = 0.0147) and specimen weight (rs = 0.3103, p = 0.0168), but not with BMI (rs = 0.2016, p = 0.1257) or VFA (rs = 0.0185, p = 0.8894). Conclusions Factors associated with prolonged LRN via the retroperitoneal approach implemented by non-expert surgeons are ipsilateral adrenalectomy and specimen weight.

Acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH associated with mild anemia is commonly observed on radiological examination and there are several reports of ruptured aneurysms occurring with ICH but without accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage. However the relationship among computed tomography (CT magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and intraoperative findings of ICH caused by ruptured cerebral aneurysm in patients with severe chronic anemia has been rarely reported and is poorly understood. Here we report atypica lr adiological and intraoperative findings of acute ICH caused by ruptured cerebral aneurys mi n ap atient with severe chronic anemia. A 64‑year‑old man with anemia was admitted to our hospital after he experienced left hemiparesis and a disturbance of consciousness. At a referring institution he showed evidence of macrocytic anemia (white blood cell count 9000 μL; red blood cell count 104�10 4 μL; hemoglobin 4.0 g dL; hematocrit 12.2%; and platelet count 26.6�10 4 μL. Both CT and MRI showed a right frontal ICH. The outer ring of the hematoma appeared as low‑density area on CT a low‑intensity area on T1‑weighted MRI and a high‑intensity area on T2‑ weighted MRI with a serous component. The patient received a blood transfusion and underwent surgical removal of the hematoma the following day. The white serous effusion visualized with CT and MRI was identified as a blood clot in the hematoma cavity. The blood that leaks from blood vessels appears as a high‑intensity area on CT because it undergoes plasma absorption in a solidification shrinkage process and is therefore concentrated. Although we did not examine the white effusion to determine if serous components were present we speculated that the effusion may have contained serous components. Therefore we removed the part of the effusion that appeared as a low‑density area on CT. The presence of ICH without subarachnoid hemorrhage suggested the possible adhesion and rupture of a previous aneurysm. Therefore ICH appeared as a mixed density area on CT because bleeding may have occurred several times. Because radiological findings of ICH caused by ruptured cerebral aneurysm in patients with severe chronic anemia are similar to those of ICH and cerebral edema we suggest that the atypical radiological findings of ICH caused by ruptured cerebral aneurysm in patients with severe chronic anemia should be carefully evaluated especially when surgery is indicated. (J Nippon Med Sch 2014; 81: 264―268